ADVANCED SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY OF SINTERING

ADVANCED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SINTERING

Edited by

Biljana D. Stojanovic Center for Multidisciplinary Studies University of Belgrade Belgrade, Yugoslavia

Valery V. Skorokhod Institute for Problems of Materials Science

of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences

Kiev, Ukraine

and

Maria Vesna Nikolic Joint Laboratory for Advanced Materials of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Yugoslavia

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Advanced science and technology of sintering/edited by Biljana D. Stojanovic, Valery V. Skorokhod and Maria Vesna Nikolic.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Sintering. I. Stojanovic, Biljana D. II. Skorokhod, V. V. (Valerii Vladimirovich) III. Nikolic, Maria Vesna

TN697.17 A38 1999 671.3 '73-dc21

ISBN 978-1-4613-4661-6 ISBN 978-1-4419-8666-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8666-5

99-047696

Proceedings of the Ninth Wor1d Round Table Conference on Sintering, held September 1-4, 1998, in Be1grade, Yugos1avia

©1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1999

10987654321

A C.I.P. record for this book is avai1able from the Library of Congress

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permis sion from the Publisher

PREFACE

This volume entitled Advanced Science and Technology of Sintering,contains the edited Proceedings of the Ninth World Round Table Conference onSintering (IX WRTCS), held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, September 1-4 1998. Thegathering was one in a series of World Round Table Conferences on Sinteringorganised every four years by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA)and the International Institute for the Science of Sintering (IISS).

The World Round Table Conferences on Sintering have been traditionallyheld in Yugoslavia. The first meeting was organised in Herceg Novi in 1969 andsince then they have regularly gathered the scientific elite in the science of sintering.It is not by chance that, at these conferences, G. C. Kuczynski, G. V. Samsonov, R.Coble, Ya. E. Geguzin and other great names in this branch of science presentedtheir latest results making great qualitative leaps in the its development.

Belgrade hosted this conference for the first time. It was chosen as a reminderthat 30 years ago it was the place where the International Team for Sintering wasformed, further growing into the International Institute for the Science of Sintering.

The IX WRTCS lasted four days. It included 156 participants from 17countries who presented the results of their theoretical and experimental research in130 papers in the form of plenary lectures, oral presentations and poster sections.The presentation of each contributed paper proved to be a good opportunity for freeand informal discussion. This enabled a broad analysis of the current state of thescience of sintering and gave perspectives for the further development of the theoryand technology of sintering. Fundamental scientific problems were addressed as wellas the technological state-of-the-art in sintering and sintering materials, includingsintered materials of advanced technology used in a variety of research andindustrial applications. In the opinion of the editor, this conference wascharacterized by the high level and broad scope of reports on the advanced scienceand technology of sintering.

This volume includes 92 papers selected by the editors and organised intoseven sections which comprise this book, as follows: (1) Fundamentals (2)Nanostructured Powders (3) Mechanical Activation (4) Sintering of Oxide Systems(5) Electronic Ceramics (6) Non-Oxide Materials (7) Sintering of Metal Powders.

We would like to acknowledge the useful advice and considerable assistanceof the General Secretary of the International Institute for the Science of Sinteringand President of the Organization Committee, Academician Momcilo M. Ristic andalso the International Program and Organization Committee, Session Chairmen, aswell as the creative efforts of the distinguished contributing authors representing

v

many of the world centres for sintering research. We extend our personal thanks fortheir cooperative attitudes, timely responses, and many helpful suggestions .

We wish to express our gratitude to the patron of the International Institutefor the Science of Sintering, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, as well asthe Centre for Multidisciplinary Studies at the University of Belgrade, and theInstitute of Technical Sciences of SASA in Belgrade for their support in theorganization of the conference. We also note with gratitude the financial support forthe conference organization provided by the principal sponsor, the Ministry forScience and Technology of the Republic of Serbia, Potisje Kanjiza, Kanjiza, theCement factory , Kosjeric, the Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", the Institute ofChemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, the Institute for Technology ofNuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Belgrade, the Technical Faculty , Cacak,the Electronic Faculty, Nis, the Faculty for Technology and Metallurgy , Belgrade,the Scientific Research Centre, Uzice, IRITEL, Belgrade, ICN Yugoslavia,Petrohemija, Pancevo and RTB Bor, Bor.

We wish to acknowledge a small group of individuals who worked with greatdedication behind the scenes: Natasa Nikolic, Bojan Marinkovic, Mirjana Kosanovicand Ljiljana Milosevic for their assistance in preparing materials before, during andafter the conference; Aleksandar Kosanovic and Dragan Tasic for providingtechnical service; Voja Glavonjic and his staff from the Printing Office of the SerbianAcademy of Sciences and Arts for preparing all materials for the conference; DrStamenka Radic for translation services, Nikola Cajkanovic, Ljiljana Nedeljkovic,Ivana Sevicki and Vukica Dapa for simultaneous translation during the conference,and Emina Ljutic for efficient typing of the conference materials.

It is also our pleasure to thank Goran Brankovic and Aleksandar Tucic fortheir help in the preparation of the proceedings, as well as Tatjana Sreckovic, VesnaMinic, Lidija Mancic and Zorica Marinkovic for performing various tasks andpreparing materials for the conference.

Lastly, we would like to acknowledge with affection the patience, tolerance,and moral support we have been given by our colleagues and families through thoseextended periods of time when we had to pay attention to organizing the conferenceand editing these proceedings.

Biljana D. StojanovicValery V. SkorokhodMaria Vesna Nikolic

vi

CONTENTS

Part IFUNDAMENTALS

Influence of External Fields on SinteringY. Kornyushin

3

Liquid-Phase Sintering of the Systems with Interacting Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19A. P. Savitskii

Simulation of Two-Dimensional Microstructural Development During Liquid PhaseSintering 29

Z. S. Nikolic

Sintering Kinetic Analysis by Dilatometric Data Obtained at Different HeatingRates 41

I. H. Moon and D. M. Won

Computer Study of Microstructure Formation by Rearrangement During LiquidPhase Sintering 55

J. M. Chaix, S. M. Lee, and C. L. Marin

Computer Simulation of Neck Growth During Sintering Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Z. S. Nikolic, I. Mitrovic, and V. V. Mitic

Phenomenology of Sintering Kinetics Using UOz as a ModelM. V. Nikolic and S. M. Radie

67

Contraction of the Complex Models by the Stoichiometric Network Analysis 75Z. Cupic and Lj. Kolar-Anic

Electron Structure of YNizXz (X =Si, P) Compounds 81I. D. Shcherba, V. M. Antonov, l. M. Telychyn, B. M. Jatcyk, L. 0 . Dobrianska,and I. I. Margolych

vii

Computer Generation of Two- and Three-Dimensional Packings as a Backgroundfor Numerical Modeling of Sintering Processes 89

V. V. Kartuzov, E. V. Kartuzov, and I. V. Kartuzov

Part IINANOSTRUCTURED POWDERS

Scientific and Technological Problems in Nanostructured Materials Science . . . . . . . 97R. A. Andrievski

Aerosol Synthesis of Nanostructured MaterialsO. B. Milosevic

Preparation of Fine, Spherical, Composite Powder by Spray PyrolysisR. Marie, T. Fukui, and S. Ohara

103

II3

Synthesis of Submicronic Oxide Powders by Aerosol Spray Pyrolysis: Modelingof the Evaporation Stage 119

J. Vodnik and O. Milosevic

Nanostructure Composition of Diamond-WC-Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125I. Uvarova, T. Babutina, K. Konchalovskay, I. Timofeeva, and A. Petuchov

Pecularities of Fine-Dispersion SiC and Si3N4 Powders Obtained fromTitanium-Magnesium Production Waste 131

M. V. Vlasova and V. A. Lavrenko

Sintering of Nanocrystalline Zirconia-Based CeramicsV. V. Srdic , M. Winterer, and H. Hahn

137

Analysis of Thermal Treatment of ZnO Derived by the Freeze-Drying Method 143N. Nikolic, Z. Zakula, O. Milosevic, and T. Sreckovic

The Effect of Shock-Wave Treatment on the Structural Characteristics of SyntheticDiamond Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

M. A. Vasylkovska, Ya. V. Zaulichny, V. I. Kovtun, and M. V. Vlasova

Structural Properties of Ultradispersed Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Particles Synthesizedfrom Aerosol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

L. Mancic, Z. Zakula, and O. Milosevic

Interaction of the Powder Particles with the Plasma of the Impulse Dischargesand the Use of This Process for Creation of Protective Coverages. . . . . . . . . . 159

V. V. Mikhailov and A. E. Gitlevich

Part IIIMECHANICAL ACTIVATION

Mechanical Activation of BaC03-AIP3-Si02 167S. Boskovic, D. Kosanovic, D. Bahloul-Hourlier, P. Thomas, and S. Kis

viii

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanophased Carbide TiCI. Uvarova, M. Savyak, I. Timofeeva, and L. Isayeva

175

Mathematical Modeling of Combu stion-Type Interaction During MechanicalAlloying 181

B. B. Khina and Yu. S. Sholpan

Evolution of the Microstructure of Disperse ZnO During Mechanical Activationand Its Influence on Sinterability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

T. V. Sreckovic, M. G. Kakazey, V. A. Melnikova, T. V. Tornila,and M. M. Ristic

Physical Properties of Mechanically Activated GrainsM. Petrov and S. Milosevic

193

Change of the Physical-Chemical Characteristics of the Materials by MechanicalActivation 199

Lj. Andric, D. Zivanovic, and S. Milosevic

Mechanically Activated BaC03-AIP3-Si02 Mixture as an Additive for LiquidPhase Sintering of Si3N4 .•• •. ••.•• .•. ... .•. . . . ..•. . . . • • • . • • • . . •.. .. 205

Dj. Kosanovic, S. Boskovic, and S. Zec

Mechanical Activation of Mica 211D. Zivanovic, Lj. Andric , Z. Sekulic, and S. Milosevic

The Influence of Mechanical Treatment on Activation of the ZnO-Sn02 System 219A. Tucic, N. Nikolic, and B. Marinkovic

Part IVSINTERING OF OXIDE SYSTEMS

Vacuum Sintering of Zirconia Based CeramicsS. Kulkov, T. Sablina, and N. Savchenko

225

A Study of Reactivity and Sinterability of Uranium Dioxide Powder throughSurface Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

G. P. Tiwari and A. G. C. Nair

Sintering and Creation of Porous Structure of Bioactive CeramicsE. Fidancevska, J. Bossert, and M. Milosev ski

237

Analysis of the Sintering Process of ZnO and CdO by the Application of SinteringDiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

V. M. Minic, Z. S. Nikolic , and M. M. Ristic

Ceramic Properties of the Sintered Materials in the Sn-Sb-Cu-O SystemM. Zaharescu, S. Mihaiu , and S. Zuca

251

Grain Growth in System CdO-BiP3 259G. Brankovic, D. Krsmanovic, and B. Jordovic

ix

The Influence of the Composition and Time of Isothermal Sinteringon the Microstructure of the CdO-Bi203 System 265

D. R. Krsmanovic, B. A. Jordovic, and G. 0 . Brankovic

Characterization of Thick Films of Fe.O, Obtained by Chemical Deposition 27 IV. Z. Pejovic, B. D. Stojanovic, and N. B. Lekovic

Evolution of the Surface and Internal Structure of Silica Aerogels Duringthe Isothermal Sintering Process 277

I. Hinic, G. M. Stanisic, and Z. V. Popovic

Sintering Conditions and Hydraulic Activity of 4CaO . 3AlP3 . S03M. I. Muntean, F. G. Paul, and C. Novae

283

Thermal Shock Behavior of Sintered Alumina Based Refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 289T. D. Volkov-Husovic, R. M. Jancic, Z. V. Popovic, M. Muravljov, D. Jevtic,and T. Kovacevic

Sintering of Sulphoaluminate Clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 295B. Zivanovic, Lj. Petrasinovic, S. Prokic, and T. Milovanovic

Prognosis of the Mineralogical Composition of Sintered Portland CementClinker 301

Lj. Petrasinovic-Stojkanovic, M. Djuric, B. Zivanovic, M. Komljenovic,and S. Omic

EDS Analysis of Sintered Material Degradation in an Aggressive Environment . . . . 307S. Miletic, M. Hie, P. Jovanic

Evolution of the Phase Composition During Sintering of the MgO-Al 203-Si02System. . . . . . . . .. 317

M. Atanasovska, M. V. Nikolic, and S. M. Radic

Experiences in the Chemical Gypsum-Phosphogypsum Preparation from the Triad"Synthesis-Structure-Properties" Viewpoint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

M. B. Rajkovic, D. Simovic, and G. T. Vladisavljevic

Model of Drawing Think Glass Sheet from a Rectangular Preform and ItsApplications 329

A. D. Milutinovic-Nikolic, N. M. Talijan, and R. R. Aleksic

Crystallisation Kinetics of Layered Silicates in Glass 337M. Tosic, R. Dimitrijevic, T. Sreckovic, J. Nikolic, and M. Duricic

The Effect of Atmosphere on HDS Catalyst Sintering 341R. Marinkovic-Neducin, J. Kiurski , E. Kis, and R. MiCic

The Stability of Porous Alumina Catalyst Support against SinteringT. B. Novakovic, Z. M. Vukovic, and N. N. Jovanovic

x

347

Part VELECTRONIC CERAMICS

Synthesis and Sintering of PZT Ceramics 355A. Varela, M. A. Zaghete, A. Z. Simoes, M. Cilense, and E. Longo

Advances in Sintered Electronic MaterialsB. D. Stojanovic

367

Sintering of ZnO Doped Sn02 •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • 377K. Perazolli, R. S. Biscaro, T. R. Giraldi, E. Longo, and J. A. Varela

Far Infrared Properties of BaTi03 Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385P. M. Nikolic, B. D. Stojanovic, S. Durie, K. Radulovic, D. Vasiljevic-Radovic,V. Blagojevic, D. I. Siapkas, and T. T. Zorba

Characterization of Domain Structure in BaTi03 Based Ceramics by ScanningElectron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Lj. M. Zivkovic, B. D. Stojanovic, and Z. S. Nikolic

Fractals in Ceramic Structure 397V. V. Mitic , Lj. M. Kocic, and I. Z. Mitrovic

The Influence of Heating Rate on Sintering Process of BaTi03 Ceramics 403V. P. Pavlovic, V. B. Pavlovic, B. D. Stojanovic, T. Srekovic, B. Marinkovic,and M. M. Ristic

Microstructural Characterization BaTi03-Composite CeramicsV. Paunovic, D. Stefanovic, Lj. Vulicevic, and V. Dimic

407

Semiconducting Properties of Doped Barium-Lead-Titanate Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . 413B. D. Stojanovic, T. V. Sreckovic, V. B. Pavlovic, B. A. Marinkovic,and Z. Preradovic

Synthesis and Dielectric Properties of BaTi03-Novolac Composite 419Lj. Vulicevic, D. Stefanovic, L. Lukic, S. Preradovic, and D. Mancic

Resistivity Versus Geometry Relation in Bulk-Sintered and Thick FilmMnCoFe-Oxide Thermistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

0 . S. Aleksic, P. M. Nikolic, M. N. Sirnic, V. Z. Pejovic,and D. G. Vasiljevic-Radovic

BaTi03 Structure Prognosis 431V. V. Mitic and I. Z. Mitrovic

Synthesis and Sintering of Manganese Doped Sn02 in Several Atmospheres 437S. M. Tebcherani, J. A. Varela, L. Perazolli, A. S. Camargo, and E. Longo

Sintering of MnZn Ferrite in the Presence of BiP3 Phase 445M. Feder, V. M. Vilceanu , N. Teoharie, E. Segal , 0 . Caltun, and G. Cosmeleata

xi

The Influence of Sintering on the Properties of Lithium Ferrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453E. Andronescu, B. Trifanescu, V. Vilceanu, M. Feder, and D. Crisan

Part VINON-OXIDE MATERIALS

Developments in the Powder Metallurgy of Non-Oxide CermetsH. Pastor

461

Sintering Behaviour and Microstructure Development in ElectroconductiveSi3N~-TiN Composites 475

Lj. M. Zivkovic, S. M. Boskovic, and M. S. Miljkovic

Structural and Mechanical Characteristics of ZA27-7 wt.% SiC Composites 483S. Covic, M. Tasic, I. Bobic, and D. Bozic

Explosive Consolidation of Aluminum Nitride Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489V. N. Radic

Characterization of Metal and Semiconducting Powders Using a Coherer . . . . . . . . . 497P. M. Nikolic, S. Durie, and M. M. Ristic

Part VIISINTERING OF METAL POWDERS

The Influence of Thermo-Plastic Deformation on the Structure and MechanicalProperties of Powder Metallurgy Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Yu. V. Milman

The Influence of Sintering Conditions on the Microstructure and MagneticProperties of Sintered SmCos Magnets 519

N. M. Talijan, V. P. Menushenkov, A. D. Milutinovic-Nikolic, A. S. Lileev,and Z. D. Jovanovic

The Influence of Different Binders and Metals on the Properties of SinteredMetal-Graphite Materials 527

C. Lacnjevac , J. Uzelac, N. Denic, and R. Vasic

Thermophysical Properties of Hot-Deformed Powder Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531V. Yu. Dorofeyev and Y. G. Dorofeyev

Copper Matrix Strengthening in Cu-AIP3 System by Mechanical Alloying andMilling of Pure Copper and Prealloyed Copper Powders 537

V. Rajkovic, S. Zec, and M. Mitkov

Hardening Mechanisms in Some Prealloyed PM Treated Copper PowdersD. Bozic, V. Rajkovic, and M. Mitkov

Recrystallization of Cold-Pressed Aluminium PowderS. Tadic and S. Zec

xii

545

551

Generation of Dislocations During Cold Sintering of Iron PowderZ. M. Jankovic and B. A. Marinkovic

557

Investigation of Mathematical Rerlations between Technological Parameters andProperties of Cold-Sintered Iron 565

M. R. Duricic and Z. Acimovic-Pavlovic

Thermal Recovery of Cold Sintered Mechanically Activated Powder SystemCu70%Fe30 % 569

R. Lj. Simeunovic, B. D. Stojanovic, and A. M. Maricic

The Interface Characterization of Laminar Nickel-Alumina CompositesD. Jankovic, D. Kicevic, and M. Mitkov

575

The Influence of AIP3 Addition on Electrical Properties of Sintered Copper . . . . . . 581M. T. Ristic , M. V. Nikolic, Z. Jankovic, and A. MariCic

The Effect of the Deformation Degree on the Kinetics of Structural Relaxationof the Fes9.sSis.2B3Coo.s Amorphous Alloy 587

A. M. Maricic, R. Lj . Sineunovic, and M. M. Ristic

Investigating Possibilities of Sintering Process Monitoring by Acoustic Emissionas an On-Line Method 593

M. Tasic, Z. Andie, and D. Bojovic

The Effect of Annealing on the Transport Properties of the Metastable CUSSCo lSAlloy. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

N. Mitrovic, A. Rankovic, A. Kalezic, and S. Dukic

The Influence of Volume Fraction and Size of SiC Particles on the MechanicalProperties of Metal Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Z. Gnjidic and D. Bozic

Investigation of the Microstructure and Distribution of Solute During Solidificationof AI-Cu Alloy 61 r

v. J. Radojevic, A. V. VaiCic, S. N. Nikoli c, and A. D. Milutinovic-Nilokic

Properties of Cold Rolled Sintered Copper Alloys after AnnealingS. Nestorovic and D. Markovic

617

The Effect of Copper Contents on the Structure of the Aluminium-Copper Alloy 623B. Zlaticanin, S. Durie, B. Jordovic, and B. D. Stojanovic

Acousto-Electronic Superconducting Switch 629P. V. Nistiriuc, N. P. Bejan, M. I. Sajin, P. H. Deshanu, V. N. Bejan, V. Nistiriuc,and A. I. Shoulga

Sharp Shift Devices 633P. V. Nistiriuc, M. P. Bejan, M. I. Sajin, P. H. Deshanu, I. V. Nistiriuc ,and Yu. Sholpan

xiii

Thickness Dependences of Kinetic Properties of Quantum Wires of Pure andDoped Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 637

P. P. Bodiul, AN. Burchakov, D. V. Gitsu, and A. A. Nikolaeva

Contributors 643

Index . . . . . . . . . . . .. 655

xiv

ADVANCED SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY OF SINTERING