Advances in Heart Failure Management MSMA Conference 2018 · 2018-07-16 · Advances in Heart...
Transcript of Advances in Heart Failure Management MSMA Conference 2018 · 2018-07-16 · Advances in Heart...
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Advances in Heart Failure ManagementMSMA Conference 2018
Justin Vader, MD
Asst. Prof. of Medicine
Cardiovascular Division
Washington Univ. in St Louis
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Disclosures
Salary support
• Heart Failure Network (NHLBI) < 5%
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Outline
Heart failure epidemiology
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
• Current and emerging medical therapies
• Device-based therapies
• End-stage therapies
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
• Current and emerging medical therapies
• Device-based therapies
Heart failure hospitalization
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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE
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Who has heart failure?
Paul A. Heidenreich et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:606-619
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
9000000
2012 2015 2020 2025 2030
All
18–44 y
45–64 y
65–79 y
≥80 y
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Epidemiology and Natural History of HF
Prevalence 5.7 million in US
Hospitalization > 1 million/year in US
Cost ~ $30.7 billion/year in US
(Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:573-580.)
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Demographics
Incidence rate per 1000 person-year
• African American = 4.6
• Hispanic = 3.5
• White = 2.4
• Chinese = 1.0
Male > female
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Risk Factors for Heart Failure
Condition RR PAR
Coronary artery disease 8.1 62%
Cigarette smoking 1.6 17%
Hypertension 1.4 10%
Obesity 1.3 8%
Diabetes 1.9 3%
Valvular heart disease 1.5 2%NHANES data (Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(7):996.)
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Heart Failure Prevention
JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(1):116. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.3394
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Pharmacotherapy and HF PreventionCondition Agent Study
Asymptomatic LV dysfunction ACEi SAVE
β-blocker SOLVD
Stable CAD ACEi EUROPA
Prior MI Statin 4S
NSTEMI Clopidogrel CURE
Diabetes + HTN Tight control (ACEi, β-blocker
UKPDS
Diabetes + Nephropathy ARB RENAAL, IDNT
Diabetes + Vascular disease ACEi HOPE
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CHARACTERISATION OF HEART FAILURE
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Heart failureCongestion
DyspneaEdemaFatigue
Elevated LAPElevated RAPElevated BNP
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Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Relatively reproducible
Differentiates physiology (esp remodeling)
Enrollment criterion for landmark trials
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How does the LV really work?
J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2011;19(1):1-6
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HFpEF vs HFrEF
HFpEF HFrEF
LVEF ≥ 50% < 40%
AKA Diastolic HF Systolic HF
LV Volume Nondilated Dilated
LV Mass Concentric hypertrophy Eccentric hypertrophy
Diastolic function Abnormal Often abnormal
GDMT Limited Numerous
% of HF Hosp 50% 50%
Mechanisms Metabolic dysregulation,Endothelial dysfunction
Myocyte injury, neurohormal activation
Mechanics Elevated EDPVR slope Reduced ESPVR slope
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HFREF TREATMENT PARADIGM
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Therapies for Systolic Heart Failure
1987
Digoxin
Diuretics
Vasodilators
Transplant
2017
ACE-inhibitors/ARBs
Beta blockers
Aldosterone antagonists
Hydralazine/Nitrates
ARNIs
Ivabradine
Digoxin
Diuretics
ICD/CRT
CardioMEMS
LVAD
Transplant
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Risk Reduction with GDMT in HFrEFAgent Rel Risk
MortalityNNT Mortality*
Rel Risk HF Hosp
ACEi / ARB 17% 77 31%
Β-blocker 34% 28 41%
MRA 30% 18 35%
HZN / IDN 43% 21 33%
Am Heart J 2011;161:1024–30.
* Standardized to 12 mos
JACC HF. 2014;2(5):545-548
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Survival
Approximately 50% at 5 years after diagnosis
Long term HF survival rates increased 45%from 1995 to 2005
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Targets for Therapy: HFrEF
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Natriurietic Peptide System (NPS)
Afterload conditions and vascular tone
Preload conditions and blood volume
Heart rate
Electrical Dyssynchrony
Contractility
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Bet
a b
lock
er
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Simplified GDMT for HFrEF ~ 2013
ACE Inhibitor + Beta Blocker +/- Diuretic
+ Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist
+ Isosorbide Dinitrate / Hydralazine
GFR > 30 ml/min, K < 5 mEg/dl
African American
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NEWER MEDICAL THERAPIES: HFREF
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Neprilysin Inhibition
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Substrates of Neprilysin
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PARADIGM
• Predominantly NYHA II (70%) & III (24%)• Mean SBP 122 mmHg• Mean LVEF ~ 30%• Mean Age ~ 64 years• 93% on Beta blockers• 55% on MRAs• Minority (16%) with ICDs
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Questions
Adequate dose of ACEi
• Enalapril = 18.9 mg/d
• Highest ever in an RCT
Run-in
• Failures c/w:
– eGFR < 60
– lower SBP
– higher NTproBNP
– ischemic etiology
Amyoid Beta
• ↑ CSF soluble Aβ 1-38
• ↔ Aβ 1-42, Aβ 1-40
Endpoint selection
• Adding ED visits and intensified therapies -same benefit
Quality of life impact
• Small (2 point) mitigation of KCCQ decline
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Questions
Mode of death
• ↓ SCD (HR 0.80)
• ↓ HF death (HR 0.79)
Tolerability
• More D/C with enalapril
Remodeling
• Serial echo data unavailable.
• PA pressure, Biomarkers, Aortic stiffness ?
Age
• No interaction
Background therapy
• No interaction with:– Diuretics
– Digoxin
– Beta blockers
– MRAs
– ICD +/-
– Coronary revascularization
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Questions
Benefit relative to HF severity
• Benefit similar with/without recent hospitalization
• Benefit shown across MAGGIC and EMPHASIS scores
• Influence of LVEF? Yes, but no interaction
• Low dose achieved?
– Higher risk population
– Favored Sac/Val at similar HR (wider CI)
• Few Class IIIB/IV patients included (n=60, 0.7%)
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Forthcoming Trials
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Guidelines Update
Recommendation Class LoE
Use ACEi, ARB, OR ARNI in HFrEF to reduce mortality I B-R
Replace ACEi/ARB with ARNI in chronic HFrEF (NYHA II/III) with an adequate blood pressure who are already tolerating a reasonable dose of ACE inhibitor or ARB.
I B-R
Do not administer ARNI within 36 hrs of ACEi III B-R
Do not administer ARNI in patients with history of angioedema
III C-EO
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Valsartan/Sacubitril Take Home Points
20% relative ↓mortality c/w enalaparil (NNT 36)
Predominantly studied in NHYA II,III
Guidelines recommend considering a switch
Renders BNP less accurate (NTproBNP better)*
Side effects: angioedema, hypotension
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Heart Rate Lowering
Increased HR tracks with mortality in HFrEF
• ↑ oxygen demand
• ↓ ventricular efficiency
• ↓ ventricular relaxation / ↑ ischemia
Beta blockers have inotropic and chronotropic effects in addition to remodeling effects
Many patients are intolerant to beta blockers
• Reactive airways
• Hypotension with fatigue
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HR Reduction and Outcomes
Meta-regression data
• Achieved HR reduction more strongly associated with mortality than beta blocker dose is
HF ACTION
• Inverse relationship between beta blocker dose and mortality as well as HR and mortality
• Appears to be more beta blocker dose than HR
Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(11):784-794.Am J Cardiol 2008;101:865–869JACC Vol. 60, No. 3, 2012JACC: HEART FAILURE VOL. 4, NO. 2, 2016
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Ivabradine
IfIf
Na+
K+
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SHIFT
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ACC/AHA Guidelines Update
Recommendation Class LoE
Use ivabradine to reduce HF hospitalization in patients:- NYHA II-III HFrEF (LVEF ≤35%) - On GDMT including a β-blocker at max tolerated dose- Sinus rhythm with HR > 70 bpm or greater at rest
IIa B-R
Ivabradine Take Home Points Reduced HF hospitalization, not mortality
Raises BP (unique among HF drugs)
Augments, but should not replace beta blockade
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FUTURE MEDICAL THERAPY: HFREF
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Treating Iron Deficiency
Anemia and iron deficiency
• Common in HF and associated with worse outcomes
• Serum ferritin relatively elevated c/w inflammation
Ferric carboxymaltose (IV) may improve quality of life and HF performance status (Class IIb)
• Ferritin < 100 ng/ml or 100-300 ng/ml with Tsat < 20%
• Independent of hemoglobin
Oral iron replacement failed to improve VO2
ESAs not recommended – thrombotic events (Class III)
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Potassium Binders
No HF outcomes trialsto date
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SGLT-2 Inhibitors
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SGLT-2 Inhibitors
EMPAREG and CANVAS – reduced HF events
Await outcomes trials of SGLT2 in HFpEF, HFrEF
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SGLT-2 and HF: More to Come
Circulation. 2017;136:1643–1658. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030012
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ADA 2017 Standards of Care
Empagliflozin
• Consider empagliflozin or liraglutide in patients with established cardiovascular disease to reduce the risk of mortality
• In patients with long-standing suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, empagliflozin or liraglutideshould be considered…to reduce cardiovascular and all-cause mortality when added to standard care.
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Omecamtiv mecarbil
Trial data
COSMIC – Phase II• 150 pts, NYHA II-III
• Increased
– Stroke volume
– Systolic ejection time
• Decreased
– LVESD/LVEDD
– HR
– NTproBNP
GALACTIC – Phase III• 8000 patients, NYHA II-IV
• Time to death/HF
Eur Heart J (2011) 32 (15): 1838-1845.
Lancet 2016; 388: 2895–903
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DEVICE BASED THERAPIES FOR HF
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ICD AND CRT
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ICD and CRT Guidelines
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DANISH at a glance
1116 subjects with nonischemic CM assigned to ICD or no ICD. CRT was allowed.
Sudden cardiac death HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.21-0.82)
All cause mortality HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.68 – 1.12)
Curves merge ~ 7 years follow-up
Younger (<59 y/o) subjects benefitted
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Maybe we’re doing a good job?
N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1793-1795
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Subcutaneous ICDs
Pro:
• Avoids vascular space
• Avoids leads in heart
Con:
• No pacing capability
• Can’t incorporate CRT
Consider in:
• Younger
• At risk for bacteremia
• Vascular access issues
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Multipoint Pacing
Anatomic and electrophysiologic variability limits success of CRT
Multi-point pacing may offer improvement
• Improved LV hemodynamic performance
• Improved dyssynchrony on echo
• Await large outcomes trials
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HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING
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Decompensated Heart Failure
↑ RA PressureAbdominal Congestion
Cardio-renal Syndrome
Peripheral Edema
↑ LA PressureDyspnea
Orthopnea / PND
Pulmonary Edema↓ OutputConfusion
ATN / HIH
Lactatemia
↑ PA Pressure
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The Problem
Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2009;6(4):287-92.
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Limitations to other methods
Telemonitoring (weights, symptoms) is ineffective – several RCTs, SRMA
Intrathoracic impedance too sensitive (PPV < 20%)
Exam accuracy limited (PPV/NPV range 40-60%)
Serial BNP monitoring under-studied
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Implantable PA Pressure Sensor
Transmitter
Treatment
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CHAMPION Clinical Trial:
Abraham WT, et al. Lancet, 2011. NNT = 4
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Implantable Hemodynamic Monitoring
Consider for reduction of HF hospitalization in patients with NYHA Class III patients hospitalized within the past year
• To reduce subsequent HF hospitalization
• Irrespective of LVEF
Subgroup analysis demonstrates effective in:
• HFpEF and HFrEF
• COPD
• CKD
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THERAPIES FOR END STAGE HF
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JACC, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2009
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Triggers for Referral to HF specialist
I: IV inotropes
N: NYHA IIIB/IV or persistent elevated BNP
E: End-organ dysfunction (Cr ≥ 1.8, BUN ≥ 43)
E: Ejection fraction ≤ 35%
D: Defibrillator shocks
H: Hospitalizations > 1
E: Edema despite escalating diuretics
L: Low BP (≤ 90 mmHg), high HR
P: Prognostic med changes (reduction in GDMT)
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Advanced HF Options
Heart Transplant
Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support
Palliation +/- IV Inotropes
Medical optimization / valve interventions / clinical trials
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Mortality in Advanced Heart Failure
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
AIDS Leukemia Lung Cancer Pancreatic Cancer End-stage Heart Failure with OMT
Diagnosis
Mo
rtal
ity
exp
ect
atio
n %
at
On
e Y
ear
Rose EA, et al. N EJM. 2001 Nov 15;345(20):1435-43.
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Heart Transplant Eligibility
Age up to 70
Sufficient disease severity
• Requirement for mechanical circulatory support
• Requirement for intravenous inotropes
• Severe functional limitation (low VO2 max)
• High predicted mortality by risk models
Acceptable end organ function
Psychosocial stability
Not very obese (BMI < 35 kg/m2)
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Adult and Pediatric Heart TransplantsNumber of Transplants by Year and Location
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
ansp
lan
ts
Other
North America
Europe
2017JHLT. 2017 Oct; 36(10): 1037-1079
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0
25
50
75
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Surv
ival
(%
)
Years
Adult (N=113,758)
Pediatric (N=12,995)
2017JHLT. 2017 Oct; 36(10): 1037-1079
Adult and Pediatric Heart TransplantsKaplan-Meier Survival by Age Group
Median survival (years): Adult=10.7; Conditional=13.2; Pediatric=16.1; Conditional=20.9
p<0.0001
(Transplants: January 1982 – June 2015)
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Estimated “Opportunity” for Advanced HF
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Heart Pumps
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LVAD Eligibility
Bridge to Transplant (BTT)
• Satisfies transplant eligibility
• Requires prolonged support to wait for transplant
Destination Therapy (DT)
• Ineligible for transplant
– Reversible risk factors
– Age
• Satisfactory renal, right ventricular, liver function
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LVAD Use
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LVAD and Survival
Median survival on LVAD support is 4 years
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LVAD Complications
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Contrasting Summary of Options
Highlight Uncertainty
Present numbers in a
digestible way
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NEWER MEDICAL THERAPIES: HFPEF
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Eur Heart J. 2014 Oct 21;35(40):2797-2815
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Failed Agents in HFpEF
Aldosterone Antagonists*
ARB
ACEi
Sildenafil
Isosorbide
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TOPCAT…a tale of international intrigue
Pfeffer - Circulation. 2014
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Nitric Oxide Signaling – Not Dead Yet
Circulation Research. 2016;119:782-784
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ARNI
PARAGON-HF
• Sacubitril/Valsartan vs. Valsartan for HFpEF
• N=4300
• Cumulative CV death or HF hospitalization
• Anticipated 2019
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HFpEF Phenomapping
Group 1
• Exercise-induced
• Dynamic studies (RHC)
Group 2
• Volume overload
• Hospitalizations
Group 3
• Pulmonary HTN
• RV dysfunction
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HFpEF Device Therapy
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HFpEF Summary of the Current Evidence
Treat comorbidities
• Hypertension
• Atrial fibrillation
• Metabolic disorders (Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia)
• Coronary artery disease
Treat volume overload with judicious diuretics
Encourage exercise and weight loss
Consider MRAs to reduce hospitalization
Do not use nitrates or PDE5 inhibitors
Consider PA pressure monitoring to reduce hospitalization
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HEART FAILURE HOSPITALIZATION
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The target – unnecessary readmission
Hospital admissions are prognosticallyunfavorable and expensive
Rising rate of HF readmission across the 1990s and early 2000s
Desire to contain costs, improve outcomes
JAMA. 2010;303(21):2141-2147.
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Medicare's Hospital Readmission Reduction Program
Established by ACA in 2010, effective Oct 2012
Age > 65 CMS population (HF, AMI, COPD, PNA)
Excessive readmission as weighed against risk-standardized readmission ratio (RSRR)
• RSRR fails to account for: race, SES, hospital mix
• May penalizes hospitals serving the underserved
• Risk standardized readmission and mortality rates correlated poorly
Penalized for ALL CMS admissions
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Hospitalization and Mortality Overall improving
Racial disparities
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10:e003552( J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e006955. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006955.).
Admission
Mortality
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JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(1):44-53. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4265
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Readmission Prediction
Patient Risk Factors for Readmission
• Modest predictive accuracy of multivariable models
• Residual congestion
• Cognitive dysfunction
• Poor health literacy
Hospital Risk Factors for High Readmission Rate
• Low SES service areas
• Lower hospital volume
• Less extensive CV service line
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Thank You
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Nature Reviews Drug Discovery volume1, pages621–636
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Ceiling of RAAS Inhibition?Trial Drug (mg)Comparator
(mg) N Year All DeathHF/CV Death
HF/CV Hosp Combined
Adverse Events
NETWORKEnal. 10,
20 Enal. 5 1532 1998 Neutral N/A N/A N/A
ATLASLisin. ~
35 Lisin. ~ 5 3164 2000 Neutral Neutral 24% RRR 12% RRR
HEAAL Los. 150 Los. 50 3846 2009 NS N/A
HR 0.87 (0.76-0.98)
↓(NNT 31)
Trial Drug (mg)Comparator
(mg) N Year All DeathHF/CV Death
HF/CV Hosp Combined
Adverse Events
NETWORKEnal. 10,
20 Enal. 5 1532 1998 Neutral N/A N/A N/A
ATLASLisin. ~
35 Lisin. ~ 5 3164 2000 Neutral Neutral 24% RRR 12% RRR
HEAAL Los. 150 Los. 50 3846 2009 NS N/A
HR 0.87 (0.76-0.98)
↓(NNT 31)
CHARM-Added Cand. ACEi Alone 2548 2003 Neutral
↓ (NNT 28)
↓ (NNT 26)
↓ (NNT 23)
Cr ↑ (NNH 27), K ↑ (NNH
37)
Val-Heft Vals. ACEi Alone 5010 2001 Neutral N/A↓ (NNT
26)
RR 0.87 (0.77-0.97)
ARF, Dizziness
VALIANT Vals. Capto. Alone 14703 2003 Neutral Neutral Neutral NeutralHypoTN,
ARF
Trial Drug (mg)Comparator
(mg) N Year All DeathHF/CV Death
HF/CV Hosp Combined
Adverse Events
NETWORKEnal. 10,
20 Enal. 5 1532 1998 Neutral N/A N/A N/A
ATLAS Lis. ~ 35 Lisin. ~ 5 3164 2000 Neutral Neutral 24% RRR 12% RRR
HEAAL Los. 150 Los. 50 3846 2009 NS N/A
HR 0.87 (0.76-0.98)
↓(NNT 31)
CHARM-Added Cand. ACEi Alone 2548 2003 Neutral
↓ (NNT 28)
↓ (NNT 26)
↓ (NNT 23)
Cr ↑ (NNH 27), K ↑ (NNH
37)
Val-Heft Vals. ACEi Alone 5010 2001 Neutral N/A↓ (NNT
26)
RR 0.87 (0.77-0.97)
ARF, Dizziness
VALIANT Vals. Capto. Alone 14703 2003 Neutral Neutral Neutral NeutralHypoTN,
ARF
ASTRONAUT Alisk. 150 Placebo 1639 2013 Neutral Neutral Neutral NeutralHarm in
DM
ATMOSPHERE Alisk. Enalapril 2336 2016 Neutral Neutral Neutral NeutralNo Harm
in DM
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Wearable ICDs – AHA/HRS StatementRecommendation Class Level of Evidence
When there is a clear indication for an ICD but there is transient contraindication (eg: infection).
IIa C
As bridge to definitive therapy such (eg: transplantation)
IIa C
Temporizing in expectation of LV improvement, (eg: ischemic CM with recent revascularization, newly diagnosed nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in patients starting GDMT, secondary cardiomyopathy being treated).
IIb C
As bridging therapy in situations where ICDs have been shown to reduce SCD but not overall survival such as within 40 d of MI
IIb C
Do not use when nonarrhythmic risk is expected to significantly exceed arrhythmic risk, particularly in patients who are not expected to survive >6 mo
III C
Piccini et al. Circulation 2016