C156 Penerapan Metode Permanent Scatterers Interferometry ...
Advances in Operational Surveillance with Commercial...
Transcript of Advances in Operational Surveillance with Commercial...
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Advances in Operational
Surveillance with Commercial SAR
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Space News, 4 January 2010
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SAR Mode Comparison
SAR Satellite:
• RADARSAT-2
• TerraSAR-X
• Cosmo Skymed
Radar mode:
• Stripmap
• Spotlight
• ScanSAR
Polarization:
• Single
• Dual
• Quad +0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1 10 100 1000
Swath width (km)
Norm
aliz
ed S
ingle
-look R
esolu
tion (
m)
Wider swath
Finer
Resolution
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• MDA is the owner and operator of
RADARSAT-2 and holds the the worldwide
distribution rights for all products.
• Spacecraft design : 7 years
• Data continuity from RADARSAT-1. All
RADARSAT-1 imaging modes supported,
plus many additional capabilities
RADARSAT-2: Flexible and Operational Mission
New Imaging Capabilities:
• 3 metre Ultra-fine resolution, 3/1 metre Spotlight
resolution
• Polarization diversity (single, dual, quad polarization).
• Improved Geolocation Accuracy
– GPS on-board; real-time position knowledge ± 20
m
New Operational Capabilities
• Routine left and right-looking capability
• Faster satellite tasking: 12 - 24 hours routine; 4 - 12
hours emergency
• On-board solid-state recorders
• Enhanced ground system for faster processing
• Downlink encryption)
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Keys to Operational Use of Commercial SAR
1. The importance of data fusion
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•Use of RADARSAT
surveillance to support HSDN
project reduced maritime patrol
aircraft time from budget of
100 hours to 5 hours (at ~
$21K per hour)
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Cross Queuing for Identification
EROS AT+3 hrs. 30min
RADARSAT 1T = 0 hrs.
•Reduced satellite planning time allows for cross
queuing between satellites and between different
modes of RADARSAT 2
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Fusion of the Two Data Sources
• AIS ideally as coincident to RADARSAT pass as possible, though a large timewindow (–2 hours / + 30 minutes) is operationally sufficient
• Utilizing the heading (Cog), speed (Sog), and age (before or after) of the AISrecord, it is possible to predict the location of the vessel at the time of theRADARSAT image
• Unless the area is very congested (e.g., port, narrow choke point), it is possibleto correlate (i.e., match) the two records
• When AIS record is before the RADARSAT image, it is possible not only to fusethe information but update the vessel location and confirm speed and heading
T = 21:24z
T - 53 minutesT + 47 minutesForecastHindcast
11 km
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75 meters332 meters
Piracy
Sirius Star
18 November, 2008
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Oil Slick, Gulf of Mexico
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Oil Slick, Gulf of Mexico
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Oil Slick, Gulf of Mexico Verdict : Not guilty!
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Keys to Operational Use of Commercial SAR
1. The importance of data fusion
2. Derived image products and services
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Descending SLA2425 August 09
1 x Tu-95MS
BEAR
1 x Prob Tu-95MSBEAR Taxiing
6 x Tu-95MS
BEARs
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Shape and structure
Surface texture & moisture
New capabilityNot availablePolarimetric change
detection (PCD) and
classification
Ground movement
Structural movement
Improved
capability
AvailablePersistent scatterer
interferometry
(PSINSAR)
ActivityImproved
capability
AvailableCoherent change
detection (CCD)
Presence/absence
Confirmation of targets
Improved
capability
AvailableAmplitude change
detection
Change Detection RevealsRADARSAT-2RADARSAT-1Form of change
detection
RADARSAT Change Detection Capabilities
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- Demonstrated high
temporal frequency change
detection using mixed
incidence angles, look
directions and resolutions
2008-May-10
ASC Right U (U27) 3 m
2008-May-11
DES Right U (U18) 3 m
Amplitude Change Detection
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Site # 1
Site # 2
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Target Change
ClassificationFor 2009 based on stack of 10
Site # 1Green No change,
Red Random Change;
Blue Construction
L. Blue Demolition
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Central-north: sub-area 1, Housing project, Bunker/Firing positions
QuickBird May-19-2009
(C) COPYRIGHT 2010
DigitalGlobe, Inc.
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RADARSAT-2 Target Change detection: Classification (2009, 10 UF scenes)Green – Stable targets, “Red – Random Change; Blue – New Targets (construction) Light Blue – Old Targets (disappeared)
Green No change,
Red Random Change
Blue Construction
L. Blue Demolition
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Quickbird May-2009
Google Earth June 23, 2006
Profile of backscatter
Construction activity Site #1Green – Stable targets, no change
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Construction activity Site #1Blue – permanent increase in backscatter
Quickbird May-2009
June 23, 2006
Profile of backscatter
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Quickbird May-2009
Google Earth June 23, 2006
Profile of backscatter
Construction activity Site #1Red – Random changes in backscatter
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Quickbird May-2009
Google Earth June 23, 2006
Profile of backscatter
Construction activity Site #1Light Blue – Permanent decrease
in backscatter = “demolition”
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Site #1 Target Change: Refined analysis of timing, timing is equivalent to colour
Target disappears December 2, 2009Target disappears December 2, 2009
Target disappears July 11, 2009Target disappears July 11, 2009
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Site #1 Target Change: Refined analysis of timing,
timing is equivalent to colour
New small targets appear December 2, 2009New small targets appear December 2, 2009
New targets appear May 24, 2009New targets appear May 24, 2009
New targets appear June 17, 2009New targets appear June 17, 2009
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Target Change
ClassificationFor 2009 based on stack of 10
Site # 2
Green No change,
Red Random Change
Blue Construction
L. Blue Demolition
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Quickbird May-2009
Google Earth June 23, 2006
Profile of backscatter
Activity Site #2Red – Random changes in backscatter
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Coherent Change Detection:
Surface disturbance
Classification 2009For 2009 based on stack of 10
Green No change in
Coherence level
Red Random Change
of coherence
level
Blue Increase in
coherence level
L. Blue Decrease in
coherence level
Surface disturbance
near runwaySite # 1
Amplitude is average
coherence for stack
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Site #1 RADARSAT-2 Coherent Change Detection: Ground Disturbance
East of Construction site: Probably excavated soil
Green No change in
Coherence level
Red Random Change
of coherence
level;
Blue Increase in
coherence level
L. Blue Decrease in
coherence level
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Coherence
Change Detection
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Coherent Change DetectionCoherent Change Detection
Iraq/SyriaIraq/Syria BorderBorder
CCD fromRADARSAT-1
Mar. 19 to Apr. 12
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CCD ProductAfghanistan/Pakistan Border
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• Optical image shows
existing roads
CCD Product
Afghanistan/Pakistan Border• Coherence image shows
activity not associated
with observable road
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Hong Kong Airport
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Interferometric
Change Detection
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Mosul Dam, Iraq
INSAR measured
deformation of
earthen dam
Stable scatterers
A September 2006 report by the United States Army Corps of Engineers noted, "In terms of internal erosion
potential of the foundation, Mosul Dam is the most dangerous dam in the world." (source: "Iraq dismisses
Mosul Dam warnings" BBC news article BBC, October 31, 2007.)
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Deformation map U20 May 27 – August 31, 2008 (stack)
Urban Monitoring
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City of Long Beach, California
InSAR CTM
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Polarimetric Change Detection
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Volume Scattering
• A resolution cell is a 3-Dimensional space
and captures results from many scattering
events within the 3D space
• The backscattered signal is a function of:
– density of the media
– geometry of scattering elements
– dielectric properties of elements
• We can analyze Polarimetric parameters in
many ways to illustrate complete scattering
– Statistical Methods (Cloude Pottier)
– Model Based Methods (Freeman
Durden Decomposition)
• This gives us numerous ways to analyze
target shape & structure
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a) radar image
(b) optical image
(c) ground picture
(d) polarization response
Polarimetric Target Analysis
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Disclosure restrictedas noted on the cover page.
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Airfield Facility Monitoring
• Polarimetric Signatures – Davis Monthan AFB
Tandem Demo DVR, July 23, 2008
TDM-PM-52- 7133 Issue/Rev: 0/1
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Page 52
Coastal Zone Land Classification
FQ 10 A
http://www.vcrlter.virginia.edu/
South Hog Island
Unsupervised Wishart classification based on
RADARSAT-2 Fine quad-pol data. The classification
shows the Marsh and Upland coastline types.
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Page 53
20 April, 2009
|HH+VV|2
-30 dB to 0 dB
|HH-VV|2
-30 dB to 0 dB
|HV|2
-35 dB to -5 dB
14 May, 20097 June, 20091 July, 200925 July, 200918 August, 200911 September, 2009
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Detected Change: Separate Channels
July 13, 2008May 26, 2008
|HH+VV|2 (surface scattering), |HH-VV|2 (dihedral scattering), |HV|2 (volume scattering)
Change Classification
by type of scattering
Wind roughening
over water
Crop growth
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Page 55
Polarimetric - Biomass Estimation
VVHV
HH
Ground
Return
Scattering is
from Canopy
• POLInSAR combines multiple interferograms using different polarization channels to analyze
vertical structure and problems involving combined surface/volume scattering
• Vegetated areas have poor polarimetric phase stability due to depolarisation (high entropy);
combining polarimetry with interferometry is a potential solution
• Provides a direct physical measure of vegetation height, structure and biomass
HH
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Page 56 Disclosure restrictedas noted on the cover page.
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Terrain Mobility Measurements
Smooth Rough
0.0 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.1 6.1
Derived Surface
Roughness Map
(RMS Height cm)
Dryer Wetter
.00 .35 .47 .55 .63 .71 .80 .91 1.03 1.20 1.52
Relative Soil Moisture (Dielectric Constant)
Tandem Demo DVR, July 23, 2008
TDM-PM-52- 7133 Issue/Rev: 0/1
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Page 57
Data Flow for Geospatial Intelligence
Derived
ProductsDEM, ACD,
CCD, PCD,
INSAR
ImagesSAR, Optical
Actionable
Intelligence Decisions
Intelligence
Analysis
Commercial Data Sources
Traditional Data Sources
ImagesDerived
ProductsIntelligence
Analysis
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Keys to Operational Use of Commercial SAR
1. The importance of data fusion
2. Derived image products and services
3. Exploit scheduling capabilities
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Rapid Tasking and Beam Switching
Image Processed1630 UTC
Total time4:45 hrs
Image Downlinked1600 UTC
Image acquired1445 UTC
Task scheduled1230 UTC
Request submitted1145 UTC
• ORS support to theatre operations
• Developed optimum ordering timeline directly with field units using
standard operating procedures
• Used ‘store & forward’ acquisitions
• Demonstrated rapid beam switching to image multiple targets in
close proximity
34°N
31°N
33°N
32°N
38°E 42°E40°E
#1 Ultrafine 03:26:49
UTC
Ultrafine and Spotlight collects#2 UF, #1 + 7s
#3 UF, #2 + 8s
#4 Spotlight, #3 + 11s
Rapid Beam Switching
Satellite pass
“An Operationally Responsive Space Asset”
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Page 60Tandem Demo DVR, July 23, 2008
TDM-PM-52- 7133 Issue/Rev: 0/1
Disclosure restrictedas noted on the cover page.
Page 60
Algiers, Port Facility Monitoring
Amplitude vs Coherent Change Detection
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Facility Monitoring: Algiers Container Port
“Red has fled, blue is new”
May 29 Ultrafine U15
June 5 Ultrafine U8
Amplitude Changes
User: ONI
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Page 62Tandem Demo DVR, July 23, 2008
TDM-PM-52- 7133 Issue/Rev: 0/1
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Page 62
• Coherent change detection
May 12, 2008 – U8 (3m) @17:52 (Ascending) May 05, 2008 – U15 (3m) @17:49 (Ascending)
Jun 05, 2008 – U8 (3m) @17:52 (Ascending) May 29, 2008 – U15 (3m) @17:49 (Ascending)
Facility Monitoring: Algiers Container Port
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Image 2
Image 3
Coherent Amplitude
Change Product
Coherence Change
Product
Interferometric Change
Product
Amplitude Change
Product
Polarimetric Change
Product
Target
Presence
Surface Activity
Ground & Building
Movement
Target Change Type
Terrain Mobility
Actionable Intelligence•Regional Threat Assessments
•Order of Battle (ORBAT)
•Imagery Exploitation Reports (IER)
•Strategic Analysis
•Intelligence Preparation of
Battlespace (IPB)
•Indications & Warnings (I&W)
Polarimetric Moisture,
roughness, biomass
measures, Vegetation
type
Environemntal
change
Digital Elevation
Models
Image 4
Image 5
Surveillance Strategy
Daily Products Daily
Intelligence
Analysis
Image 1
Image 6
Image 7
Image21
Image 22
Image 23
Image 24
Image 25
Image20
Image 19
Image 18
Image 17
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RADARSAT Constellation Mission
• MDA is under contract with the Canadian Space Agency on the RADARSAT Constellation mission (RCM)
• The constellation will consist of a fleet of three spacecraft (scalable to six), and be both complementary and afollow-on to the RADARSAT-2 mission
• The main uses of RCM are expected to be in the areas of:
– maritime surveillance (ship detection, ice monitoring, and oil spill detection)
– disaster management; and
– ecosystem monitoring
• First launch ~ 2014
Thank You!