Advances in Dental Ceramics / orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

8/12/2019 Advances in Dental Ceramics / orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

OVERVIEW REGARDING CERAMICS

ADVANCES IN METAL CERAMICS

ADVANCES IN ALL CERAMIC RESTORATIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES


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INTRODUCTION:

Esthetics, durai!it" #$ the %ateria! a&d its i#c#%'atii!it" i& #ra!

e&(ir#&%e&t has a!)a"s ee& a&d )i!! e the $#re%#st c#&cer& #$ the

de&tist*

Esthetica!!" cera%ic ca& e c#&sidered as +etter tha& the est*

Its c#!#r, tra&s!uce&c" a&d (ita!it" ca&t as "et e %atched " a&"

%ateria!s e-ce't #ther cera%ics $urther %ateria! is dura!e a&d

i#c#%'ati!e thus it h#!ds a s'ecia! '!ace i& de&tistr" a&d is )ide!"

used*

Cera%ic susta&ces are t &e)* I&$act #ur a&cest#rs disc#(ered

cera%ics th#usa&ds #$ "ears a.#* E-a%'!es are %a&", earthe& '#ts,

ric/s, crac/ers, )ash asi&s, ti!es sa&itar" etc*

Term ceramic is defined as any product made essentially from

a nonmetallic material by firing at high temperature to achiee

desirable properties!

0#rce!ai& re$ers t# a $a%i!" #$ cera%ic %ateria!s c#%'#sed

esse&tia!!" #$ 1a#!i&, 2uart3, Fe!ds'ar a!s# $i-ed at hi.h te%'eratures*

TER"INO#O$IES:

Dental ceramic: A& ir.a&ic c#%'#u&d )ith & %eta!!ic 'r#'erties

t"'ica!!" c#&sisti&. #$ #-".e& a&d #&e #r %#re %eta!!ic #r se%i%eta!!ic

e!e%e&ts 4e.* a!u%i&u%, ca!ciu%, !ithiu%, %a.&esiu%, '#tassiu%,

si!ic#&, s#diu%, ti&, tita&iu% a&d !i(c#&iu%5 that is $#r%u!ated t#

'r#duce the )h#!e #r 'art #$ a cera%ic ased de&ta! 'r#sthesis*

$lass ceramic: A cera%ic c#&sisti&. #$ a .!ass %atri- 'hase a&d at !east

#&e cr"sta! 'hase that is 'r#duced " the c#&tr#!!ed cr"sta!!i3ati#& #$ the

.!ass*


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Ceramic: A& ir.a&ic c#%'#u&d )ith & %eta!!ic 'r#'erties t"'ica!!"

c#%'#sed #$ %eta!!ic a&d &%eta!!ic e!e%e&ts*

%ISTOR&:

677 8C 9 Etrusca&s %ade teeth #$ I(#r" a&d #&e that )ere he!d i& '!ace

" a .#!d $ra%e)#r/*

:66; 9 Fre&ch 'har%acist < Duchateau* 0r#ce!ai& %ateria! ca!!ed %i&era!

'aste teeth*

:6=> 9 de Che%a&t?Fre&ch de&tist i& c#!!a#rati#& )ith Duchateau 7B 9 Dr* Char!es !a&d i&tr#duced $irst cera%ic cr#)& t# de&tistr" i&

:>7B* Usi&. '!ati&u% $#i! %atri- a&d hi.h $usi&. $e!ds'athic '#rce!ai&

!#) $!e-ura! stre&.th < i&creased i&cide&ce #$ $ai!ure*

:>@ 9 Wei&stei& a&d Wei&stei& < $#r%u!ati#& #$ $ed!s'athic '#rce!ai&that a!!#)ed s"ste%atic c#&tr#! #$ the si&teri&. te%'erature a&d ther%a!

e-'a&si#& c#e$$icie&t < 'atie&t*

:>@ 9 Wei&stei& et a! c#%'#&e&ts that c#u!d e used t# 'r#duce a!!#"s

that #&ded che%ica!!" t# a&d )ere ther%a!!" c#%'ati!e )ith

$e!ds'athic '#rce!ai& < 'atie&t*

:>B9 $irst c#%%ercia! '#rce!ai& de(e!#'ed " +Vita ah&a$ari/*


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:> 9 Mc Lea& a&d Hu.hes < A!u%ius c#re cera%ic A! @OB=; 9 Adair a&d Gr#ss%a& < Dic#r .!ass cera%ic c#&sisti&. #$

tetrasi!icic $!u#ra%ica cr"sta! i& .!ass %atri-*

Machi&a!e .!ass cera%ic 9 Dic#r MGC )hich has tetrasi!icic $!u#r#%ica

cr"sta! (#!u%e #$ 67*

Early '(() : 0ressa!e .!ass cera%ic i*e* I0S E%'ress B; V#* !eucite*

I0S e%'ress @ < C#&tai&i&. 67 (#!u%e #$ Lithia disi!icate

cr"sta!s c#u!d e used $#r B u&it F0D u't# II 're%#!ar < $racture

t#u.h&ess )as B*B M0a M:@B ti%es %#re tha& E%'ress :*

:>>@ 9 Ducera% LFC < !#) $usi&. cera%ic < B u&iue $eature*

a5 H"dr#ther%a! .!ass < i& )hich )ater is i&c#r'#rated i&t# the

si!icate .!ass structure t# 'r#duce & rid.i&. h"dr#-"! .r#u's

that disru'ts the .!ass &et)#r/, there" i&creases the .!ass

tra&siti#& te%'erature, Visc#sit" a&d $iri&. te%'erature i&creasi&.

the ther%a! e-'a&si#& c#e$$icie&t t# a!!#) its use a (e&eer $#r

certai& !#) e-'a&si#& %eta!s*

5 Se!$ hea!i&.9 8" $#r%i&. : % thic/ h"dr#ther%a! !a"er a!#&. the

cera%ic sur$ace*

c5 E-tre%e!" s%a!! si3e #$ the cr"sta! 'artic!es 4;77?77 &%5

e&ha&ces #'a!esce&ce #$ cera%ic " re$!ecti&. !ue !i.ht hues

$r#% the sur$ace a&d "e!!#) hues $r#% the i&teri#r #$ the cera%ic*

Other u!tra!#) $usi&. cera%ics ) re$erred as !#) $usi&.

cera%ics ha(e ee& i&tr#duced as (e&eeri&. .!ass < are c!ai%ed t# e

/i&der t# #''#si&. t##th e&a%e! < due t# .!ass 'hase #r (er" s%a!!

cr"sta! 'artic!es*


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'(*)+s: Le(e! : S"ste% i&tr#duced a&d i%'r#(e%e&ts i& s#$t)are a&d

hard)are !ed t# !e(e! @ a&d !e(e! B* B s"ste% $#r 'r#ducti#& #$ cera%ic

i&!a"s, #&!a"s a&d (e&eers*

The $uture #$ de&ta! cera%ic is ri.ht ecause the i&creased

de%a&d $#r t##th c#!#red rest#rati#&s )i!! !ead t# a& i&creased de%a&d

$#r cera%ic ased a&d '#!"%er ased rest#rati#&s a&d the reduced use #$

a%a!.a% a&d traditi#&a! cast %eta!s*

O,ER,IE- O. DENT/# CER/"ICS:

Classification of dental ceramics:

:5 Use #r i&dicati#&s < a&teri#r, '#steri#r, cr#)&s, (e&eers, '#st a&d

c#res a&d .!a3e cera%ic*

@5 C#%'#siti#& 40ure a!u%i&a, 'ure irc#&ia, si!ica .!ass, !eucite

ased .!ass cera%ic a&d Lithia ased .!ass cera%ic5*

B5 0r#cessi&. %eth#ds 9 Si&teri&., 'artia! si&teri&. a&d .!ass

i&$i!trati#&, CAD?CAM, a&d c#'" %i!!i&.*

;5 Fusi&. ta%'erature 9 !#) $usi&. =77?:777

C

9 Mediu% $usi&. :77?:6777C

9 hi.h $usi&. :@77?:;777C

5 Micr#structure 9 G!ass, cr"sta!!i&e a&d cr"sta! c#&tai&i&. .!ass*

5 Tra&s!usce&c" 9 O'aue, tra&s!usce&t a&d tra&s'are&t*

65 Fracture resista&ce #r arasi(e&ess

.iring temperature: Hi.h $usi&. :B777C

Mediu% $usi&. ::7:?:B777C

L#) $usi&. =7?::777C

U!tra !#) $usi&. =77C

0r#ducti#& #$

de&ture teeth

Cr#)& a&d rid.e

c#&structi#&


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Craig ''thedition

Faricati#& Cr"sta!!i&e 'hase

A!! cera%ic Machi&ed A!u%i&aFe!ds'ar

Mica

S!i' Cast A!u%i&a

S'i&e!

Heat 'ressed Leucite

Lithiu% disi!icate

Si&tered A!u%i&aLeucite

Cera%ic?%eta! Si&tered Lucite

De&ture teeth Ma&u$actured Fe!ds'ar

Cera%ics < Gree/ )#rd +1era%i 1#s < %ea&i&. ur&t earth*

0#rce!ai&?'#rtu.uese 0#rce!#&. +!itt!e 'i.

+C#)rie she!! < She!! #$ %#!usca* The sha'e #$

c#)rie she!! a&d !itt!e 'i.s ac/ are a!i/e* The s%##th&ess #$ c#)rie

she!! a&d this earthe& %ateria! )ere a!i/e* S# the &a%e '#rce!ai&*

1a#!i& < $r#% %#u&tai& 1a#?!i&. i& Chi&a*

1a#?hi.h Li&. < rid.e*

Vitr#us !ati& < Vitr#us G!ass 4a%#r'h#us5

De(itri$icati#& < .radua! $#r%ati#& #$ (er" s%a!! cr"sta!s i& a .!ass a&d

%i&era!s s# that .!ass ec#%es !ess tra&s'are&t*


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Tra&s'are&t < !ati& < tra&s thr#u.h*

0ar#ra t# a''ear

a!e t# see thr#u.h

Tra&ss!usce&t < !ati& < !ucis !i.hti&. shi&e

Shi&i&. thr#u.h*

Ve&eer < Fre&ch $#ur&ir t# $u%ish

t# #(er!a" a thi& sheet #$ $i&e )##d #r #ther susta&ce*

Vitri$icati#& < c#&(erti&. i&t# .!ass*

Fe!ds'ar < is the &a%e .i(e& t# a .r#u' #$ r#c/s c#&tai&i&. a!u%i?

si!icate a!#&. )ith s#diu%, '#tassiu% #r ca!ciu%* It is $#u&d i& i.&e#us

r#c/ e.* .ra&ite a&d %eta%#r'hic r#c/s*

Hi.h '#tassiu% c#&tai&i&. $e!ds'ar is '#tas'ar hi.h s#diu% c#&tai&i&.

$e!ds'ar is s#das'ar*

Hi.h $usi&. :B777C

Mediu% $usi&. ::7: < :B77

L#) $usi&. =7?::77

U!tra !#) =77C

Used $#r tita&iu% a!!#"s ecause #$ their !#) c#&tracti#&

c#e$$icie&t that c!#se!" %atch th#se #$ these %eta!s a&d ecause the !#)

$iri&. te%'eratures reduce the ris/ $#r .r#)th #$ %eta! #-ide* Ad(a&ce

reducti#& i& si&teri&. ti%es, decrease i& sa. de$#r%ati#& #$ F0D $ra%e

)#r/, !ess ther%a! de.radati#& #$ cera%ic $iri&. #(e&s, a&d !ess )ear #$#''#si&. e&a%e! sur$aces*

0orcelain manufacture: is 'r#duced $r#% a !e&d #$ uart3, Fe!ds'ar

a&d #ther #-ides* Duri&. %a&u$acture the %ateria!s are heated t# hi.h

te%'erature t# $#r% a .!ass" %ass a&d the& ra'id!" c##!ed " ue&chi&.

the% i& )ater, )hich causes the .!ass" %ass t# $racture* The resu!ti&.

'r#duct is ca!!ed $rit* This 'r#cess %a" e re'eated se(era! ti%es, a$ter

De&ture teeth

Cr#)& a&d rid.e c#&structi#&


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)hich the $rit is a!! %i!!ed u&ti! the desired 'artic!e si3e distriuti#& is

#tai&ed* 8ecause $ritti&. ta/es '!ace at te%'erature %uch hi.her tha&

th#se used i& the $aricati#& #$ de&ta! rest#rati#&, %#st #$ the che%ica!

reacti#&s et)ee& ra) %ateria!s #ccur e$#re the" are used i& the de&ta!

!a#rat#r"*

M#st $#r%u!ati#&s desi.&ed $#r %eta! cera%ic c#&sists #$ %i-ture #$ t)#

$rits, a !#) $usi&. .!ass $rit a&d a hi.h e-'a&si#& $rit c#&sisti&. #$

cr"sta!!i&e !eucite )ith tetra.#&a! .e#%etr"*

This c#%i&ati#& #(erc#%es the t)# 'ri&ci'a! di$$icu!ties i&

(e&eeri&. %eta! )ith cera%ic?ha(i&. a '#rce!ai& $iri&. te%'erature )e!!

e!#) the %e!ti&. ra&.e #$ the %eta! a&d ha(i&. a su$$icie&t!" hi.h

ther%a! e-'a&si#& c#%'ati!e )ith the %eta!* A$ter $iri&. i& the

!a#rat#r", de&ta! cera%ic c#&sists #$ a#ut @7 (#!u%e 'erce&t tetra.#&a!

!eucite cr"sta!s dis'ersed i& a .!ass" %atri-* The structure #$ this .!ass"

%atri-* The structure #$ this .!ass" %atri- is a ra&d#% Si?O &et)#r/*

The si!ic#& at#% c#%i&es )ith $#ur #-".e& at#%s i& a tetrahedra!

c#&$i.urati#&* These tetrahedra! %a" e !i&/ed i&t# a chai& )ith #th

c#(a!e&t a&d at#%ic #&ds, !eadi&. t# sta!e structure* H#)e(er such a

Si?O &et)#r/ )#u!d ha(e a (er" hi.h %e!ti&. '#i&t* Usua!!" '#tassiu%

a&d s#diu% are added t# the .!ass c#%'#siti#& t# he!' rea/ d#)& the

Si?O &et)#r/ a&d are there$#re /)& as .!ass %#di$iers*

I& de&ta! cera%ics, '#tassiu% a&d s#diu% are i&itia!!" 'r#(ided "

the $e!ds'ars* T)# desira!e c#&seue&ces resu!t :5 The s#$te&i&.

te%'erature #$ the .!ass is reduced @5 the c#e$$icie&t #$ ther%a!

e-'a&si#& is i&creased* The %a&u$acturer adJusts the #-ide c#&sta&t s#

that the de&ta! cera%ics c#e$$icie&t #$ ther%a! e-'a&si#& )i!! e c!#se t#

the c#rres'#&di&. (a!ue $#r the a!!#"s used t# %a/e the sustructure* I$


9/45

the c#%'#siti#& #$ the .!ass is t 'r#'er!" adJusted, e-te&si(e

rea/d#)& a&d re#r.a&i3ati#& #$ the Si?O &et)#r/ %a" #ccur !eadi&. t#

the cr"sta!!i3ati#& de(itri$icati#&* This 'he%e& %a" #ccur 'artia!!"

i& de&ta! cera%ics i$ a cera%ic rest#rati#& is $ired t## #$te&, a&d it is

t"'ica!!" ass#ciated )ith a& i&crease i& the c#e$$icie&t #$ ther%a!

e-'a&si#& a&d #'acit"*

Fe!ds'ar a!s# c#&tai&s a!u%i&a )hich acts as a& i&ter%ediate #-ide t#

i&crease the (isc#sit" a&d hard&ess #$ the .!ass* As a resu!t, de&ta!

'#rce!ai& has a .##d resista&ce t# s!u%' #r '"r#'!astic $!#), )hich is

&ecessar" t# #tai& the desired c#&$i.urati#& #$ the rest#rati#&*

De&ta! '#rce!ai& are a(ai!a!e as $i&e '#)ders t# e used )ith !iuid

)ater #r a )ater ased .!"ceri&e t# $#r% a 'aste #$ )#r/a!e c#&siste&c"*

This is the& sha'ed %#u!ded i&t# a desired sha'e* It is the& $ired at a

hi.h te%'erature i& #rder t# $use the 'artic!es t#.ether t# $#r% a cera%ic

#d" )hich is esthetica!!" !i/e a &atura! cr#)&*

"ode of supply: Su''!ied as a /it c#&tai&i&.

:5 Fi&e cera%ic '#)ders i& di$$ere&t shade < De&ti&

< E&a%e!

< O'auer

@5 S'ecia! !iuid disti!!ed )ater

B5 Stai&s #r c#!#r %#di$ier;5 G!a3e*

.eldspar: Natura!!" #ccurri&. %i&era! a&d is a d#u!e si!icate #$

'#tassiu% a&d a!u%i&iu%*

8asic .!ass $#r%er duri&. $iri&. $e!ds'ar $uses a&d acts as a %atri- a&d

i&ds si!ica a&d /a#!i&*


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.eldspar has t1o important properties:

:5 Whe& $used at hi.her te%'erature it retai&s its $#r% )ith#ut

r#u&di&. < due t# i&crease c#&te&t #$ '#tash )hich is %#re

(isc#us*

@5 8et)ee& ::77a&d :B77C it u&der.#es i&c#&.rue&t %e!ti&. a&d

$#r%s cr"sta!s #$ !eucite i& a !iuid .!ass* Leucite is a '#tassiu%

a!u%i&iu% si!icate %i&era! )ith a !ar.e c#e$$icie&t #$ ther%a!

e-'a&si#& c#%'ared )ith $e!ds'ar .!asses* I&c#&.rue&t %e!ti&. is

a 'r#cess " )hich #&e %ateria! %e!ts t# $#r% a !iuid '!us a

di$$ere&t cr"sta!!i&e %ateria!*

2aolin: White c!a" !i/e %ateria!

H"drated a!u%i&u% si!icate

8i&der

I&crease #'acit" #$ %ass

Silica: Otai&ed " .ri&di&. 'ure uart3* Si!ica acts as a re$racti(e

s/e!et#& a&d 'r#(ides stre&.th a&d hard&ess t# '#rce!ai& duri&. $usi&.* It

re%ai&s u&cha&.ed duri&. $iri&.*

/luminum o3ide:

Re'!aces s#%e si!ica i& .!ass %atri-* It ri&.s stre&.th a&d #'acit"t# the '#rce!ai&* It a!ters s#$te&i&. '#i&t a&d i&creases the (isc#sit" #$

'#rce!ai& duri&. $i-i&.*

Coloring frits:

These are 'r#duced " $usi&. (ari#us %eta!!ic #-ides )ith $i&e

.!ass a&d $e!ds'ar a&d the& .ri&di&. t# '#)der* The" are added t# de&ta!


11/45


12/45

5ody porcelain:

Fired #&t# the #'aue !a"er, usua!!" i& c#&Ju&cti#& )ith the i&cisa!

'#rce!ai&* It 'r#(ides s#%e tra&s!uce&c" a&d c#&tai&s #-ide that aid

shade %atchi&.* 8#d" '#rce!ai&s are a(ai!a!e i& a )ide se!ecti#& #$

shades %atchi&.* 8#d" '#rce!ai&s are a(ai!a!e i& a )ide secti#& #$

shades t# %atch adJace&t &atura! teeth* M#st '#rce!ai& %a&u$actures

'r#(ide a& #'aue shade $#r each #d" shade*

Incisal porcelain:

Usua!!" tra&s!uce&t* As a resu!t, the 'ercei(ed c#!#r #$ the

rest#rati#& is si.&i$ica&t!" i&$!ue&ced " the c#!#r #$ the u&der!"i&. #d"

'#rce!ai&*

0orcelain 6 alloy bonding:

O-ide !a"er $#r%ati#&de.assi&. c#&diti#&i&. a/e #-idati#&

The !i&ear c#e$$icie&ts #$ ther%a! e-'a&si#& $#r the %eta! a&d

cera%ic %ust c!#se!" %atch t# achie(e a str#&. i&ter$acia! #&d*

% :B* t# :;* - :7?7C

! :B*7 t# :;*7 - :7?7C

The s!i.ht!" hi.her c#e$$icie&t $#r the %eta! causes the cera%ic t#

e i& a e&e$icia! state #$ residua! c#%'ressi(e stress at r##%

te%'erature*

I&ter$acia! #&d sh#u!d e str#&. eu.h s# that $racture #ccurs

e&tire!" )ith i& '#rce!ai&*

Meta! cera%ic #&d sh#u!d e-ceed 4@= %'a5 t# ha(e c#hesi(e

$ai!ure thr#u.h the '#rce!ai& rather tha& $ai!ure at i&ter$ace*


13/45

Ather 'hi!#s#'hica! cha&.e i& the rec#%%e&ded %eth#d $#r

e(a!uati&. the %eta!?cera%ic #&d a''ears t# e u&der)a" )ith

the i&tr#ducti#& #$ ISO sta&dard N# >>B $#r de&ta! '#rce!ai&

$used t# %eta! rest#rati#&, )hich c#&tai&s a three '#i&t e&di&.

test*

O-idati#& ste' $#r the a!!#" ca& e 'er$#r%ed i& air #r " usi&. the

reduced at%#s'heric 'ressure 4a''r#-i%ate!" 7*: at%5 a(ai!a!e*

A %uch thi&&er #-ide !a"er )i!! e $#r%ed i$ the a!!#" is #-idi3ed

at this reduced at#%s 'ressure c#%'ared t# the thic/&ess $#r

#-idati#& i& air*

0#rce!ai& a!!#" #&di&.

5ond failure


14/45

/D,/NCES IN DENT/# CER/"IC:

Coping for metal ceramic prosthesis:

:* E!ectr#de'#siti#& #$ .#!d #r #ther %eta! #& a du'!icate die*

@* 8ur&ishi&. a&d heat?treati&. %eta! $#i!s #& a die*

B* CAD?CAM 'r#cessi&. #$ a %eta! i&.#t*

;* Casti&. #$ 'ure %eta! #r a& a!!#" thr#u.h !#st )a- tech&iue*

"etal ceramics:

Meta! a&d '#rce!ai& (e&eer e-hiit si%i!ar c#&tracti#& cur(es a&d

a& a(era.e c#&tracti#& c#e$$icie&t di$$ere&ce #$ 7* ''%7C #r !ess

$racture is u&!i/e!" t# #ccur e-ce't i& cases #$ e-tre%e stress

c#&ce&trati#& #r e-tre%e!" hi.h i&tra#ra! $#rces* These %eta!?cera%ic

c#%i&ati#&s are /)& as ther%a!!" c#%'ati!e s"ste%*

'(*7 /D/ classification of dental casting alloys:

A!!#" t"'e

Hi.h !e M#st c#&tai& ;7 )t A( a&d 7 )t #$

!e %eta! e!e%e&ts Au, 0t, 0d, Rh, Ru, I(,

OS5

N#!e Must c#&tai& @ )t #$ !e %eta!

e!e%e&ts*

0red#%i&a&t!" ase

%eta!

C#&tai& a @)t #$ !e %eta! e!e%e&ts*

The ter% 'reci#us a&d se%i'reci#us sh#u!d e a(#ided ecause

the" are i%'recise ter%s* Rather, ter% hi.h !e, !e a&d

'red#%i&a&t!" ase %eta! sh#u!d e used*


15/45

The 'ri&ci'a! reas#& that a!!#"s $#r a!! %eta! rest#rati#&s ca&t e

used $#r %eta!?cera%ic rest#rati#&s are as $#!!#)s*

:* The a!!#"s %a" t $#r% thi&, sta!e #-ide !a"ers t# 'r#%#te

at#%ic #&di&. t# '#rce!ai&*

@* Their %e!ti&. ra&.e %a" e t## !#) t# resist* Sa. de$#r%ati#& #r

%e!ti&. at '#rce!ai& $iri&. te%'eratures*

B* Their ther%a! c#&tracti#& c#e$$icie&t %a" t e c!#se eu.h t#

th#se #$ c#%%ercia! '#rce!ai&*

.or metal ceramic prosthesis:

"etal type "etal ceramic prosthesis

Hi.h !e 0ure Au 4>>*6 )t 5

Au?0t?0d

Au?0d?A. 4?:@ )t A.5

Au?0d?A. 4K:@ )t A.5

Au?0d

N#!e 0d?Au

0d?Au?A.

0d?Cu?Ga

0d?Ga?A.

0d?A.

08M C0Ti

Ti?A!?U, Mi?Cr?M#?8e, Mi?Cr?M#, C#?Cr?M#, C#?Cr*

8ase %eta! a!!#"s )ere i&tr#duced #ri.i&a!!" duri&. the u')ard

s'ira! #$ .#!d 'rices i& the !ate :>67s a&d ear!" :>=7s, ase %eta! a!!#"s

ha(e ee& de(e!#'ed t# the '#i&t )here the" are su'eri#r t# hi.h !e


16/45

a&d !e a!!#"s i& s#cia! res'ects* 0rese&t!" ;7 #$ %eta! cera%ic

'r#sthesis are %ade #$ ase %eta! a!!#"s*

Whe& a& a!!#" is ide&ti$ied acc#rdi&. t# the e!e%e&ts it c#&tai&s,

the c#%'#&e&ts are !isted i& decreasi&. #rder #$ c#&ce&trati#& )ith

!ar.est c#&stitue&t $irst $#!!#)ed " II !ar.est a&d s# #&* A& e-ce'ti#& t#

this ru!e is the ide&ti$icati#& #$ certai& a!!#"s " e!e%e&ts that

si.&i$ica&t!" a$$ect 'h"sica! 'r#'erties #r that re'rese&t '#te&tia!

i#c#%'atii!it" c#&cer&s #r #th*

E* .* 9 Ni?Cr?M# e are a$ter desi.&ated as Ni?Cr?8e a!!#"s ecause #$

the c#&triuti#& #$ er"!!iu% t# the c#&tr#! #$ castai!it" a&d sur$ace

#-idati#& at hi.h te%'eratures a&d ecause #$ the re!ati(e t#-icit"

'#te&tia! #$ er"!!iu% c#%'ared t# #ther %eta!s*

/##O& S&STE"S:

%igh noble metal alloys:

Au?0t?0d

I casti&. a!!#"s

Stre&.the&ed " 'reci'itates #$ Fe?0t i&ter%eta!!ic c#%'#u&d

as c#''er c#u!d t e used due t# c#!#r c#&cer&*

Ti& i&diu% $#r '#rce!ai& #&di&.

u&der.# di%e&si#&a! cha&.es a&d t rec#%%e&ded $#r %u!ti'!e

u&it F0D rest#rati#&s*

Au?0d?A. 9 First !#)er .#!d c#&te&t a!ter&ati(e a!!#"s t# e )ide!"

used i& the :>67s* 0!ati&u% )as e!i%i&ated $r#% the a!!#"

c#%'#siti#&, .#!d c#&te&t )as reduced t# a#ut 7, )ith

c#rres'#&di&. i&crease i& 'a!!diu% a&d si!(er*

Ti& I&diu% #-idati#&


17/45

Gree& disc#!#rati#& has ee& re'#rted resu!ti&. $r#% di$$usi#&

#$ si!(er at#%s i&t# the '#rce!ai&* The disc#!#red re.i#& ca& e

.r#u&d a)a" ut this i&(#!(es a& additi#&a! 'r#cessi&. ste'*

Si!(er (a'#r .e&erated i& the '#rce!ai& $ur&ace duri&. 'r#cessi&.

ca& c#&ta%i&ate the %u$$!e, a&d 'eri#dic 'ur.i&. #$ the $ur&ace

)ith car#& !#c/ is reuired*

Gree& disc#!#rati#& has ee& a''are&t!" ee& e!i%i&ated i& s#%e

'#rce!ai& c#%'#siti#& " sustituti&. 1 < $#r Ma? the !ar.er

'#tassiu% i#&s i%'ede the di$$usi#& #$ si!(er i&t# the '#rce!ai&

Discussion: Au?0d a&d Au?0d?A a!!#"s ha(e hi.her (a!ues #$ Y*S a&d

MOE a!#&. )ith !#)er de&sit" tha& Au?0t?0d thus F0D )i!! e %#re

resista&t t# %asticat#r" $#rces a&d u&der.# !ess e&di&.*

Noble metal alloys: "i&i%u% #$ @ )t* #$ !e %eta!*

0d?A < 0rese&ce #$ 'a!!adiu%, si!(er a''ears t# assu%e !e %eta!

character )hich is e&e$icia! $#r c#rr#si#& resista&ce*

I&creases si!(er ca& cause '#rce!ai& .ree&i&. a&d $ur&ace

c#&ta%i&ati#&*

G#!d %eta! c#&diti#&ers #r cera%ic c#ati&. a.e&ts %a" %i&i%i3e

this e$$ect*

C#%'ared t# hi.h !e the" ha(e si%i!ar (a!ues #$ "ie!d stre&.th,

a&d %#du!us #$ e!asticit" a&d %uch !#)er de&sit" (a!ues*

S#%e #$ these a!!#"s %a" $#r% i&ter&a! rather tha& e-ter&a!

#-ides* I&stead #$ $#r%ati#& #$ the desired e-ter&a! #-ide* 0d?A.

du!es %a" de(e!#' #& the sur$ace )hich e&ha&ce rete&ti#& "

%echa&ica! the& che%ica!*


18/45

0d?Cu?Ga9 I&creases tha& 67 )t* 'a!!adiu%

Me!ti&. '#i&t 0a :7C, G#!d :7;7C*

Ga!!iu% %e!ti&. B77C

Mu!ti #ri$ice t#rches are reuired t# $use hi.h 'a!!adiu% a!!#"s*

Cera%ic cruci!es dedicated t# i&di(idua! a!!#"s is rec#%%e&ded*

Car#& c#&tai&i&. i&(est%e&ts < cause i&c#r'#rati#& #$ (er" s%a!!

a%#u&t #$ car#& de.radi&. the #&d stre&.th )ith '#rce!ai&*

S#%e 0d?Cu?Ga ha(e i&creases hard&ess tha& e&a%e!?casti&.

$r#% these a!!#" di$$icu!t t# $i&ish i& !a* Sustituti&. i&diu% $#r

ti& "ie!ds 0d?Cu?Ga a!!#"s )ith %uch !#)er hard&ess VHN @67*

Yie!d stre&.th >7*7 MOE :;7 YS >67, E!#&. @7, VH N B;7*

0d?Ga 9 :>=7 t# 'r#(ide !#)er hard&ess tha& that #$ i&itia! 0d?Cu?Ga

$#r%u!ati#&s*

The hard 0dGO@'hase ase&t

0d?Ga?CO a!!#" has 'articu!ar dar/ #-ide that is %#re di$$icu!t t# %as/

)ith de&ta! '#rce!ai&

Le.ac" 0d Ga I& Au

4e!e&/#5 =*@ :7*7 :*: @*7

YST 6@7, MOE :B7, TS >67, E!#&. @, VHN @=7, De&sit" :7*>

0r#t#c#! 0d Ga I& Au A.4e!e&/#5 6*@ *7 *7 *7 *

Y*S 77, MOE :77, TS 67, E!#&. B;, VHN @;7, Das ::*7

0redominantly base metal:

Ni?Cr

MOE < s# $!e-ure


19/45

tech&iue se&siti(e a&d di$$icu!t t# cast c#%'ared t# ase %eta!*

Yie!d stre&.th, %#du!us #$ E!asticit", ca& .reat!" e a$$ected "

s%a!! di$$ere&ces i& )ei.ht 'erce&ta.es #$ %ir e!e%e&ta! c#%'#&e&ts

a%#&. c#%'#siti#& #$ these a!!#"*

Ma&" Ni?Cr has @ " )ei.ht err"!iu% < it the %e!ti&. ra&.e

a&d t# decrease the (isc#sit" #$ %#!te& a!!#" its castai!it" a!s#

e$$ects stre&.the&i&. a&d thic/&ess #$ #-ide !a"er*

8err"!iu% (a'#r e-'#sure a&d dust e-'#sure is %#re si.&i$ica&t

es'ecia!!" t# !a tech&icia&s*

0#te&tia! ha3ard #$ err"!iu% is ased #& at#%ic c#&siderati#&s

tha& its )t i& a!!#"*

Ris/ is .reatest duri&. a!!#" %e!ti&. adeuate e-haust a&d

$i!trati#& s"ste%*

OSHA < rec#%%e&dati#& @;.%B#$ air deter%i&ed $r#% a& = hr ti%e

)ei.hted a(era.e*

0h"si#!#.ica! res'#&se (ar" $r#% c#&tact der%atitis t#

se(ere d#%ica! '&eu%#&itis, )hich ca& e $ata! s"%'t#%s a!s# ra&.e

$r#% c#u.hi&., chest 'ai&, .e&era! )ea/&ess t# 'u! d"s$u&cti#&*

Nic8el 9 OSHA :.%B$#r :7hr da"

Occu'ati#&a! e-'#sure i& re$erri&. %ar/ers has !ed t# !u&. a&d

&asa! ca&cer*

Acute e$$ects < s/i& se&siti3ati#& that ca& !ead t# chr#&ic ec3e%a

there$#re #'erat#r sh#u!d &eat %as/ a&d use e$$icie&t sucti#& )he&

.ri&di&. a&d $i&ishi&. a &ic/e! ase a!!#"*

Ni < carci.e&ic ? $#r de&ta! tech&icia&

I*0 )t 8e :7*6 8e #& a& at#%ic asis


20/45

ADA states that Ni a!!#"s sh#u!d t e used i& i&di(idua!s )ith /)&

&ic/e! se&siti(it"*

@7 'atie&t c!i&ica! stud" :7 c#&tr#! < se&siti(it" t# &ic/e! < reres'#&se

:7 < /)& se&siti(it"

0 sh#)ed '#siti(e der%a! res'#&se t# a!!#" a&d #& &eari&. i&tra#ra!

a''!ia&ce B7 %a&i$ested a& a!!er.ic res'#&se )ithi& ;= hrs

Re-i!!iu%

III

Ni Cr MO A! 8e

40e&t#&5 6 :; @* :*=

YS < =B7, MOE :=7, TS ::77, E!#&. :, VHM B7, Re&s 6*=*

Micr#a&d

M0@

Mi Cr Ga M# Fe Si M& 8e

4Aste&a!5 * :B 6* 6*7 7*6 7*: 7

YS < @7, MOE :67, TS ;7, E!#&. :>, VHM :67, De&sit" =*

F#r Mic/e! a!!er." ta/e 'r#'er hist#r"

Co9Cr 6 The '#te&tia! hea!th 'r#!e%s ass#ciated )ith the 8err"!iu%

a&d Nic/e! c#&tai&i&. a!!#"s ha(e !ed t# the de(e!#'%e&t #$ C#?

Chr#%iu%*

MOE is hi.hest, (er" !ess e!#&.ati#&

S# decreases e!#&.ati#& a&d i&creases hard&ess su..est $i&ishi&.rest#rati#&s %ade )ith it %a" e di$$icu!t*

Ge&esis II C# Cr W Ru Ga Cu M Ta

4e!e&/#5 B @6 :7 B B : : :

Ys < @7, MOE :67, TS 67, E!#&. :, VHM B7, D =*=

M#(a(e- C# Cr W

40e&tr#&5 @ :7


21/45

YS < @7, MOE @@7, TS 67, E!#&. 6, VHM B7, D =*=*

Ti 6 Tita&iu% ased a!!#" ad(*

E-ce!!e&t i#c#%'atii!it", c#rr#si#& resista&ce due t# thi& 'assi(ati&.

sur$ace !a"er i*e TiO@

L#) de&sit" ;* .%c%B resu!ts i& !i.hter a&d '#te&tia!!" !ess

e-'e&si(e rest#rati#&*

A!!#"s used are 9 C' 4C#%%ercia!!" 'ure5 Ti

Ti?A!?;V*

Casti&. 'r#!e% due t# i&creasi&. %e!ti&. '#i&t :=7C

Str#&. te&de&c" t# #-idi3e )ith #ther %ateria!s*

Special casting machine: With (acuu% ar.#& 'ressure

Ar.#& are %e!ti&. i&ducti#& %e!ti&.*

A (er" hard &ear sur$ace re.i#& that ca& e-ceed 7 % i&

thic/&ess is a!s# 'rese&t #& the !asti&. due t# reacti#& #$ tita&iu% a!!#"

)ith i&(est%e&t a&d 'erha's residua! at%#s'here i& casti&. %achi&e

ca!!ed as case*

T# #(erc#%e < A s"ste% de(e!#'ed " %a&u$acturers c#'i&.s

$r#% !#c/s #$ 'ure tita&iu% " %achi&e du'!icati#& a&d s'ar/ er#si#&

'r#cera*

8ecause #$ 'rese&ce #$ case < s'ecia! sur$ace %#di$icati#& #$

!ast tita&iu% usi&. castic %##h ased s#!uti#&s #r si!ic#& &itride c#ati&.s

ha(e ee& e%'!#"ed t# i%'r#(e #&d et)ee& cast Ti a&d de&ta!

'#rce!ai&*

/lternaties:

' Sintering ; diffusion bonding of burnished metal foil


22/45

M#st c#%%#&!" used i*e* ca'te/ reuires B 'airs #$ %ateria! t#

$#r% c#%'#site %eta! structure*

i5 Ca'te/ 0 a&d Ca'te/ G )hich are used t# $aricate cr#)&

c#'i&. a&d $i-ed 'artia! de&ture aut%e&ts*

ii5 Ca'c#& a&d ca'ita! )hich are used t# c#&&ect c#'i&.s

iii5 Ca'te/ re'air 'aste a&d c#'$i! )hich are used t# add %ateria! t#

ca'te/ structures*

The c#'i&.s thic/&ess 7*@%% < a&teri#r cr#)&

7*B %% < '#steri#r cr#)&

C#'i&. c#&tai&s ==*@ )t Au

> )t '!ati&u% .r#u' %eta!s

@= )t A.*

Ca'te/ ' !a"er is ada'ted $irst t# the die a&d $i&d at a te%'erature

#$ :767C* Duri&. this $iri&. c"c!e adhesi(e a&d i&ders are e!i%i&ated,

a&d the 0d a&d 0t 'artic!es ec#%es i&terc#&&ected " si&teri&. t# $#r%

B di%e&si#&a! &et)#r/ #$ ca'i!!ar" cha&&e!s*

Ca'tec/ G is a''!ied #(er ca'te/ 0 *Ca'te/ G is dra)& " ca'i!!ar"

acti#& i&t# the &et)#r/ structure #$ ca'te/ 0 c#'i&. (acated " the

adhesi(e i&der*

7*B %% thic/ !a"er #$ 'r#ce!ai& is a''!ied t# the c#'i&., )hich %a" #r

%a" t reuire ca'#&d #&di&. a.e&t*

/dantage: (er" !#) %eta! thic/&ess ca& e achie(ed thus %i&i%a!

t##th reducti#& i&crease esthetics

E- 9 Meta! %ar.i& #$ ca'te/ c#'i&. ca& e .r#u&d t# a thic/&ess #$ 7

% a&d t#ta! thic/&ess #$ 0FM ca& e as !#) as 7*B %%*

A!th#u.h a&teri#r 7*6 < : %% $#r #'ti%a! esthetics

0#steri#r cr#)& :*@ %% t# resist $racture*


23/45

C/D C/" processing:

0r#(ides a& a!ter&ati(e %eth#d t# 'r#duce %eta!, cera%ic #r

c#%'#site rest#rati#& )ith#ut &eed $#r @ %#re a''#i&t%e&t*

A!th#u.h CAD CAM $#r %eta! cr#)& is t c#%%#&!"

used*

Mi!!ed #r .r#u&d %eta! !#c/ %#re )ide!" used

E!ectr#!"tic #r e!ectrica! dischar.e re%#(a! #$ %eta!*

Copy milling:

This 'r#cess is ased #& the 'ri&ci'!e #$ traci&. the sur$ace #$ a

'atter& that is the& re'!icated $r#% a !a&/ #$ cera%ic, c#%'#site #r

%eta! that is .r#u&d, cut #r %i!!ed " a r#tati&. )hee! )h#se %#ti#& is

c#&tr#!!ed " a !i&/ thr#u.h the traci&. de(ice*

The 'r#cess is si%i!ar t# that ass#ciated )ith cutti&. a /e" !a&/

usi&. a traci&. #$ a %aster /e"*

C#%%ercia! s"ste% ce!a" 4:>>:5* Mi/r#&a tech!#.ies,

S)it3er!a&d*

Electroforming:

He!i#$#r% HF 77 s"ste% < thi& 'ure .#!d c#'i&.*

Step by step procedure:

A %aster c#st #$ the 're'ared t##th is 're'ared a&d c#ated

)ith a s'ecia! die s'acer t# $aci!itate se'arati#& #$ the du'!icati&.

%ateria!*

Dies are du'!icated )ith a ."'su% 'r#duct a&d ha(i&.

setti&. e-'a&si#& 7*: t# 7*@*


24/45

A''!" a& e(e& c#at #$ the si!(er s'acer t# the 're'arati#&

a&d a!!#) it t# dr"*

I&sert the dies i&t# the '!ati&. eui'%e&t a %a.&etic stirrer

e&sures circu!ati#& #$ the c"a&ide $ree .#!d su!$ite s#!uti#&*

Tur& #& the e!ectric curre&t a&d .#!d )i!! e de'#sited #&

the die at a& a''r#-i%ate rate #$ 7*7@ %%hr*

Re%#(e the '!ated c#'i&.s " heati&. the dies a&d re%#(e

the si!(er s'acer )ith &itric acid #r air arasi#&*

Seat the c#'i&. #& the die

Air arade the sur$ace a&d a''!" s'ecia! #&di&. 'aste

e$#re '#rce!ai& a''!icati#&*

Ceramic for 0.":

The %aJ#r dra)ac/ )ith c#&(e&ti#&a! 0FM rest#rati#&s

)as '##r #&d stre&.th et)ee& the %eta! sustrate a&d the (e&eeri&.

'#rce!ai& due t# di$$ere&ce i& c#?e$$icie&t #$ ther%a! e-'a&si#& #$ the

t)#*

The cr"sta!!i&e %i&era! !eucite is i&c!uded i& 'r#ce!ai& $#r

%eta! cera%ic rest#rati#&s t# e!e(ate their ther%a! e-'a&si#& c#?

e$$icie&t t# %atch that #$ casti&. a!!#"s*

G!ass %#di$ies ? 8#&ds et)ee& the si!ica tetrahedra ca& e

r#/e& " the additi#& #$ a!/a!i %eta! i#&s such as Na, 1 a&d Ca*

These i#&s are ass#ciated )ith the #-".e& at#%s at the c#r&ers #$ the

tetrahedra a&d i&terru't the #-".e& si!ic#& #&ds* As a resu!t, the B

di%e&si#&a! si!ica &et)#r/ c#&tai&s %a&" !i&ear chai&s #$ si!ica

tetrahedra that are a!e t# %#(e %#re easi!" at !#)er te%'erature tha&

the at#%s that are !#c/ed i&t# the B di%e&si#&a! structure #$ si!ica

tetrahedra* This ease #$ %#(e%e&t is res'#&si!e $#r the i&creased


25/45


26/45

Di$$icu!t" i& $aricati#&

Mar.i&a! ada'tati#& #$ these rest#rati#& is s!i.ht!" i&$eri#r

t# cast %eta!

Fracture #$ %ar.i& duri&. ha&d!i&.

I&crease ti%e a&d s# i&crease c#st*

Indications:

I&dicated )he& c#&(e&ti#&a! %eta! cera%ic rest#rati#& )i!!

t create the desired esthetic resu!t*

Contraindications:

Whe& a& e-tre%e!" s%##th, : %%?)ide sh#u!der ca&t e

're'ared i& the area #$ cera%ic (e&eer a&d i& this res'ect c#&(e&ti#&a!

%eta! cera%ic rest#rati#& is s#%e)hat %#re $#r.i(i&.*

"ethods of fabrication:

0#rce!ai& !aia! %ar.i&s

Meta!?cera%ic rest#rati#&s

0!ati&u% $#i! %atri-

Direct !i$t c"aacr"!ate resi& 0r#ce!ai& )a-

0latinum foil matri3 techni4ue:

0rocedure:

a5 Wa- the %eta! sustructure a&d cast it i& the c#&(e&ti#&a! %a&&er*

S#%e tech&icia&s 're$er t# cast a c#&(e&ti#&a! rest#rati#& a&d tri%


27/45

the c#!!ar #$$ the casti&. #thers )a- the sustructure e-act!" as

desired a&d cast it*

5 T# 're(e&t the $#i! $r#% ec#%i&. dist#rted #& re%#(a! !#c/ #ut

u&dercuts a'ica! t# the %ar.i&, %#de!!i&. c#%'#u&d is suita!e $#r

this ste'* A%" e-cess that %a" ha(e c#(ered the sh#u!der #$ t##th

're'arati#& %ust e care$u!!" c!ea&ed #$$*

c5 8ur&ish a s%a!! 'iece #$ '!ati&u% $#i! #&t# the $acia! '#rti#& #$ the

die )here the '#rce!ai& %ar.i& is t# e '!aced a&d e-te&d it a $e)

%i!!i%eters #&t# the a-ia! )a!! #$ the 're'arati#&*

d5 A$ter ur&ishi&. tri% it s# there is a @ t# B %% s/irt !"i&. cer(ica!

t# the %ar.i&*

e5 Care$u!!" '!ace the c#'i&. #(er the $#i! a&d i$ &ecessar", scra'e

the die i& the cer(ica! area t# a!!#) the casti&. t# seat* T# he!'

stai!i3e the $#i!, a dr#' #$ stic/" )a- %a" e a''!ied*

$5 Re%#(e the casti&. $r#% the die, t#.ether )ith the $#i!, a&d

'#siti#& the asse%!" et)ee& the e!ectr#des #$ a& #rth#d#&tic

s'#t )e!der* The $#i! ca& ) e )e!ded t# the $ra%e)#r/, )hich

sh#u!d e d#&e as c!#se as '#ssi!e t# the ed.e #$ the %eta!* F#ur

#r $i(e )e!ds are usua!!" adeuate t# attach the $#i! t# the

sustructure* The rest#rati#& is the& $aricated i& a c#&(e&ti#&a!

%a&&er, a!th#u.h the $acia! %ar.i& is si%i!ar t# that $#r the

'#rce!ai& Jac/et cr#)&* The $#i! itse!$ is t c#(ered )ith #'auerat this ti%e* H#)e(er, The rest#rati#& is ui!d t# c#&t#ur, a&d the

%ar.i&a! '#rti#& is ditched as $#r the '#rce!ai& Jac/et cr#)&, s#%e

tech&icia&s 're$er t# 'ai& a thi& c#at #$ se'arati&. !iuid #& $#i!

i&stead #$ ditchi&.*

.5 Whe& the c#r#&a! '#rti#& has ee& sha'ed t# a satis$act#r"

c#&t#ur, ur&ish the $#i! a&d $i!! i& the ditched '#rti#& )ith

cer(ica! '#rce!ai&*


28/45

h5 Whe& the desired c#&t#ur has ee& #tai&ed a$ter?ti%i&., tri% the

'!ati&u% s/irt*

i5 Whe& satis$ied )ith characteri3ati#&, stai&i&. a&d .!a3i&., re%#(e

the $#i! a&d ce%e&t the rest#rati#& a$ter (eri$"i&. the $it #&e %#re

ti%e*

Direct lift ; cyanoacrylate techni4ue:

Less ti%e c#&su%i&.

Eas" t# 'er$#r%

Di$$icu!t" ass#ciated duri&. stai&i&. a&d .!a3i&. $iri&. ecause

'#rce!ai& is t su''#rted as i& the '!ati&u% $#i! tech&iue, the %ar.i&

te&ds t# r#u&d #$$ s!i.ht!", there$#re, s'ecia! sh#u!der '#)ders are

&eeded*

0rocedure:

a5 A''!" c"aacr"!ate resi& t# the !aia! %ar.i& area #$ the die* This

acts as a sea!a&t #$ the '#r#us st#&e, c#%'ressed air sh#u!d e

used t# %i&i%i3e the thic/&ess #$ the $i!%*

5 A''!" '#rce!ai& re!ease a.e&t t# the sh#u!der #$ the 're'ared die*

c5 Seat the #'aued casti&. #& the die*

d5 Mi- sh#u!der '#rce!ai& a&d a''!" it direct!" t# the die a&d the

#'aue '#rce!ai&* Li.ht ta''i&. )i!! assists i& c#&de&sati#& a&d

sh#u!d e d#&e e$#re se'arati&. the dr" ui!du' $r#% the die*

e5 A$ter the $irst $iri&. #$ the sh#u!der '#rce!ai& reseat the cr#)& #&

the die* At this ti%e, the rest#rati#& sh#u!d e e-a%i&ed $#r

%ar.i& discre'a&cies* A sec#&d sh#u!der $iri&. is usua!!"

&ecessar"*

$5 Re!uricate the die, reseat the cr#)& a&d a''!" a thi&&er %i- #$

sh#u!der '#)der t# the %ar.i&* Virati#& )i!! he!' the '#rce!ai&


29/45

$i!! the de$ect c#%'!ete!"* A$ter !#tti&., the rest#rati#& ca& e

se'arated $r#% the die*

.5 A$ter $iri&. is c#%'!eted, 'r#ceed )ith the c#&(e&ti#&a! ui!d u'

#$ #d" a&d i&cisa! '#rce!ai&s, $#!!#)ed " .!a3i&. #$ the $i&a!

rest#rati#&*

0orcelain 1a3 techni4ue:

A %i-ture #$ #d" '#rce!ai& a&d )a- 49: " )t5 is a''!ied t# the

die $#r $i&a! ada'tati#& #$ '#rce!ai& !aia! %ar.i&*

0rocedure:

a5 A$ter c#ati&. the sustructure )ith #'aue '#rce!ai&, !uricate the

die )ith a '#rce!ai& re!ease a.e&t*

5 A''!" the '#rce!ai&?)a- %i-ture t# the cer(ica! sh#u!der use a&

e!ectric )a-i&. i&stru%e&t t# $!#) it i&t# the 'r#'er areas*

c5 With a c#&(e&ti#&a! )a-?car(i&. i&stru%e&t, sha'e the %ateria!

a&d !e&d it i&t# the #'aue* It )i!! se'arate easi!" $r#% the die

a&d ca& e $ired i& the c#&(e&ti#&a! %a&&er*

d5 A sec#&d a''!icati#& )i!! e &eeded usi&. the e!ectric )a-i&.

i&stru%e&t, /ee' the %i-ture !iuid !#&. eu.h s# that ca'i!!ar"

acti#& ca& dra) it i&t# the %ar.i&a! discre'a&cies* The rest#rati#&

is c#%'!eted i& the c#&(e&ti#&a! %a&&er* I$ r#u&di&. #$ the%ar.i&s is e-'erie&ced duri&. .!a3i&., usi&. a sh#u!der '#rce!ai&

rather tha& a #d" '#rce!ai& i& the )a- %i-ture is rec#%%e&ded*

/dantages and disadantages:

"ethod /dantages Disadantages

0!ati&u% $#i! N# sh#u!der Ti%e


30/45

'#rce!ai& a&d est

esthetics

G##d %ar.i&a!

ada'tati#&

S%##th

sur$ace, i&crease '!aue

c#&su%i&.

Di$$icu!t

Wa- sus'e&si#& Se'arates easi!" Sh#u!der

'#rce!ai& &eeded

Less

accurate $itDirect !e$t Least ti%e c#&su%i&. Sh#u!der

'#rce!ai& &eeded

R#u.her

%ar.i&s

/## 6 CER/"IC RESTOR/TIONS:

The chie$ disad(a&ta.e #$ the ear!" rest#rati#&s )as their

!#) stre&.th, )hich !i%ited their use t# !#) stress situati#&, such as

a&teri#r teeth* E(e& s#, $racture )as a $air!" c#%%#& #ccurre&ce,

)hich 'r#%'ted the de(e!#'%e&t #$ hi.her?stre&.th %ateria!*

These de(e!#'%e&t ha(e $#!!#)ed t)# 'ath

o T)# cera%ic %ateria! a hi.h stre&.th ut &esthetic c#re

%ateria! is (e&eered )ith esthetic '#rce!ai& ut c#!#r #$

cera%ic c#re is easi!" %as/ed

o De(e!#'%e&t #$ a cera%ic that c#%i&es .##d esthetics

)ith hi.h stre&.th*

/ll ceramic systems


31/45


32/45

Disadantages:Stre&.th is i&adeuate t# e used $#r '#steri#r teeth

Mc!ea& has re'#rted a $racture rate #$ %#!ar a!u%ius '#rce!ai&

cr#)& #$ a''r#-i%ate!" : a$ter ; "ears*

Slip cast ceramics 6

I&? Cera% A!u%i&a, I&? Cera% S'i&e!! a&d I&? Cera% irc#&ia

a5 S!urr" #$ #&e #$ these %ateria!s is s!i'?cast #& a '#r#us re$ract#r"

die a&d heated i& a $ur&ace t# 'r#duce a 'artia!!" si&tered c#'i&.

#r $ra%e)#r/*

5 The 'artia!!" si&tered c#re is i&$i!trated )ith .!ass at ::77 $#r ; hrs

t# e!i%i&ate '#r#sit" a&d t# stre&.th s!i' cast c#re*

c5 Decreased shri&/a.e thus .##d $it*

d5 F!e-ura! stre&.th ICS


33/45


34/45

0rocedure: a5 Wa- the rest#rati#& t# $i&a! c#&t#ur* S'rue a&d i&(est as

)ith c#&(e&ti#&a! .#!d casti&.s* I$ (e&eeri&. tech&iue is used #&!" the

#d" '#rce!ai& sha'e is )a-ed*

5 Heat the i&(est%e&t t# =777C t# ur& #ut the )a- 'atter&*

c5 I&sert a cera%ic I.t #$ the a''r#'riate shade a&d a!u%i&a '!u&.er i&

the s'rue a&d '!ace the re$ract#r" i& the s'ecia! 'ressi&. $ur&ace*

d5 A$ter heati&. t# ::77C, the s#$te&ed cera%ic is s!#)!" 'ressed i&t#

the %#!d u&der (acuu%*

e5 A$ter 'ressi&., rec#(er the rest#rati#& $r#% the i&(est%e&t " air#r&e

'artic!e arasi#&, re%#(e the s'rue a&d re$it it t# the die* Esthetics ca& e

e&ha&ced " a''!"i&. a& e&a%e! !a"er #$ %atchi&. '#rce!ai& #r "

addi&. sur$ace characteri3ati#&*


35/45

Faricati#& #$ rest#rati#&*

DICOR /ND DICOR "$C 6

Li$e e-'ecta&c" #$ dic#r cr#)&s i& hi.h stress areas is t

as .##d as that #$ 0FM cr#)&*

T)# (e&eeri&. %ateria!s t# i%'r#(e c#!#r #$ dic#r are*

Tooth preparation: Sa%e as 0FM e-ce't that $#r I a&d II %#!ars a

reducti#& #$ @%% is rec#%%e&ded*

A-ia! sur$aces sh#u!d e reduced a %i&i%u% #$ :%%

're'arati#& sh#u!d e either a sh#u!der )ith a r#u&ded .i&.i(#a-ia!

!i&e a&.!e hea(" cha%$er*

C/D9C/":

M#r%a&& a&d 8ra&desti&i $#r the $irst ti%e used a CAD?

CAM de(ice t# di.iti3e a&d st#re ca(it" 'ara%eters, a&d a c#%'uter

%i!!i&. de(ice t# the& sha'e a rest#rati#& #ut #$ the cera%ic !#c/*

C#%%ercia!!" a(ai!a!e as i&te.rated CAD?CAM u&it $#r

de&ta! use i& :>== " Sie%e&s /)& as CEREC* This ca%e t#

/)& as CEREC : )he& i& se't :>>; a& i%'r#(ed (ersi#& CEREC

@ )as i&tr#duced*

Dicor plus

C#&sisted #$ 'i.%e&ted

$e!ds'athic '#rce!ai& (e&eer

-illi+s $lass

Ve&eer #$ (itadur N

a!u%ius '#rce!ai&


36/45


37/45

N# ca(#sur$ace #r %ar.i&a! e(e!s*

.ie steps are basically inoled in any type of C/D9C/" system:

' Computeri


38/45

Disadantages:

Waste #$ e-'e&si(e chair ti%e i& case #$ di$$icu!t" duri&.

%i!!i&. #r desi.&i&.

Ti%e reuired is i&creased*

Mu!ti'!e 'ractiti#&ers shari&. sa%e CAD?CAM

si%u!ta&e#us a''#i&t%e&t ca&t e .i(e&*

? Computer aided designing: i&(#!(es three di%e&si#&a! i%a.e

'r#cessi&.*

The #'erat#r e&ters data a&d c#&$ir%s the $eatures #$ the

're'arati#& !i/e #u&daries #$ the rest#rati#&, '#siti#& #$ the .i&.i(a!

%ar.i&s, 'r#-i%a! c#&tacts a&d c#&t#urs, ucca! a&d !i&.ua!

e-te&si#&s etc*

The c#!!ected data is $urther 'r#cessed " cur(e

s%##the&i&. a&d i$ &ecessar" " data reducti#&* U&dercuts ca& e

!#c/ed at this sta.e*

@ Computer aided manufacturing AC/"

The ca(it" sur$ace #$ i&!a"s, #&!a"s a&d cr#)&s are %i!!ed

t# the di%e&si#&s #$ the sca&&ed i%a.e )ith dia%#&d dis/s #r #ther

i&stru%e&ts that are e!ectrica!!" dri(e& a&d !uricated )ith )ater*

Cerec : #cc!usa! sur$ace ca&t e .r#u&d < is c#%'!eted

!ater " the #'erat#r usi&. Dia%#&d urs*

Cerec @ ca& $#r% #cc!usa! sur$ace a!s#* C#&tr#!!ed cutti&.

#$ the cera%ic is d#&e " r#tati#& #$ the !#c/, h#ri3#&ta! %#(e%e&t

#$ the !#c/ i&t# the )hee! a&d (ertica! %#(e%e&t #$ the cutti&.

)hee!* The $it #$ the rest#rati#& is c#&$ir%ed i& the 'atie&ts %#uth

a&d a&" &ecessar" adJust%e&ts %ade*


39/45

The i&!a" is the& 're'ared $#r #&di&. )hich i&c!udes

're'arati#& #$ the rest#rati#& a&d the t##th* Etchi&. is d#&e #& the

ca(it" sur$ace #$ the i&!a" either )ith a %icr#etcher a&d #r

a%%#&iu% i$!uride #r h"dr#$!u#ric acid* A$ter etchi&., a si!a&e

#&di&. e&ha&cer is 'ai&ted #&t# the sur$ace* De'e&di&. #& the

#&di&. s"ste% used, the a''r#'riate 'ri%er a&d #&di&. a.e&t are

a''!ied t# the t##th sur$ace a&d the& ce%e&ted*

G!a3i&. %a" t e reuired i& these rest#rati#& as the" are

easi!" '#!ished*

Disadantages C/D9C/":

:5 I&itia! hi.h c#st $#r the 'urchase #$ u&it

@5 Ti%e a&d c#st %ust e i&(ested t# %aster the tech&iue*

B5 C#&t#uri&. #$ the #cc!usa! sur$ace %a" sti!! ha(e t# e

carried #ut " the c!i&icia&*

Cerce ? system: B %ateria!s ca& e used )ith this s"ste%*

,ita mar8 II : C#&tai&s sa&idi&e 41AISiBO=5 as a %aJ#r cr"sta!!i&e

'hase )ithi& a .!ass" %atri-*

Dicor "$C: Mica?ased %achi&a!e .!ass cera%ic that c#&tai&s 67 (#!

#$ cr"sta!!i&e 'hase +H#use #$ cards Micr#structure $#u&d i& Dic#r

MGC is due t# the i&ter!#c/i&. #$ the s%a!! '!ate!et* Sha'ed %ica

cr"sta!s )ith a& a(era.e si3e #$ : t# @P%* This 'articu!ar %icr#structure

!eads t# %u!ti'!e crac/ de$!ecti#& a&d e&sures a .reater stre&.th tha&

!eucite?c#&tai&i&. cera%ics*

0r#cad is !eucite?c#&tai&i&. cera%ic desi.&ed $#r %a/i&.

%achi&e rest#rati#&s*

Faricati#& ti%e $#r cr#)& is a#ut @7 %i&


40/45

Copy milling techni4ue:

8est /)& c#'" .ri&di&. s"ste% is ce!a" 4Mi/r#&s

S)it3er!a&d5 :>>: c#%%ercia!!"

Ori.i&a!!", the s"ste% )as de(e!#'ed t# 'r#duce i&!a"s a&d

#&!a"s, h#)e(er rece&t cr#)& c#'i&.s, rid.e sustructure a&d

(e&eers*

Ce!a" !#c/s, i&cera% s'i&e! a&d i&cera% used*

C#'" %i!!i&. tech&iue is ased #& the idea #$ $irst

$aricati&. a 'r#t#t"'e i&!a"?ca!!ed 'r#?i&!a" )hich is the& c#'ied

usi&. a sca&&i&. t##! #r %icr#'a!'ati#& %eth#d* The $i&a! rest#rati#&

is the& %i!!ed $r#% a 're$#r%ed cera%ic !#c/* It is hi.h!" &ecessar"

t# stress here that a&" car(i&. t##th 're'arati#& sh#u!d e $ree #$

u&dercuts*

C#&ser(ati(e a''r#ach is the !#c/i&. #$ u&dercuts i& the

ca(it" " usi&. a resi& %#di$ied .!ass i#%er #& the die i$ a&

i&direct %eth#d #$ %a&u$acturi&. is used*

0r#i&!a" is $aricated )ith a !ue resi& ased c#%'#site

4ce!a" tech5 %ade direct!" #& a 're'ared t##th #r i&direct!" #& a die

%ade $r#% the i%'ressi#&* The 'r#t#t"'e is $i-ed i&t# the ce!a" u&it*

As the sur$ace #$ the 'r#i&!a" is sca&&ed )ith a traci&. t##! 4s%##th

disc5, a c#arse dia%#&d c#ated disc 4:@; % .rai& si3e5

si%u!ta&e#us!" r#u.hs #ut the sha'e #$ the cera%ic rest#rati#&*

A true )hite '#)der is a''!ied t# the 'r#i&!a" a&d the

sca&&i&. is a.ai& d#&e usi&. a s%##th disc a&d $issured a&d ta'ered

urs* Matchi&. $i&e dia%#&d disc a&d urs 47?67 % .rai& si3e5

re$i&e the sha'e #$ the .r#ss cera%ic rest#rati#&*


41/45

O&ce the )hite '#)der is c#%'!ete!" traced #$$, %i!!i&. #$

cera%ic i&!a" is c#&sidered c#%'!ete*

A(era.e ti%e ta/e& is @7?B7 %i&*

O&e 'r#!e% $reue&t!" e&c#u&tered is di$$icu!t" i&

#tai&i&. 'r#i&a!"*

Mar.i&a! accurac" see%s t# e .##d, a !itt!e etter tha&

CEREC @ s"ste%*

Cerce @: ne1

Vie) a!! sur$ace #$ the rest#rati#& $r#% a!! a&.!es a&d %a/e

a&" %#di$icati#&s reuired )ith the '#ssii!it" t# i%%ediate!"

(ie)i&. a&d assessi&. the e$$ects #& the e&tire rest#rati#&*

Has ai!it" t# su'eri%'#se #'tica! i%'ressi#&s #$ the

're'arati#& a&d the a&ta.#&ists 'er%its #'ti%a! adJust%e&ts #$ the

'r#-i%a! a&d #cc!usa! c#&tacts t# the &ei.h#ri&. a&d #''#si&. teeth*

0rofessor 2orda$r#% u&i(ersit" #$ Grei$s)a!d, 'r#(ided a

rea/ thr#u.h i& )hich a cr#)& )ith suita!e #cc!usa! sur$ace eru'ts

i&t# the #cc!usa! sur$ace #$ the a&ta.#&ists u&ti! it has reached a sta!e

'#siti#& )ith %a-i%u% i&tercus'ati#& ca!!ed 8i#%i%etic 'r#cess*

CEREC sh#)s a !ist #$ a(ai!a!e t##th dataase a$ter

se!ecti#& #$ the %#st a''r#'riate dataase, CEREC aut#%atica!!" $its

the cr#)& et)ee& the &ei.h#ri&. teeth, a&d use the% t# adJust the

'#siti#& a&d hei.ht #$ the #cc!usi#&* Thus a#(e %e&ti#&ed

i#%i%etic 'r#cedure ta/e '!ace*

CEREC tur&s a&d shi$ts the #cc!usa! sur$ace #$ the se!ected

dataase cr#)& i& a!! directi#& u&ti! it $its #'ti%a!!" t# the #''#si&.

teeth*


42/45

CEREC BD < 'r#cess t #&!" c#'ied $r#% the &ature ut

a!s# is %uch $aster a&d %#re e$$icie&t tha& a!! e-isti&. %eth#d $#r

de(e!#'i&. #cc!usi#&*

Other adantages:

Sec#&d rest#rati#& ca& e desi.&ed )hi!e $irst is ei&.

%i!!ed*

The .ri&di&. u&it is a!s# eui''ed )ith a !aser sca&&er a&d

ca& a!s# e used $#r i&direct a''!icati#&*

Eui''ed )ith i&tra#ra! (ide# ca%era di.ita! radi#.ra'h"

u&it $#r 'atie&t educati#& a&d $#r user trai&i&.*

0ROCER/ /## CER/" S&STE": I&(#!(es a& i&dustria!

CADCAM 'r#cess* The Die is %echa&ica!!" sca&&ed " the tech&icia&,

a&d the data are se&t t# a )#r/ stati#& )here a& e&!ar.ed die is %i!!ed

usi&. a c#%'uter c#&tr#!!ed %i!!i&. %achi&e* This e&!ar.e%e&t is

&ecessar" t# c#%'e&sate $#r the si&teri&. shri&/a.e*

A!u%i&iu% #-ide '#)der is the& c#%'acted #&t# the die,

a&d the c#'"i&. is %i!!ed e$#re si&teri&. at (er" hi.h te%'erature

4K:77C5*

The c#'i&. is $urther (e&eered )ith a& a!u%ius cera%ic

)ith %atched ther%a! e-'a&si#&*

G##d c!i&ica! 'er$#r%a&ce a&d %ar.i&a! ada'tati#&*

Ma" e suita!e $#r '#steri#r cr#)&s a&d F0D a!th#u.h

!#&. ter% data are &eeded*


43/45

0rocedure:

T##th 're'arati#&

Cast %ade i& c#&(e&ti#&a! )a" ut the die is ditched t#

%a/e the %ar.i& easier t# ide&ti$" duri&. sca&&i&.*

Die is %a''ed usi&. c#&tact sca&&er*

Desi.& #$ the rest#rati#& is tra&s$erred t# the %a&u$acturer

(ia c#%'uter !i&e*

0r#ducti#& 'r#cess starts )ith %i!!i&. a& e&!ar.ed die t#

c#%'e&sate $#r the si&teri&. shri&/a.e

A& e&!ar.ed hi.h?a!u%i&a c#'i&. is %i!!ed that shri&/s t#

the desired sha'e a$ter si&teri&.*

The c#'i&. is retur&ed t# the !a#rat#r", a&d #&d" a&d

i&cisa! '#rce!ai& are a''!ied i& the c#&(e&ti#&a! %a&&er*

Cicero Dental Systems 5!,!

Cicer#?c#%'uter i&te.rated cera%ic rec#&structi#& ??%ORN

Netherlands!

Uses #'tica! sca&&i&., cera%ic si&teri&. a&d c#%'uter

assisted %i!!i&. tech&iues t# $aricate rest#rati#&s )ith %a-i%u%

static a&d d"&a%ic #cc!usa! c#&tacts re!ati#&*

Tech&iue c#&sists #$ #'tica!!" di.iti3i&. a ."'su% die,

desi.&i&. the cr#)& !a"er ui!d u', a&d suseue&t 'ressi&.,

si&teri&. a&d %i!!i&. c#&secuti(e !a"ers #$ shaded hi.h stre&.th

a!u%i&a c#re %ateria!, a !a"er #$ de&ti& '#rce!ai&, a&d a $i&a! !a"er #$

i&cisa! '#rce!ai&* Fi&a! $i&ishi&. is 'er$#r%ed i& the de&ta!

!a#rat#r"*

A!!#)s e$$icie&t 'r#ducti#& #$ a!! cera%ic rest#rati#&s

)ith#ut c#%'r#%isi&. #& esthetic #r $u&cti#&*


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CONC#USION

A!th#u.h 'redicta!" str#&.er %ateria!s ha(e ee& de(e!#'ed the

u&i(ersa! use #$ a!! cera%ic rest#rati#&s is t "et a rea!it"* H#)e(er

c!i&ica! e(a!uati#& #$ rece&t de(e!#'%e&ts %a" i&dicate their )ider

usa.e*

It is e-a..erati#& t# state that the !ast ce&tur" sa) a re(#!uti#& i&

de&ta! esthetics a&d is e-'ected t# c#&ti&ue, )hich )i!! e i&$!ue&tia! i&

deter%i&i&. the ra&.e #$ cera%ic 'r#ducts %ade a(ai!a!e*


45/45

RE.ERENCES

:5 0hi!!i's scie&ce #$ de&ta! %ateria! ??? A&usa(ice, QI editi#&

@5 Rest#rati(e de&ta! %ateria!Crai.,0#)ers QI editi#&*

B5 C#&te%'#rar" $i-ed 'r#sth#d#&ticsR#se&stie!, La&d a&d FuJi%#t#

;5 Fu&da%e&ta!s #$ $i-ed 'r#sth#d#&ticShi!!i&.er. III edi*

5 Ad(a&ces i& c!i&ica! 'r#sth#d#&ticsGe&t, Ge&e(e*

5 Fi-ed 'r#sth#d#&tics*DCNA@77; (#!;=, @*

65 Art a&d scie&ce #$ de&ta! cera%ic???#h& Mc!ea&*

Advances in Dental Ceramics / orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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