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ADVANCING EDUCATION Key Women Contributors from the 1800’s Mary Lyon Catherine Beecher Elizabeth...
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ADVANCING EDUCATION
Key Women Contributors from the 1800’s
Mary Lyon
Catherine Beecher
Elizabeth Blackwell
By: Teri Preisler, Mariam Qureshi, Liz Drake
1797 - 1910
The Time Period
ABOLITIONISM
Emancipation. (1863). The culmination of the anti-slavery movement.
MANIFEST DESTINY
American Progress. (1872) – A representation of the modernization of the new west, Columbia (personification of United States) leads civilization westward stringing telegraph wire and holding a school book.
TEMPERANCE
The Ohio whiskey war-the ladies of Logan singing hymns in front of barrooms in aid of the temperance movement. (Morton, 1874).
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE & LEGAL RIGHTS
National Anti-Suffrage Association. (Harris & Ewing, 1911?). Women’s fight for equality faced many obstacles.
A TASTE OF THE TIMES
Mary Lyon was only allowed to teach during the summer and was paid $0.75/week whereas men taught the rest of the year and were paid $10-$12/month (Mount Holyoke College, 2012).
Catherine Beecher was home schooled until the age of 10 and then only allowed to attend a private school which taught a limited curriculum to young women (An American Family: The Beecher Tradition, n.d.).
Elizabeth Blackwell was denied admission to medical schools in New York, Philadelphia and Boston (Hobart And William Smith College, 2012).
1797 Birt
h
1895 Mount H
olyoke beco
mes a c
ollege
2011 Princeton Review top 10 rankings of Mount Holyoke
1849 Dea
th
1837 Mount H
olyoke Fem
ale Sem
inary open
ed-
require
d 7 course
s in sc
ience
and m
athem
atics
for
graduati
on
1834 Pursued drea
m of crea
ting a f
emale
educational
institutio
n
1814 First te
aching jo
b, summer
only and paid
.75 co
mpared w
ith
$10-$12
1814 – 1834 Taught in
Mass
achuset
ts an
d
New H
ampshire
Mary Lyon
1802 Father’
s dea
th, nee
ded to
help
raise
7 siblin
gs
(Mount Holyoke, 2012; History’s Women The Unsung Heroines Mary Lyon Noted Female Educator, 2005)
1843 published
book, “A
Missionary
Offe
ring”
1824 opened
a girls
' school in
Bucklan
d calle
d the
Bucklan
d Female
School a
nd taught th
e summer
term
classe
s at Ip
swich
Female
Seminary
under her
frien
d
Zilpah
Gran
t
1915 Mount H
olyoke - fir
st insti
tution of
the Sev
en Sist
ers, fe
male eq
uivalent o
f the
Ivy League
VIEWS OF MARY LYON ON WOMEN AND EDUCATION
Mary Lyon believed that well-educated women were deemed better able
to raise the next generation of citizens and hoped to see women’s
influence spread beyond the household (Mount Holyoke, 2012).
Mary Lyon had a vision to create a familial institution for women with
rigorous academic entrance requirements and a curriculum modeled after
that of the prominent male institutions of the time (Mount Holyoke, 2012).
Mary believed education needed to be affordable for all.
Her teaching incorporated real life experiences; field trips, labs, and
experiments, as well as incorporating discussion as a teaching strategy.
She emphasized a mission of service.
1800
Birth
1847 Catherine co-fo
unded
the Board of Natio
nal
Popular Educa
tion
1832 Catherine ca
mpaigned with
her father f
or more sc
hools and
teachers
in frontie
r.
Founded another Female Seminary
in Cincin
nati
1823 Catherine fo
unded Hartf
ord
Female Seminary (one of th
e first of it
’s
kind)
1821 First t
eaching
job in N
ew Haven
CT
Catherine se
lf taught
herself M
ath, Latin
and Philosophy
1810 Catherin
e was s
ent to
Litchfield CT to
limite
d
schoolin
g available fo
r girl
s
Catherine Beecher
Homeschooled
until 10 years
old
1852 Catherin
e
founded Americ
an
Women’s Educa
tion
1878 Catherine
passed away
(An American Family: The Beecher Tradition, n.d.)
VIEWS OF CATHERINE BEECHER ON WOMEN AND
EDUCATION
Catherine strongly believed that to improve the face of the society, women
should not only be educated but should also know how to educate people
around them (An American Family: The Beecher Tradition, n.d.).
Catherine felt that corsets were unhealthy practice and deformed women’s
bodies. She believed that deformities caused by corsets could be passed on
to future generations and might degrade the race. Catherine proposed
adopting a school curriculum that included physical education for young
women and men to stay in shape (University of Toledo Libraries, 2012).
Catherine was also a great supporter of the Kindergarten system in
children’s education. She believed that children should be allowed to be
children and forcing them to act like adults was unhealthy for their
development (Absolute Astronomy, 2011).
Elizabeth Blackwell
1821 Birth1838 Father died, began working as a teacher
to help support t
he family
1847 First woman accepted into (G
eneva) Medical
School after 29 letters of re
jection
1849 Graduated with MD
1st in class1853 Opened sm
all clinic for poor w
omen
1857 Opened New York Infirmary for In
digent Women &
Children with Dr. Emily Blackwell &
Dr. Marie Zakrewska
1860 & 1864 Publications
1868 Opened Medical School fo
r women
at New York Infirm
ary
1875-1910 Professor of
Gynecology
1910 Death
1895 Autobiography Published
1869 Returned to England
1861-1864 Trained Nurses fo
r Union
Hospitals
1851 Returned to NYC & encountered
many restrictions, s
hunned as abortionist
1849 Continued studies o
verseas
1842 Decided to pursue
a professional career
1832
Moved to America
1874 co-founded London M
edical
School for w
omen
(Blackwell, E.,1895; Hobart And William College, 2012; National Library of Medicine, n.d.; National Women’s History Museum, n.d.; New York Downtown Hospital, n.d.; Rochester Regional Library Council; 2000; Soylent Communications, 2012).
VIEWS OF ELIZABETH BLACKWELL ON WOMEN & EDUCATION
Elizabeth Blackwell was not technically a suffragist. However, she was associated
with many through friends and family. She believed that all women were not equal
and should work to earn their place in society like she had to (Backus and Griffin,
n.d.).
She did believe that all women should have to opportunity to be educated (Backus
and Griffin, n.d.).
Blackwell gave lectures on physical education for women which helped her
connect with future supporters of her medical endeavors.(Blackwell, E. ,1895).
Promoted women’s ed in America & England
First female MD in British Medical Registry
QUOTES THAT GUIDED THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO EDUCATION
“Go where no one else will go. Do what no one else will do.” –
Mary Lyon
“It is the right and duty of every woman to employ the power
of organization and agitation in order to gain those advantages
which are given to the one sex and unjustly withheld from the
other.” – Catherine Beecher, 1870
“I do not wish to give [women] a first place(in medicine), still
less a second one--but the most complete freedom, to take their
true place whatever it may be.” – Elizabeth Blackwell, 1851
CONTRIBUTIONS TO EDUCATION
Mary Lyon, Catherine Beecher and Elizabeth Blackwell
were all proponents of female educational opportunities
and founders of schools for women.
Mary Lyon founded Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
Catherine Beecher founded Hartford Female Seminary in
Connecticut & The Western Female Institute in Cincinnati
and many others.
Elizabeth Blackwell founded the Women’s Medical
College in America and The London School of Medicine in
England (New York Downtown Hospital, n.d.).
INNOVATIONS IN EDUCATION
Mary Lyon introduced science laboratory experiments to women. She
inspired women to pursue careers in the sciences as college teachers and
researchers (History’s Women, 2005).
Catherine Beecher believed that the inclusion of daily physical education
in children’s lives was extremely important. She developed a program of
calisthenics performed to music for young women and men (Catherine
Esther Beecher, 2012).
Elizabeth Blackwell opened the first medical college for women and
provided hands-on training opportunities for women at her infirmary
(Trachtenberg, 2000). It was also one of first medical schools to mandate
4 years of study (New York Downtown Hospital, n.d.).
LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES
Mary Lyon had the foresight to create a Board of Trustees for
Mount Holyoke so it never depended upon any single individual or
outside entity.
Catherine Beecher was driven and strong willed. She never gave up
her goal to educate and train women despite numerous restrictions.
Elizabeth Blackwell showed determination/resoluteness when she
choose her profession and persevered despite obstacles. She also
demonstrated vision and the ability to motivate others toward her
goal of opening and running a hospital and school for women.
IMPACTS ON TODAY
Mount Holyoke has set the standard for female higher education.
Quality of elementary and high school education improved nationwide due to
Graduates from Mount Holyoke.
The impact of Catherine’s work still shows by the dominance of female teachers in
educational institutions.
Elizabeth Blackwell founded The New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and
Children which still (2012) exists as New York Downtown Hospital.
Elizabeth Blackwell co-founded the Woman's Central Association of Relief which
became known as the United States Sanitary Aid Commission the Civil War precursor
to the American Red Cross.
Elizabeth Blackwell also co-founded the National Health Society now called the
National Health Service in the UK.
Neither gender nor race are obstacles to becoming a MD.
SUMMARY
Mary Lyon, Catherine Beecher and Elizabeth
Blackwell all had a profound effect on the ability of
women to obtain an education in a period when
women were not believed to be equal.
Their leadership in promoting women’s education
has had lasting effects on society and education.
REFERENCES
An American Family: The Beecher Tradition. (n.d.) Retrieved from
newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/2001/beecher/catherine.htm
Backus, M and Griffin, K. (n.d.). ENG 213 archives project at the Geneva historical
society. [2002-2009]. Retrieved from http://www.hws.edu/about/blackwell_history.aspx
Beecher, C.E. (1870). Retrieved from www.Poemhunter.com/quatations/famous.asp?
people=CatherineEBeecher
Blackwell, E. (1851, March 4). [letter to Baroness Anne Isabella Milbanke Byron].
Blackwell Family Papers. Library of Congress. Retrieved from
http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/query/r?ammem/mcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(mcc/ 065))
Blackwell, E. (1895). Pioneer work in opening the medical profession to women. London,
England: Longmas, Green and Co.
Catherine Esther Beecher. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/58300/Catherine- Esther-BeecherCatherine Beecher. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Catharine_BeecherEmancipation. (1863, January 24). Harper’s Weekly p. 56-57 retrieved from http://cartoons.osu.edu/nast/emancipation.htmFloyd, B. (2012, January 3). From Quackery to bacteriology. [Document 6]. University of Toledo Libraries, Toledo, OH. Retrieved from http://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/exhibits/quackery/quack6. htmlGast, J. (1872). American Progress. Retrieved from http://www.ushistory.org/us/29.aspHarris & Ewing. [1911?]. National Anti-Suffrage Association. Retrieved from www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Women%27s_suffrage
History’s Women The Unsung Heroines Mary Lyon Noted Female Educator
(2005). Retrieved from
http://www.historyswomen.com/1stwomen/MaryLyon.htm
Hobart And William Smith College (2012). National Anti-Slavery Standard
(1869, July 24) vol. XXX, no. 12 Whole No. 1520 Retrieved from
http://www.hws.edu/about/blackwell/history/antislavery.aspx
Lyon, Mary. A Missionary Offering. Boston: Crocker & Brewster, 1843.
Mary Lyon. (2012). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/352959/Mary-Lyon
Morton, S.B. (1874). The Ohio whiskey war-the ladies of Logan singing
hymns in front of barrooms in aid of the temperance movement.
Retrieved from http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/image.php?
rec=959&img=220
Mount Holyoke. (2012). Mary Lyon. Retrieved from
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/marylyon/
National Library of Medicine. (n.d.) Changing the face of Medicine: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. Retrieved from
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/ biography_35.htmlNational Women’s History Museum (n.d.). Elizabeth Blackwell. Retrieved from http://www.nwhm.org/educationresources/biography/biographies/
elizabeth-blackwell/#New York Downtown Hospital (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.downtownhospital.org/pages/3707/index.htm Rochester Regional Library Council. (2000). Western New York Suffragists: Elizabeth Blackwell. Retrieved from
http://www.winningthevote.org/eblackwell.htmlSoylent Communications. (2012). Elizabeth Blackwell. Retrieved from http://www.nndb.com/people/947/000162461/Trachtenberg, L. (2000). New York’s first “Lady doctor.” City Journal 10(1) Retrieved from http://www.city-journal.org/html/10_1_urbanities- new_yorks_firs.html