Advances in Biogeography: Early Career Conference...Species distribution models of threatened...

AdvancesinBiogeography:EarlyCareerConference

23‐25thSeptember,2011

ConferenceProgrammeandAbstractBooklet

AdvancesInBiogeography:EarlyCareerConference

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IBSAdvisoryPanelLaurenceHeaney–PresidentMichaelDawson–V.P.forPublicAffairsCatherineGraham–Director‐at‐largeKennethFeeley–UpcomingmeetinghostKathyWillis–Director‐at‐largeRobertJWhittaker–PastPresidentAnaMargaridaCSantos–Student‐at‐largeOrganisingCommitteeKarenFallerSandraNoguéLeticiaMOchoa‐OchoaMicheleSandersAnaMargaridaCSantosIBSgratefullyacknowledgessupportfromSchoolofGeographyandEnvironmentofOxfordBiodiversityInstituteofOxfordBiogeographyResearchGroupoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety(withTheInstituteofBritishGeographers)

InternationalBiogeographySociety

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CONFERENCEPROGRAMOVERVIEW Friday23September2011 LectureTheatre“HalfordMackinder” 13:00 Registrationopens 14:00 Workshop 17:00 OpeningCeremony&KeynoteAddressesI,II 18:15 WelcomingReception‐AJHertbersonRoom Saturday24September2011 LectureTheatre“HalfordMackinder” “HOBeckitRoom”09:00 09:15 Session1 09:30 09:45 Macroecology:large‐scalepatterns 10:00 10:15 10:30 POSTERSESSION&COFFEE/TEA‐“AJHertbersonRoom”11:00 11:15 Session2 Session311:30 11:45 Macroecology:modelsandprocesses Palaebiogeography12:00 12:15 12:30 LUNCH‐“AJHertbersonRoom”13:30 13:45 Session4 Session514:00 14:15 Macroecology:regionalpatterns IslandBiogeography14:30 14:45 15:00 POSTERSESSION&COFFEE/TEA‐“AJHertbersonRoom”15:15 15:30 Session6 Session715:45 16:00 Phylogeography EvolutionaryBiogeography16:15 16:30 16:45 17:00 KeynoteAddressesIII,IV 18:00 POSTERSESSION‐“AJHertbersonRoom” Sunday25September2011 LectureTheatre“HalfordMackinder” “HOBeckitRoom”09:00 09:15 Session9 Session809:30 09:45 ConservationBiogeographyI: TopicsinBiogeography10:00 fromDNAtospecies 10:15 10:30 POSTERSESSION&COFFEE/TEA‐“AJHertbersonRoom”11:00 11:15 Session10 11:30 ConservationBiogeographyII: 11:45 achangingWorld 12:00 12:15


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12:30 Discussion 13:00 CLOSEOFMEETING

FridaySeptember23th2011,LectureTheatre“HalfordMackinder”13:00 REGISTRATIONOPENS“AJHertbersonRoom”14:00 RobertWhittakerResearchethics,practiceanddisseminationinbiogeography.

Aworkshopfocusedonpreparation,writingandpeerreview.

17:00 Openingceremony17:15 KennethFeeleyAdvancesinpredictingtheimpactsofclimatechangeonthe

distributionsanddiversityoftropicalspecies

17:45 CatherineGrahamUntanglingthemechanismsinfluencinghummingbirdassemblages:newtoolstoansweroldquestions

18:15 DRINKSRECEPTION“AJHertbersonRoom”

SaturdaySeptember24th2011,LectureTheatre“HalfordMackinder”

SESSION1:Macroecology:large‐scalepatterns

Chair:LeticiaOchoa‐Ochoa09:00 BelmakerJ&JetzW Globalscalingoffunctionalturnoverinbirdsandmammals09:15 DobrovolskiRetal. Climatichistoryanddispersalabilityexplaintherelativeimportance

ofturnoverandnestednesscomponentsofbetadiversity09:30 MúrriaCetal. Howisgeneticdiversitystructuredgeographically?Testingthe

influenceofdisturbanceregimesanddispersionofaquaticinsectsatlocalandregionalscales

09:45 WüestROetal. AvailablenichescanalizeclimaticdiversificationinthegrasssubfamilyDanthonioideae

10:00 O’BrienJD TheworldwidemigrationpatternsofPlasmodiumfalciparumthroughitsorganelles

10:15 PicazoFetal. LocalandregionaldiversitypatternsinlenticandloticfreshwaterhabitatsacrosstheWesternPalaeartic

10:30 POSTERSESSION(TEA/COFFEE)“AJHertbersonRoom” SESSION2:Macroecology:modelsandprocesses

Chair:MarcMacias‐Fauria11:00 EarlyR&SaxDF Independentdatarevealthatbioclimatenichemodelsconsistently

underestimatespeciesclimatictolerances11:15 SarmentoCabralJ&

KreftHEmergingcommunitypropertiesandsingle‐speciesrangedynamics:lessonsfromamechanisticmodelintegratingdemographicprocesseswithbioticinteractionsandspeciationundermetabolicconstraints

11:30 VaclavikT&MeentemeyerRK

Equilibriumornot?Modellingpotentialdistributionofinvasivespeciesindifferentstagesofinvasion

11:45 LaubeIetal. Nicheavailabilityinspaceandtime:migrationinSylviawarblers12:00 MerowC&SilanderJr.

JABuildingbettermodelswithMaxent:newtechniquesandsimplermodelsmotivatedbyecologicalhypotheses

12:15 PliscoffP Predictingthepast,presentandfutureofplantbiodiversityinChile:Aspeciesdistributionmodelingapproach

12.:30 LUNCH“AJHertbersonRoom” SESSION4:Macroecology:regionalpatterns

Chair:CristinaEnder13:30 DecuVetal. EndemicfaunainSerbiawithdistributionofsomecave‐livingtaxa13:45 Sánchez‐FernándezD

etal.HabitattypemediatesequilibriumwithclimaticconditionsinthedistributionofIberiandivingbeetles

14:00 Ochoa‐OchoaLM Short‐termchangesintheamphibianmeta‐communitystructurein


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twoMexicanfragmentedlandscapes14:15 Chefaouietal. SpeciesdistributionmodelsofthreatenedIberianinvertebrates14:30 PearseWD CommunitystructureinBarroColoradoislandhastwospatialand

onephylogeneticscale14:45 MonroyFetal. RegionalpatternsofCollemboladiversityasaresultoffunctional

adaptationtolocalenvironmentalconditions15:00 POSTERSESSION(TEA/COFFEE)“AJHertbersonRoom” SESSION6:Phylogeography

Chair:SarahJones15:30 BostonESMetal. NewperspectivesonpostglacialcolonisationinWesternEurope:the

phylogeographyoftheLeisler'sbat(Nyctalusleisleri)15:45 Moreno‐LetelierAetal. TheeffectsofPleistoceneglaciationsonthreemontanepine

species:hibridisation,sharedpolymorphismandnicheevolution16:00 Álvarez‐PresasMetal. MolecularphylogeographyoflandflatwormsfromtheBrazilian

AtlanticForestbiodiversityhotspot16:15 DexterK&ChaveJ PhylogeographyofAmazoniantreeswithimplicationsfor

Amazonianbiogeography16:30 CookeELetal. PhylogeographyoftheemergingmodelplantCardaminehirsutaL.16:45 HughesACetal. Crypticcluestoacomplexproblem17:00 MichaelDawson AdvancesinMarineBiogeography17:30 LawrenceHeaney Oceanicislandbiogeography:emergingperspectivesandquestions18:00 POSTERSESSION(DRINKS)“AJHertbersonRoom”


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SaturdaySeptember24th,“HOBeckitRoom” SESSION3:Palaebioogeography

Chair:SandraNogué11:00 MorrisJL Linkinghistoricalobservationswithpaleoenvironmental

reconstructionsusinglakesediments11:15 NoguéSetal. Vegetationdynamicsthroughtime:aninter‐islandcomparisonon

theCanaryIslands11:30 DoolSEetal. TheimportanceoftheBalkanrefugeforthepost‐glacial

recolonizationofEuropebyRhinolophushipposideros11:45 García‐AmorenaIetal. Palaeobotanicalbasedspeciesdistributionmodelsinecosystem

management:lessonsfromrearedgepinepopulationsinSpain12:00 NodokaN,WilliamH TheJapanesehotspotredefinedbybioqualityapproach 12.:30 LUNCH“AJHertbersonRoom” SESSION5:Islandbiogeography

Chair:PhilippH.Boersch‐Supan13:30 SantosAMC Diversityandstructureofislandparasitoidcommunitiesworldwide13:45 JonesKetal. WhatexplainstheAzoresdiversityenigma?14:00 SärkinenTetal. EvolutionaryislandsintheAndes:persistence,isolationand

endemisminAndeandrytropicalforests14:15 KargerDNetal. PatternsofferndiversityinthesoutheastAsianarchipelago14:30 PapadopoulouAetal. Lineagediversificationandcommunitydifferentiationina

continentalarchipelago:thecaseoftheAegeandarklingbeetles15:00 POSTERSESSION(TEA/COFFEE)“AJHertbersonRoom” SESSION7:EvolutionaryBiogeography

Chair:NicolaiRoterman15:30 PigotALetal. Speciation,extinctionandtheillusionofrangesizetrajectoriesin

phylogeniesandthefossilrecord15:45 BeattyCD&WareJL Biogeography,populationgeneticsandlifehistoryofa"living

fossil"dragonfly(Insecta:Odonata)16:00 GamischAetal. Theevolutionofauto‐pollinationintropicalorchids:

morphological,experimental,andphylogeneticstudiesinBulbophyllumthouarsfromMadagascar.

16:15 McinnesLetal. Untanglingthedriversofmonocotdiversity:canwedeterminetherelativerolesofphylogeny,geographyandhistory?

16:30 GrattonP&GandolfiA Composingtheevolutionarypuzzleofthelastremainsoftrout(Salmotruttacomplex)diversityinItaly

16:45 KirschelANetal. TheextentoftraitsimilarityatcontactzonesinfluencesrangeoverlapandthetrajectoryofmultidimensionalcharacterdisplacementinAfricantinkerbirds(Pogoniulusspp.)


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SundaySeptember25th2011,“HOBeckitRoom” SESSION8:TopicsinBiogeography

Chair:SandraNogué09:15 MatzkeNJ Movingfromhistoricalbiogeographicinferenceindiscretespaceto

historicalbiogeographicinferenceincontinuousspace,bymovingfromspeciesdistributionmodelingtophylogeneticlineagedistributionmodeling

09:30 DalsgaardBetal. Specializationinplant‐hummingbirdnetworksisassociatedwithquaternaryclimate‐changevelocity

09:45 TodiscoVetal. Newrefugialmodelforalpineinvertebrates:acasestudyoftheParnassiusphoebuscomplex

10:00 NoriegaJA Biogeographicprovincesandendemicityareasanalysisofthedungbeetles(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)inColombia

10:15 Vila‐FarréMetal. ThebiogeographyofthegenusCrenobiainEurope10:30 POSTERSESSION(TEA/COFFEE)“AJHertbersonRoom”

LectureTheatre“HalfordMackinder”

SESSION9:ConservationBiogeographyII:fromDNAtospeciesChair:KathleenBuckingham

09:15 CunninghamSW PatternsofmoleculargeneticvariationamongCrocodylussuchuspopulationsthroughoutWestandCentralAfrica

09:30 Cottee‐JonesHED BirdsoftheBanyan:Ficususebybirdsinatropicalcountrysidelandscape,Assam

09:45 CapinhaCetal.

Disentanglingtherelativeinfluenceofhuman,biologicalandenvironmentalfactorsinshapingtheinvasionoftheSignalandtheRedswampcrayfishinEurope

10:00 BorgesLMSetal. BiogeographyofWoodBorersinEuropeancoastalwaters:ataleoftwodistincttaxaSharingthesameniche

10:15 ShipwayRetal. Aninvasivespeciesofteredinid,Teredothyradominicensis(Teredinidae,Bivalvia),intheMediterraneanSea

10:30 POSTERSESSION(TEA/COFFEE)“AJHertbersonRoom” SESSION10:ConservationBiogeographyI:achangingWorld

Chair:AshleyMassey11:00 GonzálezJ‐Cetal. DefyingWallace:PhylogeographyandconservationofinsularAsian

hornbills11:15 Abrahamczyk,Setal. Impactofclimaticseasonalityonthediversityofhummingbird

assemblagesandtheirfoodplants:whatcanwededuceforclimatechange?

11:30 LanderTAetal.

Theeffectoflandscapeheterogeneityandanthropogenicland‐usesonpollinationpatternsforwildcherrytreesinnorthernFrance

11:45 RosauerDF&JetzW Geography,predictorsandconservationconsequencesofglobalcentresofmammalphylogeneticendemism

12:00 HulaMA ModellingfarmingpracticeasadriverofvegetationchangeinBenueState,Nigeria

12:15 Rodríguez‐Sánchez,F. Investigatingbiodiversityresponsestoclimatechange:thebenefitsofhindsight

12:30 Discussion13:00 WRAPUPANDCLOSE


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TALKSSESSIONSANDABSTRACTS


SESSION1:Macroecology:large‐scalepatterns09:00 JonathanBelmaker&WJetz.GlobalscalingoffunctionalturnoverinbirdsandmammalsDepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,YaleUniversity,USAEmail:[email protected]‐based community assembly is receiving increasing attention as an importantway to understand processesdriving diversity across scales. Here, we quantify multivariate trait (‘functional’) turnover of birds andmammalsbetween spatially nested assemblages (varying from 3,140,000 to ~400k2 in size).We separated total functionalturnovertotheturnoveroriginatingfromreducingtheentirespeciespooltotheecologicalspeciespool,thesubsetofspecieswithtraitsthatallowexistencewithinthelocalhabitat,andtotheturnoveroriginatingfromreducingtheecological pool to the actual local assemblages. Between the regional pool and the ecological pool assemblagesfunctionalitychangesacrossscalesmuchmorerapidlythanexpectedfromnullmodelsandtraitcombinationsatfinescales are clustered relative to larger scales. However, the reverse is true between the ecological pool and localassemblageswhere functional turnover is lower than expected.We conclude that across a wide range of scalesfunctionaldiversityisjointlydeterminedbyprocessescausinglowfunctionalturnover,suchasecologicalassemblyrules,andprocessescausinghighfunctionalturnover,suchasenvironmentalfilters.09:15 RicardoDobrovolski,ASMelo,FASCassemiro&JAFDiniz‐Filho.Climatichistoryanddispersal

abilityexplaintherelativeimportanceofturnoverandnestednesscomponentsofbetadiversity

ProgramadePós‐GraduaçãoemEcologiaeEvolução,ICB,UniversidadeFederaldeGoiás,BrazilEmail:rdobrovolski@gmail.comWetestedwhetherthegeographicvariationintheproportionofbetadiversityattributedtonestednessorturnovercomponents was explained by the effect of past glaciation events. Additionally, we tested if the variation wasinfluencedbythermaltoleranceandthedispersalabilityofspecies.Weusedpresence/absencedataforamphibians,birdsandmammalsoftheNewWorld.Wecalculatedbetadiversityamongeach1°x1°cellandtheadjacentcellsusing the Sorensendissimilarity index that expresses the total beta diversity. Furthermore,wepartitioned it intoturnoverandnestednesscomponents.Therelativeimportanceofthetwolattercomponentswasexpressedastheproportionof total betadiversity explainedbynestedness (βratio).We calculated the correlationbetweenβratioand the timeeach cellwas freeof ice since last glaciation (cell age). To control theoverestimationofdegreesoffreedomduetospatialautocorrelation,weappliedthecorrectionmethodsuggestedbyCliffordetal. (1989).Theproportionofbetadiversityattributedtonestednesswasnegativelycorrelatedwithcellage.Moreover,thiseffectwasstronger foramphibians thanmammals,andstronger formammals thanbirds.Our resultsare inaccordancewith the hypothesis that the nestedness component of beta diversity is more important in areas affected byglaciationsuntilrecenttime(lowericeage).Thebetadiversityinhighlatitudesistheresultofpastextinctionsandrecentrecolonization,whichresultinhigherlevelsofnestedness.Thisprocessismoreevidentforvertebrateswithlowerdispersalabilityandlowertemperaturetolerance.09:30 CescMúrria1,2*,NBonada1,CZamora‐Muñoz3,CESáinz‐Cantero3,JGarrido4,RAcosta1,JAlba‐Tercedor3,AP.Vogler2,5.Howisgeneticdiversitystructuredgeographically?Testingtheinfluenceofdisturbanceregimesanddispersionofaquaticinsectsatlocalandregionalscales1DepartmentofEcology,UniversityofBarcelona,Catalonia;2DepartmentofEntomology,NaturalHistoryMuseum,UK; 3Department of Animal Biology, University of Granada, Spain; 4Department of Ecology and Animal Biology,UniversityofVigo,Spain;5DivisionofBiology,ImperialCollegeLondon,UKEmail:[email protected]:Speciesexistinadynamicmatrixofhabitatpatchesthatdifferinconnectivityandstability.Thestructureof the diversity is a function of movement of organisms among these patches, while habitat instability affectsextinction risk.Weused a “community genetic” approach to elucidate the effect of variable disturbance regimes(habitat stability)anddispersal capacities (different taxa)onpatternsofgeneticandspeciesdiversityat localandregionalspatialscales.Thehierarchicalspatialdesignofthestudyincluded10permanentheadwateraquaticinsectcommunitiesin6regionsof200x200km(localscale)alongalatitudinalgradientfromMoroccotoSweden(regionalscale).Foreachcommunitywesequencedthemitochondrialcox1geneof≥10individualsofallspeciesinco‐existing


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lineages of Trichoptera (Hydropsyche), Ephemeroptera (Baetis) and Coleoptera (Elmis, Hydraena) to measurehaplotypediversity and turnover related to geographical distance.Different slopesof distance‐decayof similarityweredetectedamongregionsandtaxasuggestingtheinfluenceoflocaldisturbance(instreamfloods)anddispersalabilities. α‐ and β‐diversitywere low in northern latitudes, presumably related to large‐scale habitat disturbanceduringPleistoceneglaciations.Patternsofgeneticdiversityforlow‐dispersiontaxaatlocalscalesresembledpatternsofspeciesdistribution inhigh‐dispersiontaxaatregionalscales, i.e. thescaleofassemblagesimilaritydependsonthedispersalpropensityoflineages(andthestabilityoftherespectivehabitat).Wealsoshowacorrelationbetweengeneticandspeciesdiversitythatfurther indicatesauniformevolutionaryprocessgeneratingpredictablepatternsofdiversityatmultiplespatiotemporalscales.09:45 RafaelOWüest,AAntonelli,NEZimmermann&HPLinder.Availablenichescanalizeclimatic

diversificationinthegrasssubfamilyDanthonioideaeSwissFederalResearchInstituteWSL,Switzerland.Email:[email protected]:WeexplorethepatternsandprocessesthatinfluencenicheevolutionintheDanthonioidgrasses,acladeof 281 species occurring in temperate habitats that originated in SouthernAfrica during theOligocene and sincethencolonizedeverycontinentonearth.Weassesshowthedifferences intheavailableclimaticnicheoneachofthe continents affect the evolution of Danthonioid climatic niches.We show that the evolution of climatic nicheparametersisphylogeneticallyconstrained.Althoughthegrasscladeoccupiestemperatehabitatsonallcontinents,therearesignificantnichedifferencesbetween thecontinents.Our results indicate that thesedifferencesare theresultofadaptationtoavailableniches,asthereconstructedselectiveregimescorrelatewiththeavailableclimaticniches on these continents. We suggest three processes that influenced the evolution of climatic niches inDanthonioideae.Thefirstisnichetruncation,wherethepotentialrangeofthelineagecannotbeexpressedduetothecurrentabsenceofsuitableclimates.Thesecond isevolutionarycanalization,wherenicheevolution isshiftedtowardstheavailablenichespace.Andthethirdisacceleratednicheevolutionassociatedwiththecolonizationofnewcontinents.10:00 JohnDO’Brien.TheworldwidemigrationpatternsofPlasmodiumfalciparumthroughits

organellesCentreforGenomicsandGlobalHealth,WellcomeTrustCentreforHumanGenetics,UniversityofOxfordEmail:[email protected] blood‐borne parasite Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of most severe malaria in the world,inflictinganenormouspublichealthburden. Togetherwithaconsortiumofclinical institutions,wehavecollectedandgenotypedhundredsoffieldisolatesoftheparasite.Likemanyparasites,P.falciparumhasbothamitochondriaand an organelle descended from an algal chloroplast. Since this genetic information exhibits little or norecombination and a slow mutation rate, it provides a perfect set of data for using Bayesian phylogeographicinference.Weconsiderseveraloftheissuesspecifictothisdata,suchasmixturesofinfection.Weshowhowourresultscompareagainst'Out‐of‐Africa'hypothesesformalariaoriginsandhowtheymightbeusedforpublichealthsurveillance.10:15 FélixPicazo,DSánchez‐Fernández,AMillán&IRibera.Localandregionaldiversitypatternsin

lenticandloticfreshwaterhabitatsacrosstheWesternPalaearticUniversityofMurcia,Spain.Email:[email protected] is well known the drastic climatic changes occurred during the Pleistocene have profoundly shaped diversitygradients in the Western Palaearctic (i.e. the existence of southern ice‐age refuges and the subsequentrecolonisationprocess).Habitatstabilityandspeciesdispersalabilityhavebeenrecentlyhighlightedaskeyfactorswhen determining patterns of species distributions in freshwater ecosystems, i.e. there should be a negativerelationshipbetweenthehabitatpersistenceandthepropensityfordispersalofitsinhabitants.Sincelentichabitatshavebeengenerallyconsideredtobemoreephemeralthanloticones,wecanexpectspecieslivinginlentichabitatshaveconservedahigherdispersalcapacitythanspecieslivinginlotichabitats.Thus,wehypothesizethisfactcouldhavecausedimportantdifferencesinthecurrentgeographicrangesbetweenloticandlenticspecies.Waterbeetlecheck‐listsfrom11regionsintheWesternPalaearctic(fromSouthMoroccotoNorthSweden)werecompiled,647speciesbelongingto14familiesbeingclassifiedintoloticandlenticspecialist,generalistspeciesnotbeingtookintoaccount.Weanalysethevariationofwaterbeetlespeciesrichnessacrosslatitudeatdifferentscales.Inparticular,totestourcentralhypothesis,asamainnoveltysuppliedbythiswork,wecomparethecontributionoflocaltoregionaldiversity across latitude in 181 sampling sites spread on the 11 regions referred above, looking for differencesbetween lotic and lentic habitats. We also assess beta‐diversity (in terms of species turnover or nestedness)betweenspeciesadaptedtoloticandlentichabitats.


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SESSION2:Macroecology:modelsandprocesses11:00 ReganEarly&DFSax.Independentdatarevealthatbioclimatenichemodelsconsistently

underestimatespeciesclimatictolerancesUniversidadedeÉvora,Portugal.Email:regan.early@gmail.comBioclimatemodelsofspeciesnichesareoneofourmostrelied‐upontoolsforpredictingtheecological impactsofclimatechange.However,amajoruncertainty iswhetherspecies’climatic tolerancescanbereliablyevaluatedbyobserving the climatic conditions species occupy. A comprehensive evaluation of this uncertainty requiresindependent distribution data, which are rarely obtainable. To address this shortcoming we test the bioclimateapproachfor280plantspeciesintheirnativerange(Europe)againstthespecies’distributionsintheirexoticrange(theUSA).Themajorityofspeciesarecapableof living inhotter,cooler,wetterand/ordrierconditionsthanareobserved inanypartof theirnative range. Interestingly,many speciesappear tohavebeencapableof toleratingthese apparently novel climatic conditions as soon as theywere introduced into the USA. Thus, species climatictolerances may be consistently broader than currently measured bybioclimate models. Our results imply thatrequiredrangeshiftsunderclimatechangemaybelessseverethanpreviouslythought,butsuggestsanevengreaterdegreeofuncertaintyinpredictions.11:15 JulianoSarmentoCabral&HKreft.Emergingcommunitypropertiesandsingle‐speciesrange

dynamics:lessonsfromamechanisticmodelintegratingdemographicprocesseswithbioticinteractionsandspeciationundermetabolicconstraints

FreeFloaterResearchGroupBiodiversity,Macroecology&ConservationBiogeography,Georg‐AugustUniversityofGöttingen,Göttingen,Germany.Email:jsarmen@uni‐goettingen.deWe present a multi‐species stochastic model that simulates demography, biotic interactions and speciation in ametabolic framework. With this model we tested the following hypotheses: 1) Integrating demography andinterspecific competition enables coexistence of different life‐history strategies within spatially‐structuredcommunities,withrealisticsingle‐species'rangeandabundancedistributions.2)Evolvingspeciesavoidcompetitionwithancestors.3)Ecosystemengineersinfluencespeciesrichnessaswellasrangeandabundancedistributions.Weimplementedstage‐structuredpopulationsofspecieswithdifferenttraitsandhabitatrequirementsthatcompetedfor space in a hypothetical griddedmountain. Scenariowith temperature feedback of ecosystemengineerswereperformedtotestthethirdhypothesis.Thehypotheseswereconfirmedbyseveralanalyses.Survivingcommunitiesconsistedofspeciesspreadheterogeneouslywithintheparameterspace.Speciesrichnessdecreasedtowardshigheraltitudes.Altitudinalranges increasedwithaltitude,confirmingthealtitudinalRapoport’srule.Severalspecieshadtheirabundancesshiftedtowardssuboptimumconditionsand/orwerenotabletofilltheirpotentialrange.Reasonsforthisincludedspeciestraitsnotrelatedtoclimateandspeciesrichness(i.e.competitionpressure).Endemicswereecologicallysimilarbutspatiallydistanttotheirancestors,supportingDarwin’shypothesisthatcompetitionpressureisgreaterbetweencloserelatives.Scenarioswithecosystemengineersshowedhighertotalrichnessandaltitudinalspeciesturnover,abundanceshiftsmostlytowards lowlandsandsmallerrealizedranges.Resultssuggestpotentialbias of correlative habitat models and of single‐species mechanistic approaches if interspecific competition isneglected.OurapproachcombinesGrillenianandEltoniannicheconceptsandenablessimultaneousinvestigationsaboutrangedynamicsandemergingcommunityproperties.11:30 TomasVaclavik&RKMeentemeyer.Equilibriumornot?Modellingpotentialdistributionof

invasivespeciesindifferentstagesofinvasionCenterforAppliedGIScience,UniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte,USAEmail:tvaclavi@uncc.eduTheassumptionofequilibriumbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironmentisastandardworkingpostulateinspeciesdistributionmodels (SDMs).However, thisassumption is typicallyviolated inmodelsofbiological invasionswhererangeexpansionsarehighlyconstrainedbydispersalandcolonizationprocesses.Hereweexaminedhowstageofinvasion affects the extent to which occurrence data represent the ecological niche of organisms and in turninfluence spatial prediction of species’ potential distributions.We compiled occurrence data from697 field plotscollected over a nine‐year period (2001–2009) of monitoring the spread of the invasive forest pathogenPhytophthora ramorum inOregon,USA.Using these datawe applied ecological niche factor analysis to calibratemodels of potential distribution across different years of colonization. We accounted for natural variation anduncertaintiesinmodelevaluationbycomparingfindingsforP.ramorumwiththreescenariosofvaryingequilibriuminasimulatedvirtualspecies,forwhichthe“true”potentialdistributionwasknown.WeconfirmourhypothesisthatSDMs calibrated in early stages of invasion are less accurate than models calibrated under scenarios closer to


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equilibrium.SDMsthataredevelopedinearlystagesofinvasiontendtounderpredictthepotentialrangecomparedtomodels that arebuilt in later stagesof invasion.A full environmentalnicheof invasive species thus cannotbeeffectivelycapturedwithdatafromtherealizeddistributionthatisrestrictedbyprocessespreventingfulloccupancyofsuitablehabitats.IfSDMsaretobeusedeffectivelyinconservationandmanagement,stageofinvasionneedstobeconsideredtoavoidunderestimationofhabitatsatriskoffutureinvasionspread.11:45 IrinaLaube,CHGraham&KBoehning‐Gaese.Nicheavailabilityinspaceandtime:migrationin

SylviawarblersBiodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) and Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, GermanyEmail:irina.laube@senckenberg.deTheriseofspeciesdistributionmodellinginecologyhassparkedarenewedfocusonthenicheconcept.Frequently,the niches quantified from species distributionmodels and the environments used to calibrate themodels havebeenregardedasstaticentities.However,theenvironmentalconditionsavailabletoaparticularspeciesarespatiallyand temporally dynamic on a variety of scales (e.g. circadian, weather, seasons, climate change).We develop aconceptualframeworktounderstandhowspeciesmayrespondtodynamicnicheavailability.Organismshavetwobasicoptions forcopingwithvariation inenvironmental conditions: theycan tracksuitableconditionsspatiallyortheycanstayinoneplaceandtoleratethechangeinoccupiedniche,i.e.theirfundamentalnichehastoencompassthe environmental variation. Assuming that both spatial tracking and the ability to tolerate a wide variety ofenvironmentalconditionsarecostlyforspecies,wecanderiveanumberofpredictionsregardingtherelationshipofniche characteristics and spatial movement behaviour from the framework. One fascinating example of thestrategiesorganismsevolvetodealwithspatiallyandtemporallydynamicenvironmentsismigration.Weevaluatemigratory behaviour in the bird genus Sylvia with the goal of testing the predictions derived from our generalframework.WeexplorehowvariationinspatialmovementofSylviawarblersrelatestooverlapandbreadthoftheirbreeding,winteringnichesandavailabilityofsuitableenvironmentalconditionsacrosscontinentsandseasons.12:00 CoryMerow&JASilanderJr.BuildingbettermodelswithMaxent:newtechniquesandsimpler

modelsmotivatedbyecologicalhypothesesUniversityofConnecticut,USA.Email:[email protected] Niche Models (ENMs) have seen a recent explosion in popularity in an attempt to forecast species’distributioninchangingenvironments.Theadventofahighlysuccessfulpresence‐onlymodelingstrategy,Maxent,has extended the application of ENMs to a plethora of data sets that are not amenable to statisticalpresence/absence modeling.WhileMaxent has fared favorably when compared to other ENM techniques, littleguidanceexistsforbuildingandevaluatingmodelsinthisnovelframework.ThevastmajorityofexistingstudiesuseMaxent’sdefaultsettings,andtherehasbeenrelativelylimitedevaluationofdifferentwaysofconstructingmodelsandhowthesealternativesrelatetospecificecologicalquestions.Forexample,variableselectionmethodsexploredto date derive almost exclusively from machine learning perspectives, which focus more on complex patternrecognition than on producing easily interpretedmodels.While existing approaches to variable selection can bevaluable for exploratory analyses, especially with large data sets, this is not a panacea for all niche modelingproblems.Ioutlineamoregeneralapproach,basedonconstructingsimplermodelsmotivatedbyspecificecologicalquestions,andprovideguidelines for theiruse.ToexploreMaxent’sassumptions, Idemonstrate thevariability inmodel output that can result from altering model settings and offer suggestions for choosing these settings. Ipresentnewtechniques forvariableselectionusingappropriate randomization techniques.Finally, I showhowtoincorporatepriorinformationintoMaxentmodels,anddemonstratethiswith(1)amodelaccountingfordispersallimitationand(2)predictinginvasiverangesusingnativerangedata.12:15 PatricioPliscoff.Predictingthepast,presentandfutureofplantbiodiversityinChile:Aspecies

distributionmodelingapproachSpatialEcologyLab,DepartmentofEcologyandEvolution,UniversityofLausanne,SwitzerlandEmail:[email protected]:Thequestionofwhatcontrols thedistributionof specieshasbeen themain focusonwhich the fieldofBiogeographywasfounded.Fourmainprocesseshavebeenhypothesizedtocontrolthedistributionoforganisms;Climate,Habitat, Species interactions andDispersal. Climatesmake this control at broader spatial scales andhadbeenusedhistoricallybyecologistandbiogeographerstoexplaindistributionpatternsofplantsandanimals.BasedonHutchinsonnicheTheoryandnovelstatisticalmethods,SpeciesDistributionModeling(SDMs)techniquesallowthedefinitionofclimatic“envelope”whichrepresent theirmoresuitableareas foraspecies tosurviveandgrow.SDMs have becomeone of themost important tools of Conservation Biogeography and Climate Change Biology.Chile has been historically identified as a natural laboratory to address biogeography questions. Four of the fivemacroclimatesexisting in theworld, canbe found inContinentalChile. This vegetationdiversitypluspresenceofhighratesofendemismindifferentgroups(vascularplants,amphibians,reptiles),associatedwithhistoricalisolationofChileanbiotaexplaintheinteresttounderstandtheirkeybiogeographicalprocess.ThesebackgroundsmakeChileaninterestingareaforSDMsanalysiswhichcurrentlyislimitedtoonlyfewanimals’speciesorbroaderscalestudies.


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The general goal of this study is to generate a framework for SDMs in Chile and applying to understand theprocesses underlying past, present and future distribution patterns of Chilean biota to address evolutionary andconservationbiogeographyquestions.

SaturdaySeptember24th2011,HOBeckitRoom

SESSION3:Palaebioogeography11:00 JesseLMorris.Linkinghistoricalobservationswithpaleoenvironmentalreconstructionsusing

lakesedimentsUniversityofHelsinki,FinlandEmail:[email protected]: Preserved pollen andmacroscopic charcoal from lake sediments provides useful information about theinfluenceoflong‐termclimatevariabilityonecologicalstructureanddisturbanceregimes.Wildfireandbarkbeetles(Dendroctonus spp.) are the most important disturbance agents in conifer‐dominated landscapes occurring inwesternNorth America. An analysis of lake sediments corresponding to the historical period reveals that sprucebeetle(D.rufipennis)outbreakshavepronouncedimpactsonpollenaccumulationrates.Similarly,knownfireeventsobserved during the historic period aid in establishing quantitative thresholds for determining fire episodes incharcoal reconstructions. Findings from the historic era were then applied to Holocene‐length lake sedimentrecords.Theresultingresearchprovidesnewinsightsintotheenvironmentalhistoryandclimate‐drivendisturbanceregimevariability insubalpineforests insouth‐centralUtah,USA.Astheseecosystemsevolvedfromtherelativelycool temperatures of the late Pleistocene to the comparatively warmer mid‐Holocene, the forest structuretransitioned from spruce parkland to closed‐canopy spruce/fir forest. Coincident with greater stand density andfuel/hostcontinuity,wildfireandsprucebeetledisturbanceeventsbecamemorefrequent.Ourrecordssuggestthatepidemicsprucebeetleeventsrecuratmulticentennialintervalsandthatthemeanfirereturnintervalforsignificantfireepisodesissimilarlylong,rangingbetween300‐500years.11:15 DarrenJeffers&KJWillis.Glacialtoglacialpalaeoclimateandvegetationdynamicsofthe

southernBekaaValley,LebanonLong‐termEcologyLaboratory,BiodiversityInstitute,UniversityofOxford,UKEmail:darren.jeffers@stcatz.ox.ac.ukManypredictionsforfutureclimatechangeindicatethattheMediterraneanregionwillexperienceacombinationofhigher temperatures and a reduction in rainfall. There is still little detailed information, however, on how bioticcommunities in the eastern Mediterranean‐Levant region will respond to these predicted changes. An idealtimeframeinordertoreconstructthebioticchangesduringwarmeranddrierconditionsthanexisttodayisthelastinterglacial (LI). This study presents the results of new sedimentary sequences from the Southern Bekka Valley,Lebanonwhich spans the last interglacial (≈130‐110ka).High temporal resolutionanalyses forpollen, isotopesofcarbon, total organic carbon and sediment lithology has been undertaken and reveals dramatic shifts in thevegetation composition during the LI. At the onset of the LI an environmental threshold was crossed with thedevelopmentofsteppedominatedbyChenopodiaceaeandArtemisiaprobablyindicativeofasignificantreductioninmoisture availability. The arid conditions lead to the loss of the deciduous arboreal species (Betula, Alnus andCorylus) and significant reduction in the populations ofCedrus libani andPinus. The aridity of the LI in Lebanonsuggests that the easternMediterraneanmountainous regions ecosystems are likely to be especially affected byclimatechange.11:30 SandraNogué1,LdeNascimento2,JMFernández‐Palacio2,RWhittaker3&KJWillis1.Vegetation

dynamicsthroughtime:aninter‐islandcomparisonontheCanaryIslands1Long‐TermEcologyLaboratory,BiodiversityInstitute,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOxford,UK,2IslandEcologyandBiogeographyResearchGroup,UniversityofLaLaguna,CanaryIslands,Spain.3SchoolofGeographyandtheEnvironment,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdomEmail:[email protected] is increasinglyrecognizedfromlong‐termenvironmentalrecordsthatprehistoricandhistorichumanimpacthasplayedan important role in shapingmanyofourpresentbiodiverse landscapes.TheCanarianarchipelago (Spain)withover30%endemicplantspeciesisoneoftheworld’sbiodiversityhotspots.Here,wereconstructedpre‐humancontactbaselineecologicalconditionsandclimatesensitivityoftheforestonTenerifeandLaGomera.Wewillpayspecial attention on comparing the two islands in order to improve our understanding and to obtain acomprehensivedescriptionof thevegetationchanges in the last5000years.Somekeyquestions thatneed tobeaddressed are: what role did fire play in the Canarian landscape prior to human colonization?Were the humanimpacts synchronous and equivalent on both islands? Finally, although these islands have been consideredwell‐bufferedfrompastclimatechange,bydintoftheirlocationintheAtlanticandtheirelevationalrange,concernhasbeen raised as to the viability of the forest formations in theeventof substantial future climate change, sohowsensitive are these ecosystems to climate change? This study provides the first inter‐island picture of vegetation


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dynamicsthroughtimeofthisimportantbiodiverseregionofEurope.11:45 SerenaE.Dool,SJPuechmaille,CDietz,JJuste,PHulva,SRoué,EPetit,GJones,SJRossiter&EC

Teeling.TheimportanceoftheBalkanrefugeforthepost‐glacialrecolonizationofEuropebyRhinolophushipposideros

UniversityCollegeDublin,IrelandEmail:serena.dool@gmail.comClimatecoolingduringtheTertiarypeakedduringtheQuaternaryice‐ages;atimeduringwhichmuchofNorthernEuropewascovered in ice‐sheetsordeep inpermafrost.ThethreeMediterraneanPeninsulashaveemergedfrommultiplephylogeographicstudiesasthemainbutnotexclusiveareasusedasrefugiabyEuropeanbiotaduringthelast glacialmaximum. The demographic history of the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) in Europefollowing themost recentglaciationwas investigatedusingamultiplemarkerdataset.Combining the resultsofanuclear intron,mtDNA andmicrosatellite lociwe have shown that an ancient colonization event took place intoEuropefromtheEastofthespeciesrangeandthatduringthelastglacialmaximumthisspeciesdivergedintoatleastthreerefugialocatedinSpain/Morocco,theBalkansandalocationeastofTurkey.TheBalkanrefugewasfoundtohaveseededtherecolonizationofEuropeexcludingtheIberianPeninsulaandpossiblyItaly.Thereislossofgeneticdiversity following the path of colonization from high diversity in the Balkans to the lowest genetic diversity inBritainandIreland.SecondarycontactbetweenthethreecladeshasoccurredbutisverylimitedinthecaseofthecladefoundinSpain/Morocco.ThesefindingsaddfurtherevidencethattheBalkanregioninparticularhasplayedthe most significant role in the postglacial recolonization of Europe when compared to the remaining twoMediterraneanpeninsulas.12:00 IgnacioGarcía‐Amorena,IAlberdi,JMRubiales&EMoreno.Palaeobotanicalbasedspecies

distributionmodelsinecosystemmanagement:lessonsfromrearedgepinepopulationsinSpain

UniversidadPolitécnicadeMadrid,EscuelaSuperiordeIngenierosdeMontes,DepartamentodeSilvopascicultura,SpainEmail:[email protected]:Inrecentyearsnumerouspredictivetechniqueshavebeendevelopedthathelpdeterminingtheecologicallimitsandexpectedvariations in thedistributionsofparticular species inSouthwestEurope.However,outputsofdifferent studies show controversial results. Up to date, although different initiatives are carried out to reduceuncertainties in predictivemodels, there is still a strong need of further research dealingwith problems such asspatialandtemporalautocorrelationtovalidatetheiroutputs.Here,palaeoecologystandsoutasastrongvalidationtool.Itprovidesinformationaboutthevegetationthatexistedinthepast,withwhichtovalidatetheoutputofthesemodels. In thiswork,byanalysing thevulnerabilityof thePinusuncinata,P. sylvestris andP.nigraWesternmostpopulationstoclimatechange,weexemplifyapalaeobotanical‐baseddistributionmodelatanappropriate forest‐managementscale(1km2).TheSpanishMeteorologicalandForestInventoryData,theIberianpalaeobotanicaldata,andpalaeoecologicalindependentpalaeo‐climatereconstructionsfromthePaleoclimateModellingIntercomparisonProjecthavebeenputtogetherwiththeMaxEntprogram.12:15 ElizabethSJeffers&KKMcLauchlan.Testingtheprogressivenitrogenlimitationhypothesiswith

long‐term data: a global synthesis of long‐term changes in terrestrial nitrogen availabilityassociatedwithincreasingCO2concentrations

BiodiversityInstitute,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOxford,UKEmail:[email protected] progressive nitrogen limitation (PNL) hypothesis states that declines in nitrogen availability are the result ofincreasedecosystemnitrogenstoragewith increasedatmosphericCO2.Thus far, theevidence forandagainst thePNL has derived from short‐term, experimental studies from Free‐Air Carbon Enrichment (FACE) sites.Palaeoecological evidence of changes in nitrogen availability (inferred from stable isotope analysis of lakesediments)extends theobservational record for testing thePNL fromdecades tomillennia. Aglobal synthesisofnitrogen isotope records from lake sediments is being undertaken in order to look for evidence of PNL duringperiods of increasingCO2. Wewill present preliminary results from recent observations (i.e. past 150 years) andfromthelate‐glacial/earlypostglacialtransition–twoperiodsofrapidincreasesinCO2.


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SESSION4:Macroecology:regionalpatterns13:30 VasileDecu,JChristian,NBCurcic&BPMCurcic.EndemicfaunainSerbiawithdistributionof

somecave‐livingtaxaGeographicalInstitute"JovanCvijic",SASA,BelgradeEmail:[email protected] paper presents a reviewof cave‐dwelling fauna in Serbia known to date. Karst features, geography of karst,caves and other subterranean habitats are also presented. Further, hydrology of ground waters of Serbia isdescribed. Main species of aquatic and terrestrial environments were described. Serbian karst is an importanthabitat of many relict and endemic subterranean animals. Present distributions of some taxa (pseudoscorpions,diplopods,carabidsandarachnids)areshowninUTMmaps.Theaimofthisstudyistoofferamorecompletereviewofcave‐dwellinginhabitantsinSerbiawithadditionaldataonanumberofnewspecies.13:45 DavidSánchez‐Fernández,JMLobo,AMillan&IRibera.Habitattypemediatesequilibriumwith

climaticconditionsinthedistributionofIberiandivingbeetlesInstitutdeBiologíaEvolutiva(CSIC‐UPF);MuseoNacionaldeCienciasNaturales(CSIC);UniversidaddeMurciaEmail:davidsan@um.esWeaimtotestfordifferencesbetweenspeciestypicalofeitherrunningorstandingwater(habitatswithdifferentlong‐termpersistence)inthedegreeofclimate‐equilibrium(i.e.intheirpotentialvs.realizeddistribution)inrecentlydeglaciated (Europe)andrefugeareas (IberianPeninsula).For this,a totalof99speciesandwellestablishedsub‐species of Iberian diving beetles were used. At a continental scale we found clear differences in the degree ofequilibriumofthegeographicaldistributionbetweenloticandlenticspecies.IntheIberianPeninsuladifferences,ifany,weremuchlesspronounced.Ourresultssuggestastrongerinfluenceofgeographyatcontinentalscaleinthedistributionofthelotic,lessdispersivespecies.Thepreferenceoffreshwaterinvertebratesforstandingorrunningwater habitats, a well‐known and easy measurable autoecological characteristic, can be linked to large scalegeographicalpatterns(climate‐equilibrium)throughdifferencesindispersalability.14:00 LeticiaMOchoa‐Ochoa.Short‐termchangesintheamphibianmeta‐communitystructurein

twoMexicanfragmentedlandscapesSchoolofGeographyandtheEnvironment,OxfordUniversityCentrefortheEnvironment,UKEmail:leticia.ochoa@ouce.ox.ac.ukHabitatfragmentantionisacommongroundrealityofneotropicalforestsandithasbeenestimatedthatitthreatens89% of Neotropical amphibians. Thus, understanding how amphibian communities respond to fragmentationprocesses is vital for their conservation. The framework ofmeta‐community ecology focuses on themechanismsthatpreservespeciesrichnessatlocalandregionallevel.Asamulti‐scaleapproachattemptstoexplainthedynamicsof entire communities in spatially structure habitats. In this paper the principal aims are: (1) to explore howamphibiancommunitiesarestructuredintwofragmentedlandscapeswithdifferentenvironmentalcharacteristics;(2) how do the community structure is related to the environment responds and (3) to establish the impact oftemporal changes in the environment in community structure. Amphibian communities were sampled in twolandscapes(~100km2)insouthernMexicoduringtherainyseasonsof2009and2010.Environmentalcharacteristics(i.e.forestconservationstatus,temperature,atmosphericpressure,altitude,litter,coverage,bodywatertype,etc.)were also recorded in each sampling unit (~100m2). Relation between amphibian community structure andenvironment was analysed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), followed by vector analysis.Generalizedlinearmodels(GLMs),andmixedmodels,wereperformedtoanalyzeddifferentemergentpropertiesofthe community. The two years varied in climatic characteristics (i.e. 2009was a very dry year,while 2010 had anormal rainy season). Thus, amphibian abundance and diversity characteristics of the sampling units also variedamong years, with an obvious effect in themodels. Themost important factors correlated with the communitystructurewereclimaticrelated,specificallytorainfallpattern.14:15 RosaMChefaoui,JMLobo&JHortal.SpeciesdistributionmodelsofthreatenedIberian

invertebratesMuseoNacionaldeCienciasNaturales(CSIC),SpainEmail:[email protected] species distribution information on various scales is needed for both biogeographic and conservationpurposes. We focused on modeling threatened Iberian invertebrates managing information from atlases andmuseums,takingadvantageofdatabasesandGIS.Thepoorqualityofdistributionaldataonthreatenedspeciesisa


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particularly important problem when working with invertebrates, where the difficulty of developing extensivesurveys makes biodiversity databases a necessary alternative. Systematic conservation planning for invertebratetaxaentailsmodellingspecieswithdiversecharacteristicsandecologicalrequirementsgenerallyusingpoorqualitydata,oftenwithnotimefordetailed“species‐by‐species”expertassessments.However,itispossibletodetermineenvironmentalnichesofspecies,thosevariablesthatmostaffecttheirdistributionaswellasthepotentialsuitableareaswiththepurposeofevaluatingprotectedareas,connectivityamongpopulations,andpossiblereintroductions.There are a variety of predictive techniques and their performances have beenwidely studied. Although a goodmodelling method is important, our data quality is crucial for a good model. Assessing the effects of datacharacteristics and species’ ecological traitson theaccuracyof SDM,we found thatpredictionaccuracy ismostlyaffectedbythecharacteristicsof thedata (samplesizeandtherelativeoccurrencearea). Inaddition,specialcareshould be taken while modelling species inhabiting inconspicuous habitats or strongly affected by interactionsoccurringatsmallspatialscales.14:30 WilliamDPearse.CommunitystructureinBarroColoradoislandhastwospatialandone

phylogeneticscaleImperialCollegeLondon,UKEmail:[email protected] have long known that spatial scale matters, but few studies looking at the phylogenetic structure ofecologicalcommunitiestake it intoaccount.Moreover,suchstudiestypicallyalso ignorephylogeneticscale ‐ theylook at phylogenetic structure across all species in a community, without considering that subclades may bestructured differently. Using spatially‐explicit data on plants from Barro Colorado Island together with a newmeasureofphylogeneticcommunitystructure, Ishowthatcommunityphylogeneticstructurehastwoecologicallymeaningfulspatialscales,andthatphylogeneticstructureisnotconsistentamongplantclades.14:45 FernandoMonroy,PMartinsDaSilva&MPBerg.RegionalpatternsofCollemboladiversityasa

resultoffunctionaladaptationtolocalenvironmentalconditionsVrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,HollandEmail:[email protected] constitutemajor reservoirsofbiodiversityandpartof their richness isaccountedby the turnoverof speciesacrossspace.However,littleisknownabouttherelativecontributionofspeciesturnovertothetotalsoildiversityofacertainareaandwhetheritdependsonthespatialscaleconsidered.Inordertoassesstheinfluenceofthespatialscaleonthespeciesturnoverinthesoil,weanalyseddatafrom768Collembolaassemblagescollectedalongeightgradients of land use intensity across Europe. The relationship between α and β diversitywas calculated at twonestedspatialscales:fromcmtokm(local)andupto310^3km(regional).Inadditiontospeciesdiversityweusedmorphological and taxonomicdata to calculate functional and taxonomicdiversities, respectively.We found that,independentlyofthelanduseintensityconsidered,βdiversitywasthemainsourceofdiversitybothatthelocalandregional scale. The analysis of the relative degree of differentiation between communities revealed that the βcomponentofdiversitywassignificantlygreaterattheregionalscale,suggestingthatdispersallimitationprocesseswereresponsibleforthispattern.Accordingly,speciesandtaxonomicsimilaritydecreasedwithgeographicdistanceattheregional level,butthisrelationshipwassignificantonlyforthelatitudinalgradient.Therewasnotaxonomicdifferentiation between communities on the longitudinal gradient, indicating that dispersal limitation does notnecessarilyoccuratregionalscales.Otherfactors,suchastheadaptationtolocalenvironmentalconditionslinkedtolatitude, may explain the observed pattern of β diversity. This idea was supported by a negative relationshipbetween functional similarity and latitudinal distance. We concluded that in spite of the dispersal potential ofCollembola,theircommunitiesattheregionalscalearecharacterizedbyafastspeciesturnoverwhichisrelatedtotheirfunctionaladaptationtolocalenvironmentalconditions.


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SaturdaySeptember24th2011,HOBeckitRoom

SESSION5:Islandbiogeography13:30 AnaMCSantos.DiversityandstructureofislandparasitoidcommunitiesworldwideDepartamentodeEcologia,UniversidadeFederaldeGoiás,Brazil.Email:[email protected] are natural laboratories for the study of evolutionary and ecological processes due to their discrete andisolatednature.Whencomparedtothemainland,islandbiotastendtobespecies–poor,usuallywiththeabsenceofentireecologicalgroupssuchaspredators,parasitoidsorpathogens.Asaconsequenceinterspecificcompetitionisthoughttoberelaxedandtheecologicalspace isoftennotfullysaturated.Parasitoidsare insectsthatdeveloptoadulthoodby feeding on the bodyof an arthropodhost, eventually killing it. They are a key component ofmostterrestrialecosystems,as theyare fundamental for themaintenanceof thediversityofotheranimalsandplants,being involved in a vast number of trophic interactions and having a regulatory effect on other arthropodpopulations.HereI investigatethepatternsofdiversityandcommunitystructureof islandparasitoidcommunitiesworldwide. I used different morphological and ecological traits of two parasitoid families (Braconidae andIchneumonidae)toassesswhether:(i)islandparasitoidfaunashostproportionallymoregeneralistspeciesthanthemainland;and(ii)thefunctionaldiversityofislandcommunitiesdeviatesfromthatofitsspeciespool.Ialsoevaluatewhichclimatic,geographicalorbiologicalpredictorarerelatedtothefunctionaldiversityandcommunitystructureofislandparasitoidfaunas.Ifoundthatislandshostcomparativelymoregeneraliststhancontinentalareas,andthatthe most important determinant of island community structure is their source pool. Also, functional diversitycorrelates with island species richness, area, distance to themainland and region, and with the richness of thespeciespool.13:45 KatyJones,MCarine&SHiscock.WhatexplainstheAzoresdiversityenigma?NaturalHistoryMuseum,LondonandBristolUniversity,UKEmail:[email protected] theAzores,Madeira,Canary Islands,Salvage Islandsandwithveryfewendemictaxa(c.60taxa)andofthose,onlyasmallproportionareSingleIslandEndemics(SIEs;4%),basedon current taxonomic concepts. In contrast, the Canary Islands have an extremely rich endemic flora of c. 607specieswithalargeproportionofSIEs.Islandage,lineageageandhabitatdiversityalonedonotprovidesatisfactoryexplanations for these differences. Several new hypotheses have been put forward to explain the differencesobserved;(i)highlevelsofundocumentedextinctionsintheAzoresflora,(ii)highdispersalabilityofAzoreantaxa,(iii) differences in climate across theMacaronesian archipelagos and (iv) inadequacies in the level of taxonomicknowledge of the Azores flora. Molecular analyses of several endemic lineages suggest that there may be aconsiderableamountofpreviouslyundocumenteddiversityintheflora.Thistalkpresentsapreliminaryanalysisofherbarium collections of Azorean taxa worldwide which suggest that hypothesis (iv) may help to explain thedifferences in thediversitypatternsofendemictaxabetweentheAzoresandtheCanary Islands.Futureplans forinvestigationstohelpresolvethe'Azoresdiversityenigma'arealsooutlined.14:00 TiinaSärkinen,MSimon,TPennington,MLavin,&CHughes.EvolutionaryislandsintheAndes:

persistence,isolationandendemisminAndeandrytropicalforestsNaturalHistoryMuseum,CromwellRoad,London,UKEmail:tiina.sarkinen@nhm.ac.ukTherelativecontributionofbiomehistoryandgeologicalsettingtospeciesrichnessinbiodiversityhotspotsremainspoorlyunderstood.ThetropicalAndesisonetheworld’stopbiodiversityhotspots,andwithitsdiversebiomesandthe relatively recent but dramaticmountain uplift, the Andes offers a setting to study the importance of biomestability and geological history in species rich biomes. I will focus on discussing patterns and tempo of speciesdiversificationinthetropicalAndes,whichiscomprisedofthreemajorbiomes:low‐elevationseasonallydrytropicalforests (SDTF), mid‐elevation montane forests (MMF), and high‐altitude grasslands (HAG). Using time‐calibratedmolecular phylogenies of endemic Andean genera, we investigated species diversification patterns in the low‐elevation SDTFbiome.Wealso explored sequencedatasetswithdense samplingof infra‐specific variation acrossmultiplegenerawithIsolation‐by‐Distancemethods.TocomparethepatternofspeciesdiversificationfoundinSDTFtootherAndeanbiomes,weperformedaliterature‐basedmeta‐analysis.Theresultsshowthatalthoughcomparingphylogeniesisnotalwaysastraight‐forwardexercise,comparativephylogeneticapproachescanbeusedtoexplorelarge‐scalepatternsinmacro‐evolutionarystudies.


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14:15 DirkNKarger,VBAmoroso,DDarnaedi,AHidayat,JKluge&MKessler.Patternsoffern

diversityinthesoutheastAsianarchipelagoUniversityofZurich,SwitzerlandEmail:[email protected] systems have long played a crucial role in investigating patterns of biodiversity because they providecomparatively simple systems with clearly defined subunits of usually varying sizes and ecological conditions.Biodiversity,however, canbemeasured indifferentways, representingdifferent levelsofdiversity (alpha‐,beta‐,and gamma‐diversity), and all levels are influenced by different biotic and abiotic factors. How these factorsinfluence thedifferent levelsofdiversityandhowthedifferent levelsofbiodiversityare linked toeachotherarehighlydebated throughout the scientificworld.Most studies focusingon islandbiodiversityuseonlyone level ofbiodiversity, but to get an accurate measure of the status of biodiversity on islands and to detangle the linksbetween different biodiversity measures, it is important to investigate all levels of biodiversity as well as theinfluencingfactors.WepresentinitialresultsfromastudythatinvestigatesferndiversityonallthesedifferentlevelsofbiodiversityintheSoutheastAsianarchipelagoofIndonesiaandthePhilippines.TheSoutheastAsianarchipelagoprovidesuswithalargenumberofislandsofvaryingsizesandenvironmentalconditions,allowingustogetafirstinsightintoprocesseslinkingdiversitylevelswithislandconditions.14:30 AnnaPapadopoulou,IAnastasiou&APVogler.Lineagediversificationandcommunity

differentiationinacontinentalarchipelago:thecaseoftheAegeandarklingbeetlesInstitutdeBiologiaEvolutiva(CSIC‐UPF),SpainEmail:[email protected]‐csic.esContinental archipelagos of recent origin have traditionally received less attention by biogeographers andevolutionary biologists than oceanic islands, although they represent excellent ‘natural laboratories’ to study theeffectsofdispersallimitationonpopulationandcommunitystructure.Theprocessof‘relaxation’,i.e.thedecreaseinspeciesnumberthatfollowsislandisolation,providesauniqueopportunitytoinvestigatetheeffectofecologicaldrift on alpha‐ and beta‐diversity patterns. At the same time, continental islands offer a very intuitive setting tostudytheevolutionaryconsequencesofpopulationsubdivisionandrestrictedgeneflow,which isoneofthemainmechanisms that can drive species formation through genetic drift and local adaptation. We studied thephylogeographic,geneticdiversityandspeciesrichnesspatternsofthedarklingbeetles(Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae)ofthecentralAegeanislands,whichweconsiderasapotential‘textbookexample’ofdiversificationinacontinentalarchipelago.We conducted a dense sampling across 30 central Aegean islands and the corresponding coasts ofGreeceandTurkey,andathoroughsurveyofDNAsequencevariationinthetenebrionidcommunities.Over1,500individualsbelongingto30generaweresequencedforamitochondrialandanucleargenemarker.Thegeneratedsequence datawere used to reconstruct phylogenies, calculate population genetic parameters, apply DNA‐basedspecies‐delineation methods, estimate divergence times and assess macroecological patterns. Based on theseresults we discuss how palaeogeography, contemporary geography and habitat stability interact with stochasticprocessesatpopulationandcommunityleveltoshapetheobserveddiversitypatterns.


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SESSION6:Phylogeography15:30 EmmaSMBoston,WIMontgomery&APProdöhl.Newperspectivesonpostglacialcolonisation

inWesternEurope:thephylogeographyoftheLeisler'sbat(Nyctalusleisleri)Queen'sUniversityBelfast/UniversityCollegeDublin,IrelandEmail:[email protected] Despiteadvances inresolvingtheinterplayofadynamicphysicalenvironmentandphylogeographyinEurope,theorigin of western European biota, especially in Ireland remains uncertain. The Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri) isdistributedthroughoutEuropebut,withtheexceptionofIreland,isgenerallyrareandconsideredvulnerable.Herewepresent resultsexamining thephylogeographic relationshipsof IrishN. leisleripopulations in relation to thoseacrossEurope, includingthecloselyrelatedspeciesN.azoreum,usingacombinationofphylogeographicanalyses,ecologicalnichemodelling(ENM)andpalaeo‐climaticreconstructions.OurresultsrevealdistinctanddiversemtDNAlineages,whichlikelydivergedinseparateglacialrefugia.Awesternlineage,isrestrictedtoIreland,BritainandtheAzores, and comprisedof Irish andBritishN. leisleri andN.azoreum specimens.Aneastern lineage isdistributedthroughout Europe. Palaeo‐climatic ENM projections indicate suitable habitats during the LGM, including wellestablishedrefugia,inadditiontopotentialnovelrefugiaalongthewesternfringe.ItisconcludedthatpopulationsonthewesternedgeofEuropemayhaveoriginatedfromtwoormorerefugiaandarecomposedofmorethanoneevolutionarilysignificantlineage,resultswhichmaybeapplicabletopopulationsofmanyspecies.15:45 AlejandraMoreno‐Letelier,AOrtiz‐Medrano&DPiñero.TheeffectsofPleistoceneglaciations

onthreemontanepinespecies:hibridisation,sharedpolymorphismandnicheevolutionDivisionofBiology,ImperialCollegeLondon,UKEmail:a.moreno‐letelier@imperial.ac.ukTemperateflorafromsubtropicalregionswentthroughsignificantchangesindistributionduringglacialcycles.Evenintheabsenceofglacialcaps,lowertemperaturescausedaltitudinalandlatitudinalmigrationsandtheassemblageofnewcommunities.Thesechangesalsopromotedfragmentationandhybridisation,whichtogetherwithchangesinpopulation sizes, left a genetic imprint on species. One of the species groups thatwent through dramatic rangechangesduringglaciationsisthePinusflexilis,Pinusstrobiformis,andPinusayacahuitespeciescomplexfromMexicoand Western United States. These three species diverged recently, are non‐sympatric, and show sharedpolymorphisminseveralmolecularmarkers.Thelater,togetherwithhighintraspecificmorphologicalvariationhasmadeitdifficulttoestablishspeciesboundaries.UsingphylogeographicmethodsandecologicalnichemodelingforpresentandLastGlacialMaximumconditions,wefoundkeyecologicalandslightgeneticaldifferencesamongthespecies, as well as evidence of a broad hybridisation zone in EasternMexico during the Last Glacial Maximum.These results suggest thatspeciation is stillanongoingprocess in thisgroup,whereconflicting forces likehabitatfragmentation,hybridisationandadaptation todifferentecologicalconditions,haveactedatdifferent timessincethebeginningofthePleistocene2.5millionyearsago.16:00 MartaÁlvarez‐Presas,ASánchez‐Gracía,FCarbayo,JRozas&MRiutort.Molecular

phylogeographyoflandflatwormsfromtheBrazilianAtlanticForestbiodiversityhotspotUniversitatdeBarcelona,SpainEmail:[email protected](AF)isoneoftherichestbiodiversityhotspotsandoneofthemostdamagedbyhumanactivities;indeed,only~11‐16%ofitsoriginalbiodiversityiscurrentlypreserved.Biologicalcorridors,geographicallydesignedbasedoninventoriesoffloraandfauna,havebeenintroducedtoprotecttheareaandrestoreecosystemfunctionality.PalaeoclimaticmodelingstudiespredictedtwostableregionsinthecentralAF,whilesouthernregionsmight have been unstable during glaciations resulting in an impoverishment of their biota. However, molecularphylogeography and endemism studies show contradictory results: some data support these predictions, whileothersindicatethatpalaeoclimaticmodelsfailtopredictsouthernstableareas.Moststudieshaveusedspecieswithhighdispersalratesleading,likely,toalackoffine‐scaleresolution.Wehaveshownthatterrestrialplanarians,withlow dispersal ability, are good predictors of habitat stability even for small populations. Here, we analyse thepatternsandlevelsofnucleotidediversityin11populations(insideandoutsidetheSerradoMarcorridorintheAF)of two flatworm species. Although we find that both species harbour high levels of variability for nuclear andmitochondrialmarkers,theyhavedissimilardistributionpatterns.Wetesteddifferentdemographicscenariostogetinsightsintotheevolutionaryprocessesshapingtheirlevelsandpatternsofgeneticvariability.Ourresultssupporttheexistenceofancientstableareas,olderthanthelastglaciationseveninthesouthernAF,showingthelimitationsofpalaeoclimaticmodelsforsuchstudies.


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16:15 KyleDexter&JChave.PhylogeographyofAmazoniantreeswithimplicationsforAmazonian

biogeographyUniversityofLeeds,UKEmail:kgdexter@gmail.comWereviewourownandotherstudiesonthephylogeographyofAmazoniantreesanddiscusstheimplicationsofourresults for Amazonian biogeography. The principal debate at one time in Amazonian biogeography concernedwhetherornotrainforestswerecontractedintoisolatedrefugia.Thishasgivenwaytoamorenuancedviewwheredifferent parts of the Amazonmay have experienced different climates at different times and speciesmay haveresponded individualistically to climatic events. Our phylogeographic studies of Inga species (Fabaceae) in thewesternAmazonbasinhavenot shownapatternofequilibrium isolationbydistance. Instead, thedistributionofalleles in many species reveals a history of range displacement, extinction, and recolonization. Likewise, ourphylogeographicstudiesof50treespeciesfromdiversetaxonomicfamilies inFrenchGuianahavefoundevidencefordynamichistories.Manyspeciesshowgenetichomogeneityoverlargeareas,interspersedwithphylogeographicbreaks,whichsometimesoccuroververyshortspatialdistances.OtherstudiesofAmazoniantreeshavealsoshownhigh phylogeographic structure and evidence for non‐equilibrium dynamics. In short, tree species in the Amazonbasin appear tohave verydynamicbiogeographichistories, yet thereappears tobe little correspondenceamongspecies’histories.OurresultsareinagreementwithaGleasonianviewofAmazonianbiogeography,whereclimaticandotherenvironmentalchangesmayhavedrivenchangesinthedistributionofspecies,buteachspeciesseemstohaverespondedinadifferentmanner,presumablydependingontheirownparticularadaptationsandevolutionaryhistory.16:30 ElizabethLCooke1,RWScotland1,RobertW.1,MACarine2,&MTsiantis1.Phylogeographyof

theemergingmodelplantCardaminehirsutaL.1DepartmentofPlantSciences,UniversityofOxford,2DepartmentofBotany,TheNaturalHistoryMuseum,UKEmail:[email protected](Brassicaceae)isanemergingplantmodelsystemindevelopmentalgenetics.StudiesusenaturalvariationinmorphologywithinC.hirsutatoinvestigatethegeneticbasisofmorphologicaltraits.Yetcurrently,thereislimitedknowledgeontheextentofgeneticandmorphologicalvariationwithinC.hirsutaanditsgenealogicalandspatialhistory.LittlegeneticvariationorstructurehaspreviouslybeenfoundwithinC.hirsuta,despiterangewidesampling.Thisisperhapsunsurprisinggiventhatthespeciesisagardenweedandthusthereispotentialforhumanmediateddispersal tohaveobscuredordestroyedanyphylogeographicstructure.Here,by identifyingchloroplastregionswithsuitablelevelsofintraspecificvariationandsamplingwidelyfromacrossthenativerangeofC.hirsuta,primarily using DNA extracted from herbarium specimens, geographic structuring of genetic variation has beenfound in C. hirsuta. A haplotype network shows six major groups, four are geographically restricted in theirdistribution,to:theEthiopianhighlands,theAtlasMountains,theAtlanticfringeandtheMiddleEast,andtwoarewidespread, co‐occurring across Europe. This presentation will outline these patterns and put forward possiblescenariosfortheirorigin.16:45 AliceCHughes,CSatasook,PSoisook,PJJBates&SBumrungsri.Crypticcluestoacomplex

problemUniversityofBristol,PrinceofSongklaUniversity,UKEmail:ah3881@bristol.ac.ukRecentresearchhashighlightedthegeneticdiversityofSoutheastAsianbatspecies.Howevernoattemptstomapthese patterns of genetic diversity have previously been made and therefore there is no knowledge of currentbiogeographic patterns, or any understanding of the factors which have led to their development.Herewemodel the distribution of twoHipposiderid and one Rhinolophid bat species during the Last‐interglacialperiod, lastglacialmaximumandthepresent,andlookforpossiblegeographicisolationbetweenpopulations.Weanalysedpatternsofacousticvariabilitywithinspeciesinrelationtobothpastdistributionsandthedistributionofkarsts throughout SoutheastAsia (SEA).Morphological variabilitywasalsoassessed relative toacoustic variabilityusing sPCA.Genetic variationwas also assessed relative topast distributions and karsts, and theuseof differentclimatic niches by different populations explored using sPCA. 97 “species” were analysed using TCS, and anadditional 118 potential cryptic species suggested using parsimony analysis. AdditionallyOver 62.9% of currentlydescribed species display over 2% sequence divergence. Of the three species spatially analysed each geneticnetworkwasfoundtousedifferentclimaticareasandconstantmorphologicalfeatureswerefoundtobeassociatedwithacousticgroups,therefore localisedadaptationduringallopatrymayhavedrivenspeciation.Geneticpatternsfittedwithgeographicisolationduringprevioustimeperiods,andthelocationsofkarststhroughouttheregion.Ourstudysuggeststhattherearesufficientgenetic,acousticandmorphologicdifferencestowarranttheelevationofanumber of these sub‐species to full species status, though further researchwill be required to formally describethesespecies.Manyregionswereprojectedtoshowhighlyfragmentedsuitableareasinpastprojections,andtheseareas showed greatest genetic diversity. If species diversity is to be conserved under potential future climatic


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changesthenthepreservationofthisgeneticdiversitymayproveessential.SaturdaySeptember24th2011,HOBeckitRoom

SESSION7:EvolutionaryBiogeography15:30 AlexLPigot,IPFOwens&CDLOrme.Speciation,extinctionandtheillusionofrangesizetrajectoriesinphylogeniesandthefossilrecordDepartmentofZoology.UniversityofOxfordEmail:[email protected] and extinction define the start and end of a species’ life, butwhat happens in between these eventsremainspoorlyunderstood.Anumberofmodelsproposethattherangesizeofaspeciesfollowsapredictablepathover the course of its life and this appears to be supported by studies of both the fossil record and molecularphylogenies. Using stochasticmodels of range evolutionwe show that the evidence provided by these previousstudies is likelytobe illusory.Evenwhenrangesizeshaveevolvedcompletelyatrandomtheeffectsofspeciationandextinction lead to theappearanceofdeterministic rangesize trajectories.Wecompare thepatternsof rangeevolutionpredictedbythesestochasticmodels tothoseobserved inphylogeniesofbirdsandmammalsandfromthefossilrecordofmarinemolluscs.Weshowthat,despitetheappearanceofdeterministictrends,inallcasesthepatternsareinsteadconsistentwithgeographicrangesizesevolvingaccordingtoarandomwalkthroughtime.15:45 ChristopherBeattyCD&JLWare.Biogeography,populationgeneticsandlifehistoryofa"livingfossil"dragonfly(Insecta:Odonata)SantaClaraUniversity,USAEmail:[email protected],knownalsoas“Petaltails”,isextremelyold,withfossilspeciesfoundasfarbackastheJurassic.ElevenspeciesexisttodaydistributedinAustralia,NewZealand,Japan,Chile,andthePacificNorthwestandAppalachianregionsinNorthAmerica.Thesespecieshaveecologiesquitedifferentfromotherdragonflies:theirlarvalstage,whichisaquatic,livesinfloodedburrowsinboggyareas,oftenhighinthemountains.Thelarvatakesasmany as five years to develop into an adult, but adults fly for only a few weeks.With this life history pattern,individualsfromdifferentcohortswithinthesamebogarenotlikelytointerbreed(astheiradultstagesemergeindifferent years), but individuals from the same cohort in different bogsmight be able tomate, if the adults candisperse between larval habitats. We are then left with the question: what is a ‘population’ in this group?Weaddress this question through population genetic analysis of the species Tanypteryx hageni, found in northernCalifornia and Oregon in the US.We also assess adult dispersal directly through radiotracking. We present theresults of these experiments and their implications for our understanding of population structure in this uniquegroupofdragonflies.16:00 AlexanderGamisch,GAFischer&HPComes.Theevolutionofauto‐pollinationintropical

orchids:morphological,experimental,andphylogeneticstudiesinBulbophyllumthouarsfromMadagascar.

UniversityofSalzburg,Salzburg,AustriaEmail:alexander.gamisch@stud.sbg.ac.atTheshiftfromoutcrossingtoselfingisonethemostcommonevolutionarytransitionsinfloweringplants.Selfinginorchidsistypicallyassumedtoprovidereproductiveassuranceunderconditionsofpollinatorand/ormatelimitation,especiallyatnorthernlatitudes.However, intropicalorchids, little isknownaboutthefrequencyandevolutionaryconsequencesofshiftsinmatingsystem.Here,weinvestigateshiftsfromoutcrossingtoselfing(‘auto‐pollination’)overevolutionarytimeinacladeofself‐compatibleBulbophyllumorchidspeciesfromMadagascar(sects.Bifalcula,Humblotiorchis, Calamaria; c. 30 species). We address this issue by pollination experiments, floral micro‐morphological studies, and molecular phylogenetic analyses, including character‐mapping procedures anddiversificationanalyses.Ourpreliminarydataindicatethatsevenoutof28speciessurveyedarepolymorphicforthe(non‐)capacity of autonomous fruit set, depending on the absence (or presence) of the rostellum, a structureseparatingtheanthersfromthestigma.Phylogeneticevidencesuggeststhatrostellumpresence(viz.outcrossing)istheancestralstateofthisrelativelyoldclade(LateMiocene),whereasthetransitiontoselfinghasoccurredmultipletimesindependently,butalmostexclusivelyatthetipsofthephylogenetictree.Thispatternclearlyaccordswiththehypothesis that selfing is an evolutionary ‘dead end’, butmay also reflect an adaptation in response to climate‐inducedrangefragmentationandpopulationisolationduringthe(Late)Pleistocene.


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16:15 LynseyMcinnes,FAJones&VSavolainen.Untanglingthedriversofmonocotdiversity:canwe

determinetherelativerolesofphylogeny,geographyandhistory?ImperialCollegeLondon,UKEmail:lynsey.mcinnes01@imperial.ac.ukExplainingdiversitydifferencesamongcladesisamajorgoalofmacroevolutionaryresearch.Abewilderingarrayofhypotheses has been put forward as potential drivers of heightened diversification or greater species numbersincluding key innovations, biogeographic opportunity, environmental conditions and time for diversification.Nevertheless, therehasbeenremarkably littlequantificationof therelative importanceof thesedifferent factors.Part of the problem has been a lack of a suitably large group with data available such that multiple replicateradiationscanbe treatedwithin thesamestatistical framework.Monocotsareadiverseandmonophyleticgrouprepresentingapproximatelyaquarterofall floweringplantspecies includinggrasses,orchids,palms,gingers, liliesand importantcropssuchasoats,bananasandpineapples. Withrobusttraitanddistributiondataavailable,theymakeanidealgrouptopursueanintegratedapproach.Aspartoftheproject,wehavealsogeneratedagenus‐levelphylogenyof73%monocots.Inthistalk,Iwillpresentpreliminaryresultsfromouranalysesaimedatuntanglingtherelativeimportanceofphylogeny,geographyandhistoryindeterminingcontemporarymonocotdiversitypatterns.16:30 PaoloGratton&AGandolfi.Composingtheevolutionarypuzzleofthelastremainsoftrout

(Salmotruttacomplex)diversityinItalyDepartmentofBiodiversityandMolecularEcology,IASMAResearchandInnovationCentre,FondazioneE.Mach,S.Micheleall’Adige,ItalyEmail:[email protected] trout populations display a diversity of forms, representing a valuable model for the study ofadaptationandapuzzlingdilemma for taxonomists andbiogeographers, renderedevenmoreproblematicby thewidespreadintrogressionofallochthonous(Atlantic)genes.CurrentBayesianmethodsallowcomplexevolutionarymodels tobe treated,offering theopportunity to statisticallyevaluateexplicithypothesesabout theevolutionaryrelationships of Mediterranean trout populations. We used Approximate Bayesian Computation to test amongcompeting evolutionary scenarios for the main trout lineages autochtonous in the Italian basins (‘marble’ andMediterranean ‘brown’ trout), involving the roles of geographical barriers and climate change in shaping thehistorical distribution of distinct lineages, and accounting for allochthonous introgression. Ourmain resultswerethat:i)thegenepooloftheAdriaticendemic‘marble’troutstarteddivergingearlierthantheseparationofAtlanticandMediterraneanlineagesof‘brown’trout.ii)arelativelycomplexmodelofdivergence,involvinggeneflowintotheancestralgenepoolofmarbletroutfromMediterranean‘brown’troutismostconsistentwiththegeneticdata.iii) autochthonousgenepoolsof ‘brown’ trout in theTyrrhenianandAdriaticbasinsof the ItalianpeninsulamostlikelydivergedaroundtheLastGlacialMaximum,indicatingthatmovementalongthecoastsofsouthernItalywasmadepossiblebyclimate/salinityconditions.Ourapproachhas,forthefirsttime,allowedtosetanexplicitmodelfor the evolution of the main trout lineages autochthonous in Italy, which we are currently using to test thehypothesisofspeciationbyhybridizationintheLakeGardaendemicSalmocarpio.16:45 AlexanderNKirschel,NSeal&GFGrether.Theextentoftraitsimilarityatcontactzones

influencesrangeoverlapandthetrajectoryofmultidimensionalcharacterdisplacementinAfricantinkerbirds(Pogoniulusspp.)

EdwardGreyInstitute,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOxford,UKEmail:alexander.kirschel@zoo.ox.ac.ukTheroleofcharacterdisplacementinevolutionarydiversificationisattractingrenewedinterestwithseveralrecentstudiesidentifyingpatternsofdisplacementattributedtoeitherecologicalorreproductiveprocesses.Aswellasthepredictionofdivergencebetweensympatricforms,characterdisplacementmayalsoaccountfordivergenceamongpopulations of the same species in sympatry and allopatry or among populations at different contact zones.Together, theseprocesses couldhelpexplain complex, trait‐specificpatternsofdiversification.There is,however,very little evidence of divergence along different trajectories between interacting species among contact zones.HereweshowhowtraitsoftwoPogoniulustinkerbirdspeciesvaryamongcontactzonesacrosssub‐SaharanAfrica.Specifically,wefindevidenceforcharacterdisplacementinsongandmorphologyinCentralandEastAfricawherethespeciescoexistwidely,withdisplacementineitherspeciesorboth.InWestAfrica,however,greatersimilarityinplumage coloration could result in competitive or reproductive exclusion. With divergence along differenttrajectoriesamongcontactzones,allopatricpopulationsofthesamespeciesmightbecomereproductivelyisolated.Our findings suggest that interactions between species play an important role in explaining patterns of speciesdiversification.


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SundaySeptember25th2011,HOBeckitRoom

SESSION8:TopicsinBiogeography09:15 NicholasJMatzke.Movingfromhistoricalbiogeographicinferenceindiscretespaceto

historicalbiogeographicinferenceincontinuousspace,bymovingfromspeciesdistributionmodelingtophylogeneticlineagedistributionmodeling

UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,USA.Email:[email protected] recent decades, historical biogeography has experienced several methodological revolutions. With the growth ofphylogenetics, the field has moved from pattern‐based methods (cladistic biogeography) to event‐based methods(parsimony approaches such as DIVA) to parametric, likelihood‐based methods such as Lagrange. What all of thesemethodsshare is thecodingofgeographic rangeasadiscretecharacterstate, resulting in inferenceofancestral rangesfrom the same suite of discrete character states. Discrete biogeographic approaches havemany advantages, includingspeedandsimplicity,andtheyareabletotakeadvantageoftheextensiveliteratureandassociatedalgorithmsthathavehave been developed by the phylogenetics community for discrete characters inmorphology andmolecular evolution.However, discrete‐range methods all suffer from some weaknesses, such as the subjectivity of encoding complexbiogeography intoa fewdiscrete states in the firstplace, thedifficultyof includingobviously relevant variables suchasclimaticpreference inancestralrangeestimates,theproblemofchanges intheavailablestatesthemselves ingeologicaltime (e.g. themergingof twogeographicalareas intooneas the resultofclimatechangeor tectonics), theappropriateinclusionoffossils,andthelimitsimposedonthecomplexityofanalysesbythestrictcomputationallimitsonthesizeoftransitionmatrices.Paralleltothedevelopmentofdiscrete‐statehistoricalbiogeography,ahistoricalbiogeographershavecreatedanentirefamilyofmethodsforspeciesdistributionmodeling.Thepurposeofthesetechniquesistoestimatethegeographicrangeofextantspeciesortherangesofspeciesintherecentpastornearfutureundertheinfluenceofclimatechange. Thesemethods have the advantage ofworking in continuous space, taking advantage of GIS raster tools, andmaking extensive use of climatic and other environmental data. However, all species distribution models to date areentirelynon‐phylogenetic,whichseemsverystrangegiventhespreadofphylogeneticmethodsinecology,macroecology,conservation biology, and nearly all forms of comparative biology. I propose that the disadvantages of the abovetechniques can be avoided by merging phylogenetic methods and species distribution modeling into what I callphylogenetic lineage distribution modeling (PLDM). This takes advantage of phylogenetic methods used for ancestralinferenceofcontinuouscharacterstoaccountforevolutionaryconservationandchangeinlineageclimaticpreference,andspatialstatisticalmethodssuchaskrigingtoaccountforspatialautocorrelationin lineagedistributions. Givensufficientpaleoenvironmentaldata,therangeofanylineageatanypointonaphylogenycan,inprinciple,beestimatedandmappedincontinuousspace,ascantheuncertaintyinthesepredictions. PLDMhasthepotentialforimprovingscienceinseveralareas.First,phylogeneticinformationmayimproveextantspeciesdistributionestimates,particularlywhenextrapolationsneedtobemadefromlimitedpointdatathatdoesnotfullydescribethespecies'environmentalniche.Second,thesamemethodcanbeappliedtotherangesoffossilspecies,wherepointdataisalmostalwayssparse.Third,havingestimatesofancestralgeographicrangesacrossaphylogenyenablesthecalculationofthe likelihoodoffossiloccurrencedata,whichfinallymakes"strato‐likelihood"anoperationalpossibility. Thismeansthatthestratigraphicdistributionoffossilscanbeusedinastatisticallyrigorouswaytoimproveestimatesofphylogenetictopology,branchlengths,anddivergencetimes.09:30 BoDalsgaard,EMagård,JFjeldså,AMMartínGonzález,CRahbek,JMOlesen,JOllerton,RAlarcón,ACAraujo,PACotton,CLara,CGMachado,ISazima,MSazima,ATimmermann,SWatts,BSandel,WJSutherland&J‐CSvenning.Specializationinplant‐hummingbirdnetworksisassociatedwithquaternaryclimate‐changevelocity.UniversityofCambridge,UK.Email:[email protected]‐scalegeographicalpatternsofbioticspecializationandtheunderlyingdriversarepoorlyunderstood,butitiswidelybelieved that climate plays an important role in determining specialization. As climate‐driven range dynamics shoulddiminish localadaptationsand favorgeneralization,onehypothesis is thatcurrentbiotic specialization isdeterminedbythedegreeofpastclimaticinstability,primarilyQuaternaryclimate‐changevelocity.Otherprominenthypothesespredictthateithercontemporaryclimateorspeciesrichnessaffectbioticspecialization.Togaininsightintogeographicalpatternsof biotic specialization and its drivers, we use network analysis to determine the degree of specialization in plant‐hummingbirdmutualisticnetworkssampledat31localities,spanningawiderangeofclimateregimesacrosstheAmericas.We found greater biotic specialization at lower latitudes, with latitude explaining up to 23% of the spatial variation inplant‐hummingbirdspecialization.Potentialdriversof specialization ‐contemporaryclimate,Quaternaryclimate‐changevelocity,andspeciesrichness‐hadsuperiorexplanatorypowerthough,togetherexplainingupto71%ofthevariationinspecialization. Notably, although specialization was associated with high precipitation and comparatively lowtemperatures,strongbioticspecializationwasmainlylinkedtospecies‐richnetworksandlowQuaternaryclimate‐changevelocity.OurdatathusprovidesempiricalevidenceforthehypothesizedrolesofspeciesrichnessandQuaternaryclimate‐change velocity as key predictors of biotic specialization, whereas contemporary climate seems less important indeterminingspecialization.TheseresultssuggestthatevolutionaryprocessesatQuaternarytimescalescanbeimportantin driving large‐scale geographical patterns of biotic specialization, at least for co‐evolved systems such as plant‐hummingbirdnetworks.


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09:45 ValentinaTodisco,PGratton,FSperling&VSbordoni.Newrefugialmodelforalpine

invertebrates:acasestudyoftheParnassiusphoebuscomplexUniversityofRome"TorVergata",Rome,Italy.Email:valentina.todisco@libero.itOurstudyprovidesthefirstcomprehensivedescriptionofthemitogeneticstructureofHolarcticalpinebutterfliesoftheParnassius phoebus complex. A fragment (824 bp) of the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced in 203 samples (72locations),andcombinedwithpreviouslyavailablebutgeographically restrictedCOI sequences (499samples), toobtainfullcoverageoftheHolarcticdistributionofthespeciescomplex.AglobalSpeciesDistributionModel(SDM)wascalculatedbytheMAXENTapproach,allowingassignmentofsamplesintogeographicallyconsistent‘operational’units.Phylogeneticand coalescent methods were applied to describe the global mitogenetic structure and estimate population geneticsparameters. Our results show that Eurasian (including Alaskan) and North American populations form two distinctmitochondrial clades. Incontrastwith itspresently scattereddistributionwithineachofEurasiaandNorthAmerica, themitogenetic structure of theP. phoebus complex in both continents is shallow and weak, showing no evidence ofgeographicstructuredatingbackearlierthanthelastglacialcycles.WearguethatmtDNAdataareconsistentwithrecent(Würm/Wisconsin) radiationswithineachof the twocontinents, andwithpersistent glacial long‐rangegene‐flowwhichceasedduringtheHolocene.P.phoebusmayrepresentamodelforHolarcticalpineinvertebrateswithmoderatedispersalabilities, in that itsgenetic structureata continental scale reflectsextensiveconnectivityduring themost recentglacialphases.10:00 JorgeANoriega.Biogeographicprovincesandendemicityareasanalysisofthedungbeetles

(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)inColombiaLaboratoryofZoologyandAquaticEcology‐LAZOEA,UniversityofLosAndes,Bogota,ColombiaEmail:jnorieg@hotmail.comDungbeetlesofthesubfamilyScarabaeidaeprovideseveralkeyfunctionsthatmaintainecologicalfunctionalprocesses.InColombia,theknowledgeofitsdiversityanddistributionpatternshaveincreasedinthelastyears,allowinganapproachtothebiogeographicanalysisofitsdistribution.Bymeansofcompilingtheinformationcontainedinthemainentomologicalcollections of the country and in scientific publications, a presence/absence matrix of species was constructed, inquadrantsof 0.5 x 0.5 grades.A cladistic analysiswasdoneusingPAE (ParsimonyAnalysis of Endemicity)with theTNTsoftware. A total of 16940 specimens were reviewed, with validated information for 232 species, finding 583 newdepartmentalrecordsand155newregistriesofextensionofaltitudeintervals.Thelocalitieswithgreaterspeciesrichnessareinproximitiestothebigcities.Amongthese,theAmazonianregionandtheNorth‐westernflankoftheSierraNevadaofSantaMartaareworthyofmentionasthezonesofhigherendemicity.Theanalysesestablish97equallyparsimonioustrees. In the tree of strict consensus seven areas of association were identified in agreement with the biogeographicprovinces. This close association can be related to the ecological dependency that settles down with mammals. It isnecessarytoraisestrategiesfortheconservationoftheAmazonianregionandthoseareassurroundingtheSierraNevadaof SantaMarta. For future researches, including the totality of species of the Colombian territory, and completing therecordsofsomeundersampledzonesishighlyrecommended.10:15 MiquelVila‐Farré,SNieto,RSluy,RRomero,XFerrer&DVieites.Thebiogeographyofthegenus

CrenobiainEuropeUniversitatdeBarcelona,DepartamentofGenetics,Spain.Email:[email protected] software formodelling thedistribution rangeof a species is an emerging technique.Weapply theprogramMaxenttothestudyofthedistributionofthetricladgenusCrenobia,whichisconsideredtobemonospecificbythelasttaxonomic authorities. Our work joins informatics andmolecular approaches to explain the distribution of Crenobia inEuropeandtheIberianPeninsula.Thefinaloutputhasbeenvalidatedinthefield.Itconfirmsthatthecombinationofthesetechniquesopensnewpossibilitiestothestudyofthebiogeographyoftriclads.


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SundaySeptember25th2011,LectureTheatre“HalfordMackinder”

SESSION9:ConservationBiogeographyI:fromDNAtospecies09:15 SethWCunningham,MShirley&EHekkala.Patternsofmoleculargeneticvariationamong CrocodylussuchuspopulationsthroughoutWestandCentralAfricaFordhamUniversity,NY,USAEmail:slypig72@gmail.comUnderstandingthephylogeographichistoryofwidespreadspeciesisvitaltoimplementingeffectiveconservationandmanagementstrategies.Ofprimaryimportance,istherecognitionofgeneticallydifferentiatedpopulationsaslocalmanagementunits.TheNilecrocodile(Crocodylusniloticus)hasbeenfoundtocontainsubstantialbiogeographicsub‐structuringcorrespondingwithmajorriverdrainagesthroughoutEasternAfricaandMadagascar.Thistaxonwasrecentlydiscoveredtocontainacrypticspecies(Crocodylussuchus)inCentralandWesternAfrica.Duetoheavyexploitationfortheleatherindustry,andongoinghabitatdegradation,theseAfricancrocodilesmustbeproperlymanagediftheyaretopersistintotheforeseeablefuture.InordertobetterunderstandthedistributionofgeneticvariationinC.suchus,weanalyzedspecimens,correspondingtomajorriverdrainagesthroughoutCentralandWesternAfrica,usingmultilocusgenotyping.PreliminarysurveyeffortsindicatethatC.suchusisdecliningorextirpatedinmuchofitsrangeunderscoringtheneedtoevaluatepopulationsubstructuringofthisnewlyidentifiedtaxonforconservationplanning.09:30 HEdenWCottee‐Jones.BirdsoftheBanyan:Ficususebybirdsinatropicalcountryside landscape,AssamUniversityofOxford,UKEmail:henry.cottee‐jones@seh.ox.ac.ukRecognisingthattreesoftheFicusgenusactaskeystonespeciesintropicallandscapesaroundtheworld,andthatscattered trees act as keystone structures in disturbed ecosystems, this study analysed the role fig trees play insupporting frugivorous bird communities beyond protected areas in Assam, India. Datawere collected over a sixweekperiodina20x40kmstudyarea.Theresultssuggestedthatthedistancefromthenearestprotectedareaandthesizeofthefigtreewerethemostimportantdeterminantsofbirdoccurrence.Meanwhile,forestvspecialistsofconservationconcern,suchastheGreatIndianHornbillandHillMyna,wererarelyfoundmorethanafewhundredmetersfromtheforestedge.09:45 CésarCapinha,LBrotons&PAnastácio.Disentanglingtherelativeinfluenceofhuman,biologicalandenvironmentalfactorsinshapingtheinvasionoftheSignalandtheRedswampcrayfishinEuropeUniversidadedeÉvora,PortugalEmail:[email protected] major goal of invasion ecology is to identify which factors enable non‐native species to establish viablepopulations.Herewe test the relative importanceof human, biological andenvironmental factors in shaping thecurrent distribution of two of themost widespread aquatic invaders of Europe, the Signal crayfish and the Redswamp crayfish.We collected a set of spatially explicit variables specifically related to four well known invasionhypotheses:propagulepressure,climatematching,humandisturbanceandtheDarwin’snaturalizationhypothesis.UsingboostedregressiontreeswebuiltpredictivemodelsbyrelatingthesevariableswiththecurrentdistributionofthetwoinvadersinEurope.Themodelsshowedaverygoodpredictiveabilityforthetwoinvaders(meanROC‐AUC≥0.95),withtwovariablesconsistentlyshownasthemostrelevant:politicalbordersandclimaticsuitability.PoliticalborderslargelydefinethelevelofpropagulepressuremadeacrosstheContinent,thusevidencingtheimportanceofthis factor. For theRed swamp crayfish the climatic suitabilitymodel basedonnativeoccurrences showed lowerrelative influence than those using occurrences from other invasive ranges, providing a limited support to theclimate matching hypothesis. The reduced influence of the remaining variables was also not supportive of thehuman disturbance and theDarwin’s naturalization hypothesis. In face of these results it is expected that in theabsenceofeffectivemeasuresimpedingtheirdispersaltheseinvaderswillincreasinglyoccupythemanyclimaticallysuitableareasstillavailableintheEuropeanContinent.10:00 LuisaMSBorges,SMCragg,LMMerckelbach,ISampaio&FOCosta.Biogeographyof WoodBorersinEuropeancoastalwaters:ataleoftwodistincttaxaSharingthesamenicheCentreofMolecularandEnvironmentalBiology(CBMA),DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofMinho,CampusdeGualtar,PortugalEmail:[email protected] most destructive marine wood borers are bivalves of the family Teredinidae and isopods of the familyLimnoriidae. In thisstudywe investigatedpatternsofdistributionofwoodboringspecies inEuropebycombining


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data from a field survey carried out in 15 European sites, ranging from Iceland to Turkey, and from primaryliterature.ForeaseofvisualizationweusedGeographicalInformationSystemsArcMap9.3.togeoreferencespeciesoccurrence. Furthermore, speciesweremapped on sea surface temperature and salinity data obtained from theResearch Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, to indicate the ranges of salinity andtemperaturetoleratedbytheorganisms.Morphology‐basedidentificationofteredinidsandlimnoriidsrevealedtheoccurrenceofsixteredinidandthreelimnoriidspecies.ThemostwidespreadteredinidwasTeredonavaliswhichiseurythermic and euryhaline. Lyrodus pedicellatus was the most abundant teredinid in Southern waters. Thedistribution patterns of limnoriids also matched closely their limits of tolerance for salinity and temperature.Limnoriatripunctatawasthenotonlythemostwidespreadlimnoriidspeciesbutalsothemostdestructive.Insomecases,therewasuncertaintyinthemorphology‐basedidentificationsbecauseofdamageorsometimesabsenceofdiagnostic characters. Therefore we are using DNA barcoding as an additional tool to improve the accuracy ofidentifications and uncover potentially overlooked diversity. So far, a reference library of cytochrome oxidase Ibarcodesmadeitpossibletoassignspecimensmissingdiagnosticcharacterstogenusandspecieslevel.Inaddition,barcodeshavealsouncoveredhiddendiversityinL.Pedicellatus.10:15 ReubenShipway, LBorges, JMeuller,MCrockett& SCragg.An invasive speciesof teredinid, Teredothyra dominicensis (Teredinidae, Bivalvia), in the Mediterranean SeaUniversityofPortsmouth,InstituteofMarineSciencesEmail:[email protected] report describes the recent discovery of an invasive species of teredinid, Teredothyra dominicensis, in theMediterraneanSea.Samplingwascarriedoutoveraperiodofoneweek,fromthe7th–14thofAugust2010,atthesiteofareplicashipwreck,offthecoastofKaş,southernTurkey.Twospeciesofshipwormwerefound,Nototeredonorvagica and thepreviously unreportedTeredothyradominicensis. Its occurrence in theMediterranean is highlyunusuallyasitwasthoughttobeconfinedtotheCaribbeanSeaandtheGulfofMexico.Variationintheteredinidspallet size show the shipworm have spawned and recruited in the area, suggesting that this species may haveestablisheditself inMediterraneanwaters.Furtherresearchneedstobeconductedinordertoassesstheinvasivepotentialofthisteredinid,andtheeffectsitmayhaveonindigenousspecies.


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SundaySeptember25th2011,LectureTheatre“HalfordMackinder”

SESSION10:ConservationBiogeographyII:achangingWorld11:00 Juan‐CarlosGonzález,NCollar,BSheldon,&JTobias.DefyingWallace:Phylogeographyand

conservationofinsularAsianhornbillsDepartmentofZoology,EdwardGreyInstituteforFieldOrnithology,UniversityofOxford,UKEmail:[email protected] phylogeographic studies postulated different dispersal regimes for organisms distributed across theIndomalayanandPapuo‐Australianregions.Someattemptedtodeterminehowcertaintaxonomicgroupstraversedmajorbiogeographicalbarriers–Wallace’s,Weber’sandLydekker’slinestoinhabitfringingarchipelagos.Incompletesampling across the length of these regions provided limited understanding of historical distributions crucial toidentifyingcolonisationroutestakenbyancestralforms.Hornbillsareanidealmodelsystemfortestinghypothesesonwhen,whereandhowWallacea,PhilippinesandAustralasiawerecolonised.Weconstructedacomprehensivemolecularphylogenyofrepresentative“geo‐isolates”ofSoutheastAsianhornbillstotracetheirdispersion.Bayesianchronogram estimated divergence around mid‐Miocene and early Pliocene coinciding with key tectonic andpalaeoecologicaleventsdrivingthediversificationof insularhornbills.ResultsconfirmSundalandasthecentre forAsianhornbillradiation,butdifferentcladesfollowedvariedinvasionscenarios.Borneoservedasthejump‐offpointfordispersalofkeygeneraintothePhilippinesandWallacea.RhyticerosevolvedinWallaceaandradiatedonbothdirections tocolonisemainlandAsiaandAustralasia.Divergenceestimatesandclusteringofgeo‐isolatessupportsproposedseparationintodiverseconservationunitsandtheseshiftsimpliesre‐settingofprioritieswithintheregion.11:15 StefanAbrahamczyk&MKessler.Impactofclimaticseasonalityonthediversityofhummingbirdassemblagesandtheirfoodplants:whatcanwededuceforclimatechange?UniversityofZurich,SwitzerlandEmail:abraha@systbot.uzh.chThemainfoodresourceofhummingbirdsisnectarandtheyarethereforestrongly linkedtotheirfoodplants.WeconductedasurveyofhummingbirdsandtheirfoodplantsalongalatitudinalgradientinsixBolivianlowlandforests.Thisgradientalsorepresentsagradientofclimaticseasonality.Ateachlocality,speciesnumbersofhummingbirdsandtheirfoodplantssuchashummingbirdabundanceandthenumbersofflowerswererecordedonceintherainyandonce in thedry season.Climatic seasonality appeared tohavea strong impacton thediversityof foodplantspecies but not directly on hummingbird diversity or abundance, which are related to the abundance of foodsources. Focussing on changes in species richness and assemblage composition between seasons, climaticseasonality was the most important factor. Therefore, we predict that climate change will directly affect thehummingbird food plants. These in turn will have an influence on the diversity and assemblage composition ofhummingbirds.However,becausetheabundanceofsinglefoodplantspeciescanhavefarreaching impactonthehummingbirds assemblages, specific responses of hummingbird assemblages to climate change are difficult topredict.11:30 Tonya A Lander, S Oddou‐Muratorio & EK Klein. The effect of landscape heterogeneity and

anthropogenicland‐usesonpollinationpatternsforwildcherrytreesinnorthernFranceUnitéÉcologieForestièreMediterranéenne,INRA,DomaineSaintPaul,F‐84914Avignon,FranceEmail:[email protected] ecosystems are increasingly changed and fragmented. Understanding the effects of these changes onfunctional connectivity between populations is essential for conservation and management. The effect offragmentation and non‐forest land‐uses on pollination for wild cherry (Prunus avium) was investigated atfragmented and unfragmented sites. Trees and progeny arrayswere genotyped at sevenmicrosatellites and oneself‐incompatibility locus.Pollinationprobabilitybasedongeneticdataand threemodelsofpollinatormovementwere analysed in the Spatially ExplicitMatingModel (SEMM), amaximum likelihood approach: (1) a straight linebetweeneachtreepairdividedintoland‐usetypes,(2) leastcostpaths(LCP),and(3)acircuitmodel.Thestraightlinedatashowedthatdistanceweightedbyland‐usetypeexplainedmoreofthevariationinpollinationprobabilitybetweentreepairsthandidsimplelineardistance.Treesatboththefragmentedandunfragmentedsitesseparatedby forestweremore likely tomatethanthosepairsseparatedbyagriculture.At theunfragmentedsitecut forest(post‐clearfelllowscrub)posedagreaterbarriertopollinationthanagriculture.TheLCPanalysiswasnotbetterthanthestraightlineanalysisattheunfragmentedsite.Thecircuitmodeldatadidnotexplainpollinationprobabilityaswell aseither the linearpathsor LCPs. These results areexplained in termsofhypothesesabouthowpollinatorsviewandusedifferent land‐uses, theassumptionsof thedifferentmodel types,andtheconservationpossibilitiesthatareopenedwhenwelookbeyondtraditionallydefinedareasofhabitatintothewiderlandscape.


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11:45 DanFRosauer&WJetz.Geography,predictorsandconservationconsequencesofglobal

centresofmammalphylogeneticendemismYaleUniversity,USAEmail:dan.rosauer@yale.eduWeidentifyconcentrationsofevolutionarydiversityfortheworld’smammalsusingphylogeneticendemism(PE),arecently proposed metric integrating range sizes and phylogenetic diversity. These areas of high PE matter forconservationbecausetheyholdadisproportionateamountofphylogeneticdiversityrestrictedtosmallareas. Weprovide a global, cross‐scale assessment that overcomes limitations of previous analyses restricted to predefinedregions. The greatest concentrations of PE were found in island areas including Madagascar, the Caribbean,SoutheastAsiaandNewGuinea. CentralAmerica, theAndesand small areasofAfrica,Australiaand theTibetanPlateau also ranked highly. We assessed the potential determinants of PE patterns using null models andtopographic and environmental variables. We predicted that above and beyond climatic drivers, PE would berelatedtoisolation(topography,pastandcurrentlandarea)andhistoricalpersistence(climatestability,absenceofglaciers).ThedeviationofobservedPEfromthatexpectedunderanullmodelwasgeographicallyheterogeneous,with peaks in Madagascar, parts of the Caribbean and Chile, confirming endemism of deep lineages. Currentclimate,topographyandcontiguouslandarea,emergeasstrongestpredictorsofPEpatternsandexplainupto78%of itsvariation. Interestingly,contiguous landareaatthe lastglacialmaximum,whenlowersea level linkedmanycurrentislands,wasasignificantlystrongerpredictorofPEthancurrentlandarea.Thesefindingscontributetotheunderstandingofthebiogeographyofphylogeneticdiversityanditspotentialimplicationsforconservationprioritysetting.12:00 MarcellinusAHula.ModellingfarmingpracticeasadriverofvegetationchangeinBenueState,

NigeriaBenueStateUniversity,Makurdi‐NigeriaEmail:akamas3@yahoo.comThisstudyassessedthecontributionoffarmingpracticetovegetationchangeinBenueState.Thedatausedinthisstudywasobtainedthroughtriangulationmethodwhere373setsofquestionnaireweresystematicallyadministeredto farmers among the farming communities in the State. This was augmented by onsite assessment, personalinterviewsandremotelysenseddata.Thestudyrevealedthatfarmsizesweregenerallynot largebutscattered(afactor thatencouragesvegetationdegradation). Therewasalsoadrasticdrift in fallowperiod from long to shortperiods while; most of the tree species identified exhibited attractive lumberable characteristics that encourageloggers.Thestudyalsoidentifiedfivemajorfarmingsystemsasbushfallow,slash‐and‐burn,zero‐till,alleyfarmingandshiftingcultivationandfourdominantcroppingsystemspractisedinthestudyarea.Hence,MultipleRegressionAnalyticalModelwasusedtomodelfarmingasdrivervegetationchangeinBenueStatewhereshiftingcultivation,bush fallow and farm size were revealed as the most significant drivers at 0.05 significance level. Furthermore,analysisoftheremotelysenseddatashowedthat,vegetationcovered72%in1986buthasshrankto59%in2010givingriseto13%losstootherlandcovertypes.Finally,thestudyconcludesbyrecommendingthatindiscriminatebushclearingandburning,useofherbicidesanddeforestationaswellasunregulatedloggingshouldbediscouragedwhileafforestationprogrammeforallvegetationtypesshouldbeencouraged.Thefarmersshouldbeencouragedtopractise vegetation conservation through farmer’s cooperative societies andagricultural extensionworkers in thestate.12:15 FranciscoRodríguez‐Sánchez.Investigatingbiodiversityresponsestoclimatechange:thebenefitsofhindsightUniversityofCambridge,UKEmail:fr286@cam.ac.ukCurrentclimatechangeischallengingthepredictiveabilityofbiogeographers,ecologistsandevolutionarybiologists.Themagnitudeoftheexpectedimpactsmakesitnecessarytoanticipatechangesinordertoattemptmitigationandto ensure preservation of organisms and eco‐evolutionary processes. Although reliable forecasts of the futuredynamics of biodiversity are thusmuchneeded, retrospective studies canprovide key insights basedon a betterknowledgeofbiodiversityresponsestopastclimatechanges.Animportantdistinctionwithforecastingstudiesisthepossibilityoftestingpredictionsbymeansofhistoricaldata,whichpermitsthedetectionofflawedassumptionsandthus theory refinement. However, the integration of different methodologies and data sources (fossil record,phylogeography, species distribution modelling) is critical in order to obtain strong inferences from the past.Furthermore,movingfromhindsightknowledgetopredictingthefutureisfarfromstraightforward,andshouldbedonewithextremecautioninordertoavoidspuriouspredictions.Iwill illustratesomeoftheseproblems,andtheadvantages of integrating evidences from the past, using case studies from the literature and ongoing work,


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includingtheclimate‐drivendemiseofEuropeanlaurelforestsduringtheNeogene,aswellastherangedynamicsofEuropeantreessincetheLastGlacialMaximum.


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POSTERSESSION,AJHertbersonRoomInalphabeticalorder1. MarianneVAsmüssen,JRFerrer‐Paris,CMZambrana‐Torrelio,TLBogich,PDazsak,JPRodríguez&

KMRodríguez‐Clark.ThemagnitudeandimpactofglobalillegalwildlifetradeEcoHealthAlliance,UKEmail:[email protected],thegreatestthreattobiodiversityistheover‐exploitationofwildlife,whichincludescommercialtrade.CITESregulatesthetradeof34,000species,butillegalwildlifetrade(IWT)isstillwidespread,beingreportedby 93% of CITES’ 175 signatory countries. We present the first quantitative estimate of the number of birds,mammalsandreptilesaffectedbybothinternationalanddomesticIWT,usinganextensiveliteratureanddatabasereview.At least1,687speciesofbirds,mammalsandreptileswere traded illegallyworldwide,witha totalof~29million individuals traffickedper year.NorthAmericawas thebiggestparticipant in IWT, as theworld’s foremostimporter (64% of seizures) and one of the largest exporters. IWT had a significant negative impact on the wildpopulationsexamined,causingonaveragea60‐70%decline. Illegaldomestic tradeappearedtobeat leastof thesamemagnitudeasinternationaltrade,suchthatsurveillancefocusedonthefractionoftradecrossinginternationalborders(e.g.CITES)isclearlyinsufficientformonitoringoverallillegalwildlifetrade.ThemainfactordrivingIWTwasthe likelihood of crime, violence and contract enforcement with secondary factors associated with supply anddemand.InadditiontoquantifyingtheglobalmagnitudeofIWTandthenegativeimpactofIWTonbiodiversity,ouranalysisisconsistentwithhypotheseslinkingIWTandorganizedcrime.2. MagdalenaBennett,JMarinoJorgelina&CSillero‐Zubiri.Andeancatbiogeographyand

conservation:anapplicationofanichemodelWildlifeConservationResearchUnit,UniversityofOxford,UKEmail:[email protected] that describe species’ responses to the environment provide operational applications of their ecologicalniches.Theseareespeciallyusefulforthreatenedspeciesthatarerare,difficulttosample,orforwhichfewdataareavailable.TheAndeancat(Leopardusjacobita)isamongtherarestandleastknownfelidsintheworld,restrictedtothehighlandsofPeru,Bolivia,ChileandArgentina.Thisstudyexplorestheconservationimplicationsofabioclimaticmodel developed from Andean cat occurrence data.We identified biogeographical barriers that are common tootherAndeanspecies,andgaps in thedistributionandecologicalknowledgeofAndeancats. Incombinationwithland usemaps we identified conservation priorities, taking into account the level of human pressure inside andoutsideprotectedareas.SuitablehabitatsforAndeancatsarerepresentedin58protectedareas,covering8%ofthepredicted suitable habitat, but only 14 have records of Andean cats to date. Some of these areas are undersignificanthumanpressure,particularly in thenorthernendof thedistribution.Weprioritisekeyareas for futuresurveys,andproposeadetailedevaluationoftheeffectivenessforAndeancatconservationofthisprotectedareanetwork,thuscontributingtothegrowingeffortstoprotectthisrarecatmoreefficiently.3. CésarCapinha&PAnastácio.Predictingtheimpactofclimatechangeontheinvasivedecapodsof

theIberianinlandwaters:anassessmentofreliabilityUniversidadedeÉvora,PortugalEmail:[email protected] aneffort topredict the impactof climate changeon invasive speciesdistributions, forecasts fromnichebasedmodels havebeen increasingly used.Herewe investigate the reliability of thesemodels for predicting the futureclimaticsuitabilitytofourhighlyproblematicinvasivedecapodsoftheIberianPeninsula:Cheraxdestructor,Eriocheirsinensis, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii. Predictions were made for three future time periods(2030, 2050 and 2080) under a low and a high greenhouse gases emissions scenario using an ensemble of fivedistinct predictive algorithms: generalized linear models, artificial neural networks, support vector machines,random forests and alternating decision trees. Four parameters were examined to infer the robustness of theforecasts:abilitytopredictcurrentdistributions,inter‐modelvariability,degreeofenvironmentalextrapolationandplausibility of range changes considering the current knowledge aboutthe species ecological preferences. Resultsshow an overall decrease of climatic suitability to all four invaders as time progresses. However, while goodindicatorsofreliabilitywerefoundforP.clarkiiandP.leniusculus,theforecastsforC.destructorshowedlowinter‐model agreementandhigh levelsofenvironmental extrapolation. ForE. sinensiswealso identifieda consistentlyhighpredictivevariabilityinmostareasofrangechange.Thisstudyfoundthatbysimultaneouslytakingintoaccountprevious knowledge about the species ecology and spatially explicit measures of predictive variability andenvironmentalextrapolationonecanachieveusefulinsightsonthereliabilityofforecastsofclimatechangeimpactinthedistributionofinvasivespecies.


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4. IvisJChanAguilar,DJGolicher&ACNewton.Analysisoftreebetadiversitypatternsfor

conservationplanningintheMesoamericanregionBournemouthUniversity,UKEmail:[email protected]’sbiodiversity is increasingly threatenedby theeffectsof rapidenvironmental change.Biodiversity lossledbyexpandinganthropogenicactivity,combinedwiththeeffectsofchangingclimaticregimes,poseathreattonatural communities and the ecosystem services that they underpin.Understanding how communities of speciesvary across space and the factors that drive such variation is essential to predicting the impacts of human andclimate‐inducedchangesonbiodiversityandecosystemservices.Thisknowledgecanbeusedtoplanconservationareas that effectively represent the underlying ecological processes that maintain biodiversity and ensure theprovision of ecosystem services crucial to human well‐being. Beta diversity has been variably defined since theconcept was first introduced as a measure of variation in species composition. This has given rise to thedevelopmentofdifferentmeasuresofbetadiversity,andtovaryingconclusionsregardingthevariationofspeciescomposition across space. This study evaluates variation in floristic species composition (beta diversity) betweenpreviously‐definedconservationplanningunitswithintheMesoamericanregion.Herbariumcollectionrecordsfromacross the region were used to conduct a cluster analysis based on the richness‐independent Simpson turnoverindex (βSim definedby Lennonet al., 2001) in order to evaluate theextentof species turnoverbetweenplanningunits.Thisanalysishighlightedsimilarity inspeciescompositionbetweenunitsgenerallyconsideredtobedistinct.Wediscusstheecologicalimplicationsofvariationsinspeciescompositionforconservationplanningefforts.5. ChrisCooney,NSeddon&JTobias.Examiningthelinkbetweenclimaticnicheevolutionandthe

productionofaviandiversityUniversityofOxford,UKEmail:[email protected] the processes responsible for the production of new species has always been a central theme inevolutionarybiology.Usingdata fromcontemporary specieswithin a comparative framework, it is possible ask iffactors thought to be important in the generation of diversity are in fact associated with observed instances ofdiversification.Onepotentiallysignificant factormaybetheextent towhichspeciesareableevolve theirclimaticniche and thereby adapt to novel environments. Two contrasting hypotheses link climatic niche evolution todiversification.One suggests that climaticniche labilitywithin cladesmaybeassociatedwithaccelerated ratesofdiversification, because lineages will be more likely to colonise novel environments or to have large rangessusceptible to vicariance events. Another suggests that low tolerance of climatic variability will drive speciationbecauseclimaticvariationmorereadilypresentsbarrierstogeneflow.Here,I testthesepredictionsbyexaminingthe relationshipbetween ratesof climaticnicheevolutionand lineagediversificationacrossmore than100avianclades.Usingclimatic,ecologicalandphylogeneticdataforover2000speciesofbirds,thisworkrepresentsthemostcomprehensiveinvestigationtodateofhowaviandiversityhasbeenshapedbyadaptiontonovelclimates.6. Katharina Hoppe, H Kreft, R Seppelt & C Dormann. Geographic variation of species‐area

relationshipsimprovespredictionofextinctionratesHelmholtzCentreforEnvironmentalResearch–UFZ,GermanyEmail:katharina.hoppe@ufz.deLossofhabitathasbeenidentifiedasoneofthemajorthreatstobiodiversity.ThemostprominentwaytoestimateextinctionratesfromhabitatlossisrelatingspeciesrichnessSandsamplingareaAbyapplyingthepowerlaw.Akeyroleindefiningthespecies‐arearelationship(SAR)istoestimatethez‐valueaccurately.Althoughareabyitselfisanimportant factor this approach ignores mechanisms and conditions (e.g. climate, habitat diversity, evolutionaryhistory,productivity)thatdeterminespeciesrangesizesanddensity.TheaimofthisstudyistofitSARofvascularplant species richness to a series of biogeographical regions, e. g. floristic kingdoms, realms and biomes, andexaminehowdifferent land‐cover typeseffect the SARparameters aswell. For the latterwedecided touse theHYDE land‐cover data set. However, we test the hypotheses that species richness is more effected bybiogeographicalpatterns thanbysamplesizeandSARsaresignicantlydifferentamong land‐coverclasses.Finally,weexemplifyourapproachbypredictingextinctionratesdueto land‐coverchangeandcompareour resultswithpredictionsmadewithoutconsideringlandcover.WehypothesizethatincludingvaryingSARsaltersthepredictionofextinctionratesduetolandconversion.7. SarahJones,RGrenyer&TThornton.The importanceofplace:Amethodologyforevaluatingthe

bioculturaldiversityofSEAlaskausingTlingitplacenamesasanindicatorofculturaldiversityDepartmentofGeography,UniversityofOxford,UKEmail:[email protected] diversity describes the intimate relationship between biological and cultural diversity found in


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environmentsaroundtheworld.Manystudieshaveevaluatedbioculturaldiversityusingthenumberoflanguagesinan area as an indicator of cultural diversity. This study presents a novel approach to evaluating the relationshipbetweenbiologicalandculturaldiversitybyusingplacenamesas the frameofanalysisofculturaldiversity.Placenames are embeddedwithin a people’s language and are reflective of that people’s knowledge and use of theirenvironment.Thisstudydevelopsamethodologyforidentifying‘hotspots’ofbioculturaldiversityusingplacenamesof theTlingit,anaboriginalpeoples inSoutheastAlaska,andvarious indicatorsofbiologicaldiversityusingspatialanalysis tools in GIS. The results of this studymay indicate priority areas for conservation thatwill protect bothculturalandbiologicaldiversity,contributingtothesustainabilityofTlingitcultureandtheenvironmentinSoutheastAlaska.8. YaelKisel,LMcinnes,NHToomey&CDLOrme.Howdiversificationratesanddiversitylimits

combinetocreatelarge‐scalespecies–arearelationships.ImperialCollege,London,UKEmail:[email protected] – area relationships (SARs) have mostly been treated from an ecological perspective, focusing onimmigration,localextinctionandresource‐basedlimitstospeciescoexistence.However,afullunderstandingacrosslargeregions is impossiblewithoutalsoconsideringspeciationandglobalextinction.Ratesofbothspeciationandextinction are known to be strongly affected by area and thus should contribute to spatial patterns of diversity.Here,weexplorehowvariation indiversificationratesandecologicallymediateddiversity limitsamongregionsofdifferentsizescanresultintheformationofSARs.Weexplainhowthisarea‐relatedvariationindiversificationcanbecausedbyeitherthedirecteffectsofareaortheeffectsoffactorsthatarehighlycorrelatedwitharea,suchashabitatdiversityandpopulationsize.Wealsoreviewenvironmental,clade‐specificandhistoricalfactorsthataffectdiversificationanddiversitylimitsbutarenothighlycorrelatedwithregionarea,andthusarelikelytocausescatterinobservedSARs.Wepresentnewanalysesusingdataonthedistributions,agesandtraitsofmammalianspeciestoillustratethesemechanisms;indoingsoweprovideanintegratedperspectiveontheevolutionaryprocessesshapingSARs.9. SaraManafzadeh, G Salvo& E Conti. Evolutionary history ofHaplophyllum (Citrus family) in the

Irano‐TuranianandMediterraneanfloristicregionsInstituteofsystematicbotany,UniversityofZurich,Zollikerstrasse107,CH‐8008,Zurich,SwitzerlandEmail:[email protected] (68 herbaceous species) is one of the most species‐rich, but least‐studied genera of Rutaceae. Itreachesmaximumspeciesdiversity (60%of thespecies) in the Irano‐Turanian floristic region.ThirteenpercentofthespeciesarehoweverpresentintheMediterraneanbasin.ManyspeciesofHaplophyllumarecharacterizedbyasmallgeographicalrangesize,sometimeslimitedtoasinglemountainchain,afeaturethatmakesthemespeciallyvulnerabletoextinction.Weintendtocarryoutanintegratedstudythatwillallowustounderstandtheoriginandevolution of Haplophyllum, define species boundaries, improve understanding of species diversity, and finallyrecommendconservationguidelines.Consequently,wegeneratedphylogeniesfromDNAsequencesfor66%ofthespeciesofthegenus.Moreover,moleculardating,andancestralrangereconstructionsanalyseswerecarriedouttoinvestigate the extent to which past geological and climatic histories of the Irano‐Turanian and Mediterraneanfloristic regions explain the current distribution of the genus. Our phylogenetic analyses identified both cases ofstrongly‐supported speciesmonophyly and instances of species non‐monophyly. Our preliminary results stronglysuggest that the genusHaplophyllum originated in the Irano‐Turanian region andhas subsequently colonized theMediterraneanbasin.Thisisoneofthefirststudiesontheinteractionbetweentwofloristicregionsviaagenusthathas originated in one region and colonized the other. Different ecological requirement (desert vs.mountainous),diversegeographicalrange(widespreadvs.narrowendemic)makeHaplophyllumanexcellentmodeltoinvestigatethecorrelatesofhabitatrange,andgeographyofspeciation.10. CarlosNorman,AGarrido&FHidalgo.NewexoticspeciesinthewesternMediterraneanseaGrenadeUniversity,SpainEmail:[email protected] objective ofour work is to catalog and understand the current situation alien species of fishes in thewesternMediterranean sea.The studyarea is located in theAlboranSea, subbasin locatedbetween thewesternMediterraneanSpanishcoast,theMaghrebandAlgeria,withaclearlyindividualizedmarinespace.WehavetriedtochecktheexoticspeciesinputsfromtheatlanticwatersandtheRedseawaters.Ourmethodolyhasbeenenrichedwiththedatasfromanextensivereviewofscientificliterature,fromfishermenwhobroughtsomespeciesoftheirssells in the fishmarkets and fromourowndirectobservationon the trawlers. Finally,wehave found sevennewspecieswhicharetriyingtostablishfromotherareastothewesternMediterraneanwaters.


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11. Utku Perktas & E Quintero.Phylogeography and species limits in the great spottedwoodpeckerDendrocoposmajor

DepartmentofOrnithology,AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,NewYork,USAEmail:[email protected] conducted a comprehensive geographic survey of the mitochondrial DNA variation of the Great SpottedWoodpecker (Dendrocopos major) throughout its entire distribution range, using partial sequences of ND2 toinvestigatethegeneticstructureofthisspecies.Wealsoconstructedcurrentandpaleoenvironmentalnichemodels(ENM)tounderstandtheircurrentdistribution.Althoughresultsshowedthatthedegreeofgeneticvariationislowin Eurasia, populations from Japan, Far East Russia, and Iran showed substantial sequence divergence. Thepopulations from Japan and Far East Russia were sister to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa, whereas thepopulationfromIranwasthesisterspeciestotheremainderoftheclade.OurENMresultssuggestthatpostglacialcolonizationtoEuropeandRussiacouldnothaveoccurredfromIranandFarEastRussia.Rather,ItisplausibletosaythatmultiplerefugeslocatedonsouthernEurope,Turkey,andsoutheasternRussiamighthaveaffectedthecurrentgeneticstructureofthespecies.12. ClaireLSalisbury,NSeddon&JATobias.Riverdynamics,speciesecology,andthebiogeographyof

AmazonianbirdsEdwardGreyInstitute,UniversityofOxford,SouthParksRoad,Oxford,UKEmail:claire.salisbury@zoo.ox.ac.ukNumeroushypotheseshavebeenproposedtoexplainthehighbiodiversityoftheAmazonrainforest.TheRiverineBarrier Hypothesis (RBH) proposes that rivers act to separate populations, reducing gene flow between them,leadingtodivergenceandultimatelyspeciation.ThemajorityofpreviousstudiestestingtheRBHhavebeenlimitedinscopetoa fewspeciesandriversata time,andasa result support for theRBH ismixed.This studyaddressestheseshortcomingsbylookingattheeffectofallmajorriversontherangedistributionsofallAmazonianforestbirdspeciesandsubspecies,inrelationtotheirecology.Weshowthattheproportionofspeciesandsubspeciesboundedby rivers strongly relates to river width but not length. Furthermore, the river effect is much greater at thesubspecies level,suggestingarole forrivers in facilitatingpresent‐day intraspecificdiversification.Ecological traitsare keypredictors ofwhether a riverwill act as a barrier for a speciesor not: understorey andhabitat specialistspecies are more affected by riverine barriers than their canopy and habitat generalist counterparts. Additionalecologicaltraitsbecomeimportantatthesubspecies level.Overall,ecologicaltraitsassociatedwithpoordispersalmakeitmorelikelythataspecieswillbeboundedbyariver.ThisresultsinpoorlydispersingAmazoniantaxahavinghigher levelsof intraspecificdiversity (measuredas subspecies richness), in contrastwithglobalpatterns showinggreaterintraspecificdiversificationinhighlydispersivetaxa.13. AnaMCSantos&MNDawson.FrontiersofBiogeographyInternationalBiogeographySocietyEmail:[email protected](ISSN1948‐6596)istheopenaccessjournalpublishedbytheInternationalBiogeographySociety. FrontiersofBiogeographypublishesopinions,perspectives,andreviews,symposiaproceedings, letterstothe editor, book reviews, research updates, interviews, and articles on how to teach, disseminate and/or applybiogeographical knowledge. The journal is published quarterly, and prior issues are archived athttp://www.biogeography.org/html/fb.html. Weareactively looking fornewsynthesesadvancing the frontiersofbiogeographicalknowledge.14. DianaMastracci.HowdoMapsofLandCoverChangeDefineLandscapes?UniversityofOxford,UKEmail:[email protected] the space around us permeates with unseen ideologies and boundaries formed by culture, socio‐economics,language and politics, it is consequential that conservation overlaps with a wide‐range of disciplines. By its verynature it istied intoeconomicandpoliticalstructures. Itshouldthenbe inconceivableandcounter‐productivetothinkofremotesensing:oneofthemostpowerfulandeffectivetoolsindetectinglandcoverchange,inisolation.Aninvestigation of published literature, however, indicates that there is a paucity of research that integrates localknowledge with complex remote sensing techniques such as the use of satellite imagery with supervisedclassificationsandgroundtruthed,georeferencedindigenousclassificationsoflandcover.Inordertofillthisgapweneedtoadvanceanappreciationofthecomplexandmultipledimensionsofthestudyof landcoverchange.Howcanexistingspaceobservationtechniquesbeusedtomovetowardsabio‐culturalstudyoflandcoverchange?And,asacorollary,whatkindoftechnologicaldesignandpracticesshouldbeconstructedtoaidinsuchprocess?


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15. ChristopherTrisos,HPetchey,LOwen,JATobias&NSeddon.TestsofcommunityassemblyacrosssmallspatialscalesinAndeanbirdcommunities.

UniversityofOxford,UKEmail:christopher.trisos@zoo.ox.ac.ukThereisstrongevidencethatbothlocalandregionalprocessesplayaroleindeterminingspeciesoccurrenceswithincommunities.Atthelocalscale,environmentalfilteringandcompetitiveexclusionaremostoftenreferredtoastheprocesses important in community assembly. Competitive exclusion is thought to play a more dominant role atsmallerspatialscales,withenvironmentalfilteringbeingstrongeratlargerspatialscales.However,thespatialscaleat which this switch in the relative strengths of competitive exclusion and environmental filtering occurs is notknownformanytaxa.Weusefunctionaltraitandphylogeny‐basedmethodstotestforthesignalofenvironmentalfiltering and competitive exclusion in community assembly for insectivorous bird communities across a range ofspatial scales (0.75ha‐12ha). Preliminary results show that environmental filtering is stronger than competitiveexclusionindeterminingcommunitymembership.

Advances in Biogeography: Early Career Conference...Species distribution models of threatened...

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