Advances in Breeding bean for Drought tolerance and Canning

quality in Kenya

Paul Kimani1, R.D. Narla1, A. Warsame1, B. Buxton1, P. K. Waidhima2, M. Njiru2 and J.W. Mwangi1

1Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection,College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi

2 Trufoods LtdNairobi, Kenya

First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific ConferenceUnited Nations Conference Centre (UNCC-ECA)Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013

Contents• Drought tolerance

• Mesoamerican• Andean

• Mechanisms of drought tolerance• Shoot traits• Root traits

• Participatory selection for drought tolerance• Canning Quality• Partnership for Seed production and Dissemination • Conclusions and future directions• Acknowledgements

Rationale for Breeding Canning Beans Adapted to Biotic and Abiotic stresses

Current variety (Mex 142) more than 50 years old, susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses

Many farmers stopped growing the variety• Processing industry not able to meet demand

e.g. 300 t /year for Trufoods• Erratic supply and poor quality raw materials• Industry demanded better varieties• Demand for fast cooking or pre-cooked

products –high energy costs• Changing eating habits -wider range of

preferences with urbanization• Focus on 7 market classes for canning industry

• Fast cooking- for direct consumption• Pre-cooked products• Canned products

Process

445 linesAgronomic

potential- yield, diseases, vigour

growth habit

150 linesDrought

tolerance & farmer

preferences

Canning and

Nutritional quality

3

20-25 lines

Gene pools and Market Classes

Andean Mesoamerican

4

Red mottled

Red kidney

Speckled sugar

Navy Small Red

Pinto Carioca

Yellow

BEIGE

Green yellow

Tan

Structure of Breeding ProgramThree parallel Breeding Streams:Stream 1: Advanced lines of a genetically diverse lines

Objective: drought tolerance, yield potential and canning quality

447 Mesoamerican and Andean linesStream 2: Biofortified varieties combining high iron(>90 ppm)

and zinc (>35 ppm) multiple stress to biotic and biotic stresses Based on 47 new populations segregating for multiple traits

Stream 3: Marker assisted gamete selection for simultaneous selection for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors, marketable grain types

Focus markers and diseases: anthracnose, angular leaf spot, root rots, common bacterial blight, bean common mosaic virus

5

Grain yield in kg ha-1 under drought stress

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Gra

in y

ield

in k

g h

a-1 u

nd

er

no

str

ess

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Mean=903.9LSD=148.3

Mean=753.2LDS=148.3

DSR11-05TIO CANELA

GLP585

GLPX92

MEX142

DMC11-24

DNB11-15

DNB11-07DMC11-10

DMC11-01

DSR11-19

DSR11-20

DSR11-13

DNB11-06

DSR11-24

DMC11-15

DMC11-08KATB1

New drought tolerant Mesoamerican lines

• New Drought tolerant Navy, Small Red and Mixed colour lines are better yielding than local and international checks in drought stressed and non-stressed conditions

Reduced stress yield (kg ha-1)

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Dro

ugh

t str

ess

yiel

d (k

g ha-

1)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

DRM 11-03DSS 11-04

DSS 11-17 DRK 11-05

DRM 11-17DRK 11-22

DPC 11-01DRK 11-19 DRK 11-18DRK 11-15DRK 11-10DSS 11-16DPC 11-03 DRK 11-16

DSS 11-01DRK 11-21DRK 11-23 DRM 11-15 DRM 11-13DRM 11-18

GLP 1004

GLP 2

GLP 24GLP 92

Kabete SuperKAT 56

KAT 69

Kenya Early

KRK

KSB

Kenya Umoja

Kenya Wonder

Miezi Mbili

New Rosococo

Super Rosococo

RS vs DS RS vs DS RS vs DS: 859.45 DRM 11-03

RS vs DS: 596.88 DSS 11-04

RS vs DS: 634.75 DSS 11-17

RS vs DS: 762.07 DRK 11-05

RS vs DS: 1164.05 DRM 11-17

RS vs DS: 650.35 DRK 11-22

RS vs DS: 662.31 DPC 11-01

RS vs DS: 724.7 DRK 11-19

RS vs DS: 924.26 DRK 11-18

RS vs DS: 813.77 DRK 11-15

RS vs DS: 834.15 DRK 11-10

RS vs DS: 776.36 DSS 11-16

RS vs DS: 493.05 DPC 11-03

RS vs DS: 928.26 DRK 11-16

RS vs DS: 608.4 DSS 11-01

RS vs DS: 665.36 DRK 11-21

RS vs DS: 736.92 DRK 11-23

RS vs DS: 835.07 DRM 11-15

RS vs DS: 1111.55 DRM 11-13

RS vs DS: 1026.05 DRM 11-18

RS vs DS: 622.88 GLP 1004

RS vs DS: 571.31 GLP 2

RS vs DS: 472.84 GLP 24

RS vs DS: 595.09 GLP 92

RS vs DS: 873.78 Kabete Super

RS vs DS: 489.17 KAT 56

RS vs DS: 783.44 KAT 69

RS vs DS: 583.29 Kenya Early

RS vs DS: 588.43 KRK

RS vs DS: 493.99 KSB

RS vs DS: 745 Kenya Umoja

RS vs DS: 581.43 Kenya Wonder

RS vs DS: 620.32 Miezi Mbili

RS vs DS: 909.38 New Rosococo

RS vs DS: 791.36 Super Rosococo

Plot 2 Upper specification

New drought tolerant Andean lines • New Drought

tolerant • Red mottled, • Red kidneys • Speckled sugar

lines are better yielding than local checks in drought stressed and non-stressed conditions at Kabete and Mwea

Plant traits Irrigated Rainfed (Stress)

Canopy biomass (kg/ha) 0.64*** 0.25**

Pod harvest index (%) 0.62*** 0.40***

Grain harvest index (%) 0.50*** 0.39***

Pod partitioning index (%) 0.57*** 0.89***

Pod wall biomass proportion

(%)

0.26** 0.19*

Stem biomass reduction (%) -0.18* 0.32**

Total chlorophyll content

(SPAD)

0.24** 0.18**

Mechanisms of Drought tolerance- Shoot traits

*, **, *** Significant at p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001 probability levels respectively.

Mechanisms of Drought tolerance- Root traits

No Stress treatment Drought stressed plants

Tagging a young spread leaf for measurements A tagged young spread leaf for measurements

Framework for root studies at Kabete Field Station, January 2013

Measuring chlorophyll content on leaf using SPAD

Stressed PVS plots, Mwea

Irrigated PVS plots, Mwea

Participatory selection for drought tolerance• Mwea and Kabete for two

seasons• Gender disaggregated• Selection under stress and no

stress plots• Ribbon method for preferred

and non-preferred line

Key traits for farmers:• Yield• Drought tolerance• Earliness• Marketability• Fast cooking • Taste• Plant type• Non shattering• Foliage

PVS for drought tolerant lines conducted at Kabete in 2012

11

Preferred line Rejected line

Farmers select at Kabete Field Station, March 2012

Bean program staff explains objective and technique of selection

Refreshments

Selection for Multiple Disease Resistance

12

BCB 11-196, a small red showed high degree of resistance to anth, angular leafspot, BCMV and CBB at Kabete during the LR 2012-12-15(picture taken 10 July 2012). Note adjacent lines were devastated by the disease.

BCB 11-162 is highly disease resistant red kidney line with good vigour at Kabete, LR 2012

Photo: 10 July 2012 at 7.26 PM

BCB 11-400 is disease resistant red mottled line . Note adjacent lines were severely damaged by diseases at Kabet LR 2012

Photo : 10 July 2012 at 4.23 PM

BCB11-34 is a small white (navy canning bean ) which showed high degree of resistance to ALS, anth, BCMV and CBB at Kabete during the LR 2012. Note that neighbouring lines were destroyed by the disease.

Summary of Advanced lines with Multiple Disease resistance and high yield potential

Market Class Lines select for MDR Resistances

Red mottled 21 ALS, root rots, BCMV, anthracnose, CBB

Red kidney 23

Speckled sugar 17

Navy 24

Small Red 22

Pinto/carioca 19

Mixed colours 24

13

• Lines currently in AYT at Kabete, Thika, Meru, Nakuru and Tigoni

0H 3H 6H 9H 12H 16H0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

0.0

44.1

79.0

87.589.9

94.9

Fig 1. Water absorption by advanced navy bean canning bean lines over a 16 hour period.

BCB11-10BCB11-108BCB11-14BCB11-30BCB11-33BCB11-34BCB11-35BCB11-355BCB11-40BCB11-47BCB11-476BCB11-48BCB11-49BCB11-52BCB11-55BCB11-58BCB11-62BCB11-69BCB11-75BCB11-80BCB11-87BCB11-9BCB11-94BCB11-98Mex142

Hours of soaking

Perc

ent w

ater

upt

ake

BCB11-35

Mexican 142

BCB11-48

BCB11-182

BCB11-184

BCB11-191

BCB11-192

BCB11-193

BCB11-194

BCB11-195

BCB11-197

BCB11-199

BCB11-202

BCB11-245

BCB11-280

BCB11-323

BCB11-331

BCB11-344

BCB11-362

BCB11-366

BCB11-399

BCB11-401

BCB11-437

BCB11-443

BCB11-517

Mex142

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

120.0

92.8

108.1

75.0

86.1

91.8

111.8

65.0

25.5

56.6

50.046.0

105.2 104.7

80.7

93.9

99.7 101.3105.2

107.5 105.5 106.6102.2

91.6

Fig 5. Water absorption of advanced small red lines after soaking for 16 hours.

Genotype

Perc

ent w

ater

abs

orpti

on

0H 3 H 6 H 9 H 12 H 16H0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Fig 10. Water absorption trends of advanced red kidney bean lines soaked over 16 hours

BCB11-158BCB11-159BCB11-162BCB11-163BCB11-166BCB11-168BCB11-171BCB11-173BCB11-174BCB11-175BCB11-176BCB11-285BCB11-325BCB11-327BCB11-337BCB11-342BCB11-468BCB11-492BCB11-500BCB11-503BCB11-509BCB11-522Mex142

Mexi 142

0H 3 H 6 H 9 H 12 H 16H0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

0.0

39.7

72.7

82.786.1

89.7

Fig 12. Water uptake patterns of advanced red mottled lines over 16 hours

BCB11-130BCB11-132BCB11-133BCB11-135BCB11-142BCB11-143BCB11-144BCB11-145BCB11-290BCB11-314BCB11-324BCB11-334BCB11-345BCB11-347BCB11-400BCB11-413BCB11-433BCB11-445BCB11-464BCB11-470BCB11-523Mex142

Genotype

Perc

ent w

ater

upt

ake

Mex 142

BCB 11-132

0H 3 H 6 H 9 H 12 H 16H0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.0

46.6

82.787.5

90.0 91.9

Fig 14. Water absorption patterns of advanced speckled sugar lines soaked for 16 hours.

BCB11-204BCB11-209BCB11-217BCB11-269BCB11-282BCB11-303BCB11-336BCB11-377BCB11-380BCB11-386BCB11-390BCB11-393BCB11-414BCB11-495BCB11-498BCB11-501BCB11-507BCB11-530Mex142

Genotype

Perc

ent w

ater

abs

orpti

on

BCB 11-217

Mex 142

Certified Seed Production: Technology licensing with Simlaw Seed Ltd concluded

Season Category of Seed Quantity (kg) Remarks

LR 2011 Nucleus 350 Stage I, II

Breeder 4,129 Isiolo, Naivasha, Kabete

Basic 4,562

Total 9,041

SR 2011 Nucleus 800 Stage I, II and III

Breeder 8,000 Used by Simlaw Ltd as pre-basic and planting certified seed

Basic 12,667

Total 21,467

LR 2012 Nucleus 1.2 ha Kabete (stages I,II andIII)

Breeder 7 ha Kabete (SEMI)

Basic 73 ha Diverse areas (see semi-annul report)

Certified 100 Simlaw Production Dept

19

Capacity Building

• Training seed producers• Scientists and technologists on assessment of

canning quality• Seed entrepreneurs and managers• Graduate students- breeding & Biotech, FST, Agron,

Pathology• Infrastructure- repair of canning plant, irrigation

facilites• Marker assisted selection- real time PCR

20

Pilot food processing Plant-CAVS Blanching Seaming

Retort Cooling systemRecorder

Steam generation and regulation

8 May 2012

Future Directions

• Complete lab canning testing• Industrial canning- grain production• NPT• Fe-Zn analysis• Root studies• Graduate students- complete work• Bio-innovate conference• Publications

22

ConclusionsNew dry bean varieties meant for canning should possess good canning qualities while ensuring uniform and complete water uptake in order to prevent

• New dry bean varieties meant for canning should possess good canning qualities while ensuring uniform and complete water uptake in order to prevent further expansion of beans in the can (2,3).

• The new advanced drought tolerant dry bean varieties posses the physical suitability for the canning process.

• Water uptake, percent volume increase and cookability after soaking are critical characteristics of dry beans destined for the canning industry.

• All genotypes took up at least 90% water and qualify for canning purposes, with line in six market classes picking up water and cooking faster than the control.

• The varieties compared well, some even better, with the control navy bean variety, the Mexican 142 which is imported and is popular for its taste and short cooking time.

• These new varieties can be grown locally thus have a potential in promoting local farmers economically.

• witConclusions• New dry bean varieties meant for canning should possess good canning qualities while ensuring uniform and complete water uptake in order to prevent further expansion of

beans in the can (2,3). The eight new advanced drought tolerant dry bean varieties posses the physical suitability for the canning process. Water uptake, percent volume increase and cookability after soaking are critical characteristics of dry beans destined for the canning industry. All genotypes took up at least 90% water and qualify for canning purposes, with six of them picking up water and cooking faster than the control.

• The varieties compared well, some even better, with the control navy bean variety, the Mexican 142 which is imported and is popular for its taste and short cooking time. These new varieties can be grown locally thus have a potential in promoting local farmers economically.

• h six of them picking up water and cooking faster than the control.• The varieties compared well, some even better, with the control navy bean variety, the Mexican 142 which is imported and is popular for its taste and

short cooking time. These new varieties can be grown locally thus have a potential in promoting local farmers economically.23

Acknowledgements• Government of Kenya• UON• BioInnovate/SIDA• Bean Program Technical staff• TRUFOODS LTD• Ministry of Agriculture• Farmer Groups• Graduate students PVS for drought tolerant canning beans in Mwea

THANK YOU