ADVANCED PLACEMENTADVANCED PLACEMENT EUROPEAN HISTORYEUROPEAN HISTORY

AP EXAM REVIEW

"Studying begins when you close the book." -- Mr. Poehler

“The reward of a job well done is to have done it.”

-- Ralph Waldo Emerson

A. P. European The Renaissance (Chapter 13) Time Period Covered: 1350 - 1550 Key Themes/Ideas

Causation - What were the economic, political, and religious factors that helped produce the Renaissance?

Relationship to Middle Ages and the Modern World - Was the Renaissance a unique period or simply an extension of the Middle Ages? - What are the connections between the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution? The

Enlightenment? - To what extent can the Renaissance be considered the beginning of "modern" Values? Achievements - What were the great achievements of the Renaissance? - List significant artists and writers of the period. Themes - Describe the ways the northern renaissance varied from the Italian renaissance:

politically, religiously and socially. - How did the politics of Italy reflect the themes of the Renaissance? - How did the politics of the New Monarchs reflect the themes of the Renaissance? Secularization - To what extent did the Renaissance begin the secularization of Europe? Why? The development of Modern States - Who were the "New Monarchs" and what role did they play in the rise of the Modern State? Economic and Social Changes - What class changes began during the Renaissance? - What economic system began to develop? - How did the wealthy, urban elite use their wealth? - What impact did black Africans have? - What was the status of women during the Renaissance? Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture Renaissance Petrarch War of the Roses Donatello humanism Medici’s Habsburg-Valois Wars Lorenzo Ghiberti secularism Tudors Spanish expulsion of Michelangelo individualism Hapsburgs of the Jews (1492) Lorenzo Valla city-states Ferdinand & Isabella Printed Word-Gutenburg Benvenuto Cellini virtú Henry VII (England) On the Dignity of Man (1486) Holy Roman Empire Francis I (France) The Courtier (1528) clocks – social impact? Charles VII The Prince (1513) Northern Renaissance Louis XI-Spider King (Fr) Utopia (1516) Dynastic Policy Savonarola The Praise of Folly (1509) Popolo Pico della Mirandola Pantagruel/Gargantua books patronage Baldasare Castiglione (1532-1564) communes Niccolo Machiavelli Sistine Chapel signori Erasmus Jan Van Eyck Christian humanism Francois Rebelais Raphael Sanzio “philosophy of Christ” Leonardo Bruni Titian

A. P. European The Renaissance (Chapter 13) - Continued Time Period Covered: 1350 - 1550 Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture debate about women Leon Battista Alberti misogyny Cesare Borgia New Christians Leonardo da Vinci New Monarchs Thomas More Pope Julius II

A. P. European Reformations and Religious Wars (Chapters 14) Time Period Covered: 1500-1600 Key Themes/Ideas Causation - What was the pre-Reformation religious situation? - In what ways did the Renaissance cause the Reformation? - What political, social, and economic factors may have helped cause the Reformation? Religious Reform - In what varying ways did Luther, Calvin, and Erasmus respond to the need for

religious reform? - Why was Luther's attempt at reform successful? - What is the difference between a Protestant and Catholic? - What were some of the pre-Luther attempts at reform? Political and Social Impact - In what ways was the Reformation a political revolution as well as a religious/social revolution? - What was the English Reformation? What were the goals of Henry VIII? - What were the developments of the English Reformation under Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I? - How did the Reformation affect various countries in Europe? The Counter - Reformation - How did the Roman Catholic Church respond to the Reformation? - To what extent was the Roman Catholic Church successful in re-establishing its

power and prestige? Religious Wars - What were the various religious and political factors involved in the French Religious Wars, the Dutch and English wars with Spain, the Thirty Years' War? Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture Conciliar Movement John Wycliffe Posting of 95 Theses On Christian Liberty (1520) Great Schism John Huss Diet of Worms German New Testament (1523) Babylonian Captivity Martin Luther Peace of Augsburg Against the Murderous, Thieving Christian humanism Pope Leo X Concordat of Balogna Hordes of the Peasants (1525) justification by faith Johann Tetzel German Peasants’ War Institutes of the Christian priesthood of all believers John Calvin Council of Trent Religion (1536/1559) predestination Ulrich Zwingli Act of Supremacy Book of Common Prayer (1549) transubstantiation Francis I Edict of Nantes Book of Common Order consubstantiation Thomas More Thirty Years' War Spiritual Exercises (1548) English Reformation Ignatius Loyola Peace of Westphalia Index of Prohibited Books Anglican Spanish Armada French Religious War 39 Articles Schmalkaldic League Charles V St. Bartholomew's politiques politique Philip II (Sp) Day Massacre Anabaptists John Knox Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis Presbyterian Thomas Cranmer Edict of Nantes Roman Inquisition Henry VIII (Eng) Union of Utrecht indulgences Edward VI (Eng) John Knox Protestant Mary I (Eng) William the Silent (Dutch) Spanish Armada Elizabeth I Holy Office Henry IV (Fr) Jesuits Pope Paul III Huguenots Pope Clement VII

A. P. European European Exploration and Conquest (Chapters 15) Time Period Covered: 1450-1650 Key Themes/Ideas Causation - What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world like prior to European exploration? - What were the causes for the European Age of Exploration? Exploration - How did Spain and Portugal conquer the New World empires? - What was the European impact on the New World? - What is the Columbian Exchange? - How was the era of global contact shaped by new commodities, commercial empires, and forced

migration? Impact - What is the overall impact of the European conquest of the New World? Changing Beliefs - How do ideas change as a result of the Age of Exploration? Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture Conquistadors Marco Polo Treaty of Tordesillas The Travels of Sir John Caraval Persian Safavids Invasion of Tenochtitlán Mandeville (1300’s) Mexica Empire Turkish Ottomans Roanoke The Travels of Marco Polo Inca Empire Ptolemy Jamestown Geography (2nd Century C.E.) Viceroyalties Prince Henry “the Plymouth Essays (1580) audiencia Navigator” Massachusetts “Of Cannibals” System of intendants Christopher Columbus Quebec Othello corregidores Bartholomew Diaz Spanish inflation The Tempest encomienda system Vasco da Gama New Netherland mestizo - métis Amerigo Vespucci Columbian Exchange Pedro Alvares Cabral Potosí Ferdinand Magellan Dutch East India Company Jacques Cartier “race” Hernando Cortés skepticism Mexica (Aztecs) cultural relativism Montezuma II Elizabethan period Francisco Pizarro Jacobean period Atahualpa Samuel de Champlain Bartolomé de Las Casas Michel de Montaigne William Shakespeare

A. P. European 17th Century Constitutional Conflicts and State Building (Chapter 16) Time Period Covered: 1589-1725 Key Themes/Ideas Absolute Monarchy in France - How and why did France develop Absolutism? - How did Henry IV and XIII lay an absolutist foundation for Louis XIV? - What methods did Louis XIV use to assert absolutism? - What was his relationship with the French aristocracy? - To what extent was Louis' power limited? Development of Constitutional Monarchy in England Tudors - What were the views of monarchy by James I and Charles I? - What caused Civil War to break out in England? - What were the political, religious, social, and economic issues involved? The Restoration - Why was the monarchy restored? What issues still remained unresolved under Charles II? Glorious Revolution - What led to the Glorious Revolution? - What were the political, social, religious effects? - What is the role of the monarch after the Glorious Revolution? How is Parliament supreme? - What class rules England? Political Ideas - How did the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Bishop Bossuet reflect the political

developments of the 17th Century and their respective countries? Comparison between France and England - In what ways was the political development of England and France similar and different? Decline of Spain - Why does the era of Spanish dominance end in the 17th Century? - What factors account for the decline of Spain? The Golden Age of the Dutch - Why does constitutionalism develop in the Netherlands? - Why does Dutch power decline after the 17th century? Developments in Eastern Europe - Why does serfdom (Second Serfdom) return to Eastern Europe? What is its impact? - What are the distinctive characteristics of Russian and Ottoman absolutism? How does it develop? - What were the policies of Peter the Great? How does he westernize Russia? Why? - How does absolutism develop in Austria and Prussia? Comparison - Compare and contrast the absolutism of Austria, Prussia, Russia and the Ottoman Empire to that of Western European monarchs.

A. P. European 17th Century Constitutional Conflicts and State Building (Chapter 16) - Continued Time Period Covered: 1589-1725 Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture Divine Right of Kings Henry IV English Civil Wars True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) absolutism Duke of Sully The Fronde Instrument of Government (1653) constitutionalism Louis XIII War of Sp. Succession Leviathan (1651) raison de état Cardinal Richelieu Peace of Utrecht 2nd Treatise on Government (1690) Puritans Stuart dynasty Glorious Revolution Simplicissimus (1668) Mercantilism Bourbon dynasty Peace of Westphalia Molière Létat Cést Moí James I Treaty of the Pyrenees Jean Racine Estates-General Charles I Great Northern War Baroque art Cavaliers Oliver Cromwell Building of St. Petersburg Peter Paul Rubens Round heads Charles II Restoration of 1660 Johann Sebastian Bach Restoration James II English Test Act Instrument of Government Pragmatic Sanction William and Mary English Navigation Act policy of grandeur (Fr) George I Versailles Hanover dynasty French expansionism Maria Theresa Second Serfdom Cardinal Mazarin Protestant Union Louis XIV Catholic League Colbert French classicism Hohenzollern dynasty “Louisiana” Frederick William (the Great Elector) Junkers Frederick I Cossacks Frederick William I “the Soldier’s King” “tsar” Gustavus Adolphus “Time of Troubles” Duke de Saint-Simon sultan Jean-Baptiste Colbert janissary corps Jacques Marquette millet system Louis Joliet republicanism Phillip III Protectorate Phillip IV cabinet system of Ferdinand II government Ferdinand III prime minister Prince Francis Rákóczy stadholder Ivan IV Romanov dynasty Peter the Great Stenka Razin Suleiman the Magnificent George II George III Robert Walpole

A. P. European Toward a New World View (Chapter 17) Time Period Covered: 1540-1789 Key Themes/Ideas – Scientific Revolution Causation - What factors helped bring about the Scientific Revolution? - In what ways did the Renaissance cause the Scientific Revolution? - How did Bacon and Descartes serve as the "Prophets" of the Scientific Revolution? Achievement - What were the achievements of scientists from Bacon through Newton? - How was Newton the Great Synthesizer of the Scientific Revolution? Intellectual Revolution/Impact - In what ways did the ideas of thinkers from Copernicus to Newton overturn the old

way of thinking about the world--create a new conception of the universe and humanity's place within it?

Relationship to Religion

- What was the effect of the Scientific Revolution on Christianity and how did each react to the other?

Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture Geocentric model Aristotle Trial of Galileo Novum Organon (1620) Heliocentric model Nicolaus Copernicus Discourse on Method (1637) Crystalline Spheres Francis Bacon On the Revolution of deductive reasoning René Descartes Heavenly Spheres (1543) inductive reasoning Galileo Galilei Dialogue on the Two skepticism Johannes Kepler Chief Systems of the World (1632) empiricism Isaac Newton Starry Messenger (1610) "cogito ergo sum" Michel de Montaigne Principia Mathematica (1687) natural philosophy Pierre Bayle The New Astronomy (1609) quintessence John Locke On the Structure of the Human Copernican hypothesis Tycho Brahe Body (1543) Rudolfine Tables Andreas Vesalius laws of planetary motion William Harvey experimental method Robert Boyle law of inertia law of universal gravitation Cartesian dualism

A. P. European Toward a New World View (Chapter 17) - Continued Time Period Covered: 1690 - 1800 Key Themes/Ideas – The Enlightenment

Causation - What caused the Enlightenment? What was its connection to the Scientific Revolution? Political developments?

Analysis - What were the basic principles of the Enlightenment Philosophers? Ideas - What were the ideas and contributions of Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau? Enlightened Despots - Were the Enlightened Despots truly Enlightened? In what ways? In what ways

weren't they? Effects - What impact did the Enlightenment have on European society? Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture reason Voltaire Seizure of Silesia The Encyclopedia (1765) natural law Baron de Montesquieu War of Aust. Succession The Persian Letters (1721) happiness Denis Diderot Diplomatic Rev. of 1756 The Spirit of the Law (1748) philosophes Jean le Rond d'Alembert Pugachev's Rebellion Candide (1759) salons Jean Jacques Rousseau Partition of Poland Age of Louis XIV (1779) Deism Adam Smith Seven Years’ War The Social Contract (1762) rationalism David Hume Conversations on the parlements Maria Theresa Plurality of Worlds (1686) reading revolution Joseph II Historical and Critical salonnières Frederick the Great Dictionary (1697) public sphere Catherine the Great Essay Concerning Human coffee houses Louis XV Understanding (1690) enlightened absolutism Mary Wollestonecraft The System of Nature (1735) cameralism Pierre Bayle Of Natural Characteristics (1748) Haskalah Baruch Spinoza What is Enlightenment? (1784) Pale of Settlement (1791) Marquise du Châtelet Pensées popularizers Carl von Linné rococo Newtonian paradox Immanuel Kant Moses Mendolssohn Blaise Pascal Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle

A. P. European Expansion of Europe (Chapter 18) Time Period Covered: 1650-1800 Key Themes/Ideas Causation - What factors account for the rise of European expansion during this time period? - What developments brought about the Agricultural Revolution? What countries led the way? - What factors caused the population explosion of the 18th century and beyond? Analysis - What was the impact of the Agricultural Revolution on European society? - What was the impact of the Enclosure movement? - What was the impact of the population explosion on European society? - Describe rural industry during this period. What was the putting-out system? What was its impact? - What is the Industrious Revolution? How did it lay the foundations for the Industrial Revolution? - Describe the guild system. - What was the impact of mercantilism? How did it contribute to war and the growth of 18th-century colonial trade? - What were the major wars of the 18th century? What was the outcome of the Seven Years’ War? - Describe the Atlantic slave trade and its impact. Ideas - What was economic liberalism? What were the ideas of Adam Smith? What were the impacts of these

ideas? - Review the concept of mercantilism. Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture 0pen-field system Jethro Tull Navigation Acts Wealth of Nations (1776) agricultural revolution Adam Smith Anglo-Dutch Wars enclosure movement Oliver Cromwell War of Spanish Succession proletarianization Charles II Peace of Utrecht cottage industry Frederick the Great War of Austrian Succession putting-out system Maria Theresa Seven Years’ War industrious revolution Robert Clive Treaty of Paris (1763) guild system William Pitt economic liberalism mercantilism Asiento Silesia debt peonage Atlantic slave trade Creole Dutch East India Company English East India Company India - “Jewel of the English Empire” Mughal Empire

A. P. European The Changing Life of the People (Chapter 19) Time Period Covered: 1700-1800 Key Themes/Ideas Family Life - Describe marriage and family life during the late 18th century. - How was the experience of young men and women different as they worked outside the home? - What were community controls? What changes occurred in society as these changed)? - What was the illegitimacy explosion? Why did it occur? Impact? - What was life like for children during this period? How did attitudes towards children evolve? Why? - How did attitudes and policies towards education evolve during the period? Culture - What was the effect of increased literacy on European society? - What was meant by the consumer revolution? What was its impact? Religion - How did religion develop during this period? What was the impact of the Enlightenment on religion? - How/why did the Protestant revival begin? - What was the status of the Catholic faith during this period? What was Jansenism? Why did it emerge? What was the reaction? Medicine - How did the practice of medicine change over time during this period? - What role did medicine & hospitals play in European society? Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture extended family Jean-Jacques Rousseau Prussian elementary Emile or On Education (1762) nuclear family Jean-Baptiste de la Salle school mandate (1717) “consumer revolution” community controls Maria Theresa Austrian compulsory Common Sense (1776) illegitimacy explosion Thomas Paine education edict (1774) Carnival wet-nursing Jesuits Edict on Idle Institutions New World foods foundling Joseph II bloodletting foundling homes John Wesley midwife Infanticide Cornelius Jansen Manual on the Art of universal education Madame du Coudray Childbirth (1757) “Charity schools” Edward Jenner smallpox Brothers of the vaccination Christian Schools literacy blood sports just price Protestant Revival Pietism Methodism Jansenism carnival

A. P. European The French Revolution and Napoleon (Chapter 20) Time Period Covered: 1789 - 1815 French Revolution

- What factors caused the French Revolution? What were the conditions, attitudes, and goals of the 3 French Estates (social classes)?

Basic Periods - What were the four basic periods of the French Rev? What caused the move from one period to the next? Class Struggle - Was the French Revolution a struggle between a rising bourgeoisie class and

entrenched aristocracy? Goals - What were the goals of the French Revolution? Were they achieved? Napoleon - What factors allowed Napoleon to come to power? - What were Napoleon's accomplishments? - Was Napoleon good or bad for France? - In what ways was Napoleon a continuation of the French Revolution? In what ways a rejection of it?

Results - What were the results of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era? What lasting effects did both have on Europe?

Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture Ancien Regime Louis XV Storming of the Bastille Declaration of the Rights Three Estates René de Maupeou The Great Fear of Man and Citizen (1789) feudal privileges Louis XVI Women's March on Civil Code of 1804/ desacralization Marie Antoinette Versailles Napoleonic Code/Code Napoleon Assignats Jacques Neckar Flight to Varennes Constitution of 1791 Jacobins Abbé Sieyes Declaration of Pillnitz Constitution of 1795 Girondists Estates-General 2nd Revolution Decrees of August 4 (1789) Mountain National Assembly September Massacres Tennis Court Oath (1789) guillotine Legislative Assembly Reign of Terror Civil Constitution of the Committee of Public National Convention Thermidorean Reaction Clergy (1790) Safety Robespierre Directory Treaty of Tilsit (1807) sans-Culottes Danton Consulate What is the 3rd Estate? (1788) departments Napoleon Battle of Trafalgar Neo-classicism Active Citizen Alexander I Invasion of Russia de-Christianization Passive Citizen Directory Battle of Waterloo Republic of Virtue (1791-1794) Levee en Masse Elba Cult of Reason Grand Armee One Hundred Days Cult of the Supreme Being Continental System St. Helena Grand Empire

A.P. European The Industrial Revolution (Chapter 21) Time period covered: 1760-1900 Key Themes/Ideas Causations - What factors caused the Industrial Revolution? Why did it take place in England?

Evolution - How did industrialization develop on the Continent? How did governments encourage industrialization? How did governments react to the formation of the working class?

Change - What social changes were caused by the Industrial Revolution? How were the various social classes affected by industrialization?

Impact - What was the impact of industrialization on families? What was the response to the formation of unions? Discuss the impact of industrialization

Responses - What various political and economic theories rose in response to the Industrial Revolution?

Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture Industrial Revolution James Hargreaves Storming of the Bastille Essay on the Principle of Spinning Jenny Richard Arkwright The Great Fear Population (1798) Water Frame George Stephenson Zollverein formation The Condition of the Working Class James Watt Thomas Malthus Factory Act of 1833 in England (1844) Thomas Newcomen David Ricardo Mines Act of 1842 National System of Political Josiah Wedgewood William Cockerill Combination Acts (1799) Economy (1841) Rocket Friedrich List Isambard Kingdom Friedrich Engels Crystal Palace Andrew Ure Iron Law of Wages Robert Owen Tariff protection Corporations Crédit Mobilier of Paris Economic nationalism Class-consciousness Luddites Separate spheres (also in Chp. 23) Grand National Consolidate Trades Union Craft unions Amalgamated Society of Engineers Chartist Movement

A.P. European Restoration and Reaction of Europe (Chapter 22) Time Period Covered: 1815-1848 Key Themes/Ideas Causation - What elements brought about the reaction of this period? - What were they "reacting" against? What did they want to restore? Burke and Metternich - In what ways did Burke and Metternich reflect the political and intellectual climate of this period? The "ISMS" - What were the various political "isms" that appeared during this period? What were the main

characteristics of each “ism”? Who were the major figures of each “ism”? - How did the new political ideologies challenge the conservatism during the period? How did Conservatives respond? - What was Marxism? How did Marx combine French utopian ideas, classical economics, and German

philosophy to develop his powerful ideology? - How does Romanticism reflect the attitudes of the period? Was it conservative or liberal? Pre-1848 - How did the new political ideologies play out in Greece? What was the result? - How did liberal reform evolve in Great Britain prior to 1848? What was the impact? - What sparked the Revolution of 1830 in France? What was the result? Revolutions of 1848 - What ideas sparked the revolutions of 1848? How did the revolution in France “spark” revolution

throughout Europe? Why? - Discuss the course of the revolutions in France, Austria and Prussia. - Why did they all end in failure? - How will these revolutions impact the 2nd half of the 19th century? Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture Concert of Europe Edmund Burke Congress of Vienna Reflections on the Revolution Legitimacy Klemens von Metternich Greek independence in France (1790) Dual Revolution Robert Castlereagh Battle of Peterloo The People (1846) Balance of Power Alexander I Reform Bill of 1832 Wealth of Nations (1776) Congress of Troppau Talleyrand Ten Hours Act (1847) Organization of Work (1839) German Confederation John Stuart Mill The Great Famine The Communist Manifesto (1848) Conservatism Adam Smith Revolutions of 1830 Lyrical Ballads (1798) Liberalism Jeremy Bentham Revolutions of 1848 Carlsbad Decrees Laissez faire Johann Gottfried Herder Eugene Delacroix “Classical liberalism” Jules Michelet Joseph Tuner/John Constable Nationalism Henri de Saint-Simon Franz Liszt Holy Alliance Charles Fourier Ludwig van Beethoven Romanticism Louis Blanc Six Acts (England) Corn Laws Joseph Proudhon “People’s Charter” (1838) Whigs Karl Marx Democracy in America (1835) Tories Georg Hegel William Wordsworth Utilitarianism Alexander Ypsilanti Germaine de Staël Socialism Charles X Victor Hugo Bourgeoisie Louis Philippe George Sand Proletariat Francis Joseph Grimm Brothers Storm und Drang FrederickWilliam IV Alexander Pushkin Constitutional Charter Frankfort Assembly

A.P. European The Urban Society (Chapter 23) Time period covered: 1840-1900 Key Themes/Ideas

Cities - How did cities change in the second half of the 19th century? What was the impact on urban life? Urban life - How did the industrial revolution impact society in the late 19th century? Family - How did urban life impact the family in the late 19th century? Intellectual - What were the new ideas that emerged in the late 19th century and what impact did they have on society?

Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture Public health movement Edwin Chadwick Modernization of Paris My Secret Life (11 vols. -1888) “Sanitary idea” Louis Pasteur Public health laws Mr., Mrs., and Baby (1866-1884) Bacterial Revolution Joseph Lister Second Industrial Rev. System of Positive Philosophy (1830) Miasmatic theory Georges Haussmann The Human Comedy (19th C) Germ theory Demitri Mendeleev Madame Bovary (1857) Pasteurization Auguste Comte Germinal (1885) Urban Planning Honoré de Balzac Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Public transportation Gustave Flaubert Life (1871-1872) Urban social hierarchy Èmile Zola Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) Labor aristocracy George Eliot War and Peace (1864-1869) Sweated industries Thomas Hardy Realism Gender roles Leo Tolstoy Origin of Species by the Means “Separate Spheres” Jeremy Bentham of Natural Selection (1859) Homemaker Charles Lyell Thermodynamics Charles Darwin “R & D” Social Darwinists utilitarianism natural selection evolution

A.P. European Age of Nationalism (Chapter 24) Time Period Covered: 1848-1914 Key Themes/Ideas Causation - In what ways will nationalism be a unifying force during this period? In what ways will it nationalism be a destructive force during this period? France - How did Napoleon III seek to reconcile popular and conservative forces in an authoritarian state? - What was his success in establishing the 2nd French Empire? Failures? Germany - Why was German unsuccessful at unifying before the 1870's? - What was Bismarck's role? How did he unify Germany? Italy - How was Italy able to unite in the 1850's and 60's? Russia/ - How did Russia and the Ottoman Empire modernize during this period? Degree of success? Ottomans - What were the "Great Reforms?" - How did Witte try to modernize Russia? - What was the impact of the 1905 revolution? - Why is the Ottoman Empire considered to be the “Sick Man of Europe” during this period? - How did it respond? Effect? Responsive national state - What groups gained & lost power due to the Responsive Nation State? - What policies did various countries institute? Successes? Failures? - What major conflicts occurred in this time? - Why did ordinary citizens after 1871 feel a growing loyalty to their governments? Marxism Socialism - Why and how did Marx’s ideas advance during this period? - What advances did the followers of Marxism & Socialism accomplish? - What were the main focuses of these groups? - How revolutionary was the socialist movement during this time? - What is Revisionism? Why did it emerge? Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture plebiscite Napoleon III Napoleon III – Emperor Syllabus of Errors (1864) Lombardy Giuseppe Mazzini Treaty of Villafranca Realpolitik Venetia Vincenzo Gioberti Danish War Evolutionary Socialism (1899) Sardinia-Piedmont Pope Pius IX Austro-Prussian War Red Shirts Victor Emmanuel North German Confederation Zollverein Count Camillío Benso Franco-Prussian War Schleswig-Holstein di Cavour German Empire Alsace-Lorraine Giuseppe Garibaldi Crimean War modernization Otto von Bismarck Emancipation of Russian “Great Reforms” William I serfs zemstvo Alexander II Bloody Sunday October Manifesto Alexander III Russian Rev. of 1905 Young Turks Sergei Witte Imperial Rescript of 1857 Kulturkampf Duma Paris Commune (1871) Dreyfus Affair Tanzimat French 3rd Republic People’s Budget Sultan Abdul Mejid 2nd Reform Bill of 1867

A.P. European Age of Nationalism (Chapter 24) - Continued Time Period Covered: 1848-1914 Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Austria-Hungary Reichstag 3rd Reform Bill of 1884 dual monarchy German Social 1913 Irish home-rule bill Jewish emancipation Democratic Party Norwegian independence (1905) anti-Semitism Adolphe Thiers First International of socialists - Zionism Léon Gambetta First Working Men’s Association Palestine Liberal Party Second International (1899) pogroms William Gladstone May Day (Marxists) Ulsterites unions Theodor Herzl Revisionism Karl Lueger anarchism Eduard Bernstein Jean Jaurès

A.P. European The West and the World (Chapter 25) Time Period Covered: 1815-1914 Key Themes/Ideas Causation - In what ways does the phrase, “Age of European Supremacy” reflect this time period? - What factors accounted for the rise of global economic inequality during this period? - Why were the Europeans able to dominate globally and project their power? - What were the causes of the new imperialism of this period? Analysis - How did international trade develop during this period? - How did European countries actively intervene in countries to further their economic interests? - What is meant by the term, “opening up”? - How was massive migration an integral part of Western expansion? - What is the general European attitude towards non-Western peoples? Imperialism - How did European nations build empires throughout Africa and Asia? - How did Europeans respond to imperialism? - How did non-Western countries respond to imperialism? India, Japan, China? - How did Japan serve as an example to other non-Western countries? - How do imperialism and nationalism reinforce each other? - In what ways does imperialism set the stage for WWI? Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture Third World Muhammad Ali Treaty of Nanking The White Man’s Burden (1899) world market Ismail Suez Canal (1869) Imperialism (1902) Opening of China Tewfiq Scramble for Africa Heart of Darkness (1902) opium trade Leopold II Berlin Conference (1884) gunboat diplomacy Henry Stanley Omdurman khedive Pierre de Brazza Fashoda great migration General Horatio Great Rebellion migrants Kitchener Sino-Japanese War “swallows” (Italy) Rudyard Kipling hundred days of reform ‘great white walls” J. A. Hobson Boxer Rebellion new imperialism Joseph Conrad Chinese republic (1912) Afrikaaners Hindu Indian National Importance of colonies Congress Maxim machine gun Commodore Matthew quinine Perry telegraph Tzu Hsi “Civilizing Mission” Sun Yat-sen Meiji Restoration Qing dynasty

A.P. European War and Revolution (Chapter 26) Time Period Covered: 1871 - 1919 Key Themes/Ideas European Dominance - In what ways could European society be said to have reached its pinnacle during this

period? Scientific and Intellectual Developments - What were the key scientific and intellectual discoveries of the time? How do they

reflect the trends of the time? Dangerous Trends

- What were the trends that seemed to foreshadow WWI? How is Social Darwinism a contributing factor to the Great War?

Causation of WWI - What were the causes of WWI? The Fighting - Why did Germany lose WWI? Why was the war so destructive? The Treaty of Versailles - How did the Treaty of Versailles change Europe? Was it a good treaty? Explain. March Russian Revolution - Why was there a Revolution in Russia in March 1917? Could it have been prevented? Explain. Bolshevik Revolution - Why were the Bolsheviks able to overthrow the Provisional Government? - What type of state was established in Russia? Effects - In what ways was Europe changed by the Great War and Revolutions of 1917-18? Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture Arms Race Archduke Ferdinand Moroccan Crisis Fourteen Points (1918) Schlieffen Plan Emperor William II Reinsurance Treaty What is to be Done? (1902) Triple Entente Lenin Zimmerman Note Triple Alliance Nicholas II Lusitania System of Alliances Duma Revolution of 1905 War of Attrition Trotsky Bloody Sunday "blank check" Bolsheviks Algeciras Conference Balkan Wars Rasputin Battle of the Marne Serbia Alexandra Battle of Jutland "Peace, Land, Bread" Social Rev. Party Assassination of Trench warfare Social Democratic Party Archduke Ferdinand Big Four Petrograd Soviet Gallipoli New Economic Policy Alexander Kerensky Polish Corridor Reds vs Whites Stalin March Revolution Five Year Plans David Lloyd George Army Order No. 1 nationalism Woodrow Wilson League of Nations militarism Henry Cabot Lodge October Revolution imperialism Mensheviks Treaty of Versailles

A.P. European War and Revolution (Chapter 26) - Continued Time Period Covered: 1871 - 1919 Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture Central Powers Clemenceau German Revolution Reds vs Whites war communism Three Emperor's League

A.P. European The Age of Anxiety (Chapter 27)

Time Period Covered: 1900-1940 Key Themes/Ideas Age of Uncertainty

- Why do the terms uncertainty and anxiety apply to this period in European history? - What new ideas are appearing in art, literature, science, and philosophy? - What was the impact of radio and movies on European society? How were these new media used by political leaders?

Advance of Democracy

- In what ways did political democracy advance in the early postwar years? - What trends were observable in social legislation?

Foreign Affairs - How did the democratic leaders of the 1920s deal with deep-seated instability and try to establish real peace and prosperity? - What issues led to serious tensions between Germany and France in the early 1920s? How was this tension resolved? - How were issues of international affairs being addressed in the 1920s? What was the

significance of Locarno? Great Depression - What were the causes of the Great Depression? - What were the political, social, and economic effects of the depression? - What measures were taken to end the depression by various countries? Great Britain? France? Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture logical positivism Paul Valèry Announcement of Untimely Meditations (1873) existentialism Friedrich Nietzsche German reparations On the Genealogy of Morals (1877) Christian existentialism Henri Bergstrom French occupation of Essay on Logical Philosophy (1922) new physics Georges Sorel the Ruhr Sickness unto Death (1849) “quanta” Ludwig Wittgenstein Kellogg-Briand Pact Civilization and Its theory of special relativity Jean-Paul Sartre Great Depression Discontents (1930) “uncertainty principle” Albert Camus Spanish Civil War Jacob’s Room (1922) id, ego, superego Søren Kierkegaard Ulysses (1922) stream of consciousness Karl Barth The Decline of the West (1918) technique Gabriel Marcel The Waste Land (1922) modernism Marie Curie The Trial (1925) functionalism Max Planck The Castle (1926) Bauhaus Albert Einstein The Metamorphosis (1915) department stores Ernest Rutherford Impressionism “new woman” Werner Heisenberg Claude Monet cinema Sigmund Freud Edgar Degas British Broadcasting Virginia Woolf Post-impressionism Corporation William Faulkner Expressionism “fireside chats” James Joyce Vincent van Gogh reparation payments Oswald Spengler Secessionists Weimar Republic T.S. Eliot Gustav Klimt/The Kiss (1908) Dawes Plan Franz Kafka Cubism Locarno agreements Walter Gropius Pablo Picasso “spirit of Lacarno” Sergei Eisenstein Dadaism

A.P. European The Age of Anxiety (Chapter 27) - Continued

Time Period Covered: 1900-1940 Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events Documents/Culture New Deal Leni Riefenstahl Surrealism Popular Front Guglielmo Marconi Salvador Dali John Maynard Keynes Igor Stravinsky Raymond Poincaré The Rite of Spring (1913) Gustav Streseman Arnold Schönberg Adolph Hitler The Battle of the Somme (film-1916) Aristide Briand The Triumph of the Will (1934) Ramsay MacDonald Economic Consequences of the Léon Blum Peace (1919)

A.P. European Dictatorships and the Second World War (Chapter 28) Time Period Covered: 1919-1945 Key Themes/Ideas Growth of Totalitarianism - What is meant by the terms Totalitarianism of the Left and Totalitarianism of the Right? - How does Totalitarianism differ from the conservative authoritarianism of earlier centuries? - In what ways are communism and fascism similar? different? Totalitarian? - Soviet Union – How did Stalin consolidate his power? What were Stalin's economic policies? What

was the success of these policies? - Italy – How did Mussolini come to power and govern Italy? - Germany – How did Hitler come to power? What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic? What

were the political, economic, and social changes introduced in Germany under the Third Reich? Causation - What were the causes of World War II? - In what ways did World War I lead to World War II? Foreign Affairs - What explanations may be suggested for the pacifism of the Western powers in the 1930's? - What was Hitler's foreign and military policy up to 1939? - How did the League of Nation's respond to Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia and Japan's invasion of China? Why? - What is meant by the policy of appeasement? What was appeasement popular? Why might the Munich

crisis be considered the climax of appeasement? - Why did Hitler and Stalin sign the Russo-German ("Nazi-Soviet") nonaggression Pact in August 1939? The Fighting - Europe and the Pacific - What were the opening stages of the war in eastern Europe? - Why did France fall to the Nazis? What happened to the country after defeat? - What was the Battle of Britain? - Why did Hitler decide to invade Russia? - What policies had the Japanese been following during the war in Europe? - What were the consequences of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941? - In what ways was 1942 a major turning point on all fronts for the Allies? - How did the war in Europe end? in the Pacific? - Why were the Allies victorious? The Holocaust - What was the "Final Solution” of the Jewish question? How did the Nazis implement their policy? - What ethical dilemmas are raised about those who supported Nazi policies besides the immediate

leadership? Peace - What was significant about the demand for "unconditional surrender" by the Allies? - What different attitudes toward the postwar settlement did Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin have?

- In what ways were the Teheran and Yalta Conferences important in shaping the map of postwar Europe?

- In what ways was the Potsdam Conference significant? - How did the peace settlement after World War II differ from the peace settlement after World War I?

A.P. European Dictatorships and the Second World War (Chapter 28) - Continued Time Period Covered: 1919-1945 Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events/Battles Documents/Culture conservative Josef Stalin Ukrainian famine Mein Kampf (1925) authoritarianism Vladimir Lenin Stalin’s Great Purges totalitarianism Leon Trotsky Mussolini’s “march on Communism Benito Mussolini Rome” Fascism Victor Emmanuel III Lateran Agreement eugenics General Hindenburg Invasion of Ethiopia five-year plan Adolph Hitler Beer Hall Putsch “socialism in one country” Heinrich Himmler Hitler appointed chancellor collectivization Eastern Front of Germany kulaks Western Front Enabling Act Black Shirts Marshal Henri-Philippe Nuremberg Laws National Socialism Pétain Kristallnacht Nazi Party War in Europe Rome-Berlin Axis Führer War in the Pacific Munich Conference SA Grand Alliance German-Soviet non- Brown Shirts aggression pact SS Battle of Britain “master race” Pearl Harbor “racial state” Battle of El Alamein Aryan race Invasion of Sicily/Italy policy of appeasement Battle of Coral Sea Sudetenland Battle of Midway “blitzkrieg” – Battle of Stalingrad lightning war D-day invasion New Order Atomic bomb – Hiroshima/ Vichy regime Nagasaki Holocaust Ghettos Einsatzgruppen “final solution” Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere Great Patriotic War of the Fatherland New Economic Policy

A.P. European Cold War Conflict and Consensus (Chapter 29) Time Period Covered: 1945-1965 Key Themes/Ideas WWII Legacy - What were the human costs of World War II? - How did the War’s end create Displaced Persons? How were they dealt with? - What were the Nuremberg trials? Cold War - What was the Cold War? What were its origins? - Could the Cold War have been avoided? - What policies emerged among the West in response to the Cold War? Korean War - What caused the Korean War? How was it an extension of the Cold War? - What were the consequences and outcomes of the war? - Why is the Korean peninsula still a hot spot in today's world? Western Europe Economic Recovery - How did Western Europe rebuild its economy after the war? - What was the impact of the Marshall Plan in Europe's recovery? - What was the nature of the economies that emerged in Western Europe? Political Reconstruction - What political challenges did Western Europe face in the early postwar period? - What was the impact of the Berlin Blockade? - In what ways was the United States involved in the political rebuilding of Western Europe? - What was the role of NATO in Europe? European Unity - What path did West European integration take? - What were the origins, nature, and accomplishments of the European Economic Community? - Which approach towards European unity was most successful, political or economic? Why? The Communist World Eastern Europe - How did the Soviets come to dominate Eastern Europe? - What effect did Soviet dominance have on Eastern Europe? - Why and in what ways did Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe begin to grow restless during the 1950s

and 1960s? - What was the Solidarity movement in Poland? What was its significance? Soviet Union - How would one evaluate Stalin's postwar policies and actions? - What was the nature and what were the results of Khrushchev's reform efforts? - What led to Khrushchev's downfall from power? - How can the Brezhnev era be evaluated in areas such as military affairs, the economy, Soviet society, and foreign affairs? - What is meant by re-Stalinization of the Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union?

A.P. European Cold War Conflict and Consensus (Chapter 29) - Continued Time Period Covered: 1945-1965 End of Empires - What impact did the war have on people's opinions about imperialism and European empires? - What circumstances led to the postwar colonial independence movements? - How did the Cold War affect decolonization? - What were the independence movements in Asia? the Middle East? Africa? - Describe the independence movements of India, China, and the creation of Israel. Social Changes - How did changes in social structures and relationships contribute to European stability in both eastern and western Europe? - How did class structure, post-war migration, women’s roles, and youth roles change during this period? Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events/Battles Documents/Culture Cold War UNRRA Nuremberg trials consumer revolution displaced persons (DPs) Harry Truman Teheran Conference socialist realism Big Three George C. Marshall Yalta Conference Doctor Zhivago (1957) buffer zone Eastern bloc Potsdam Conference One Day in the Life of “iron curtain” Western bloc Berlin blockade/airlift Ivan Denisovich (1963) Truman Doctrine Christian Democrats NATO Marshall Plan Charles DeGaulle Warsaw Pact Truman Doctrine Labour Party Korean War policy of containment Organization for Sputnik Council for Mutual European Economic Bretton Woods agreement Economic Assistance Cooperation (OEEC) International Monetary Fund Big Science Council of Europe World Bank ENIAC Jean Monnet European Coal and Steel transistor Robert Schumann Community welfare state Josip Broz Tito Treaty of Rome European Economic Nikita Khrushchev Nixon-Khrushchev Community Boris Paternak “kitchen debate” Common Market Alexander Solzhenitsyn Hungarian revolution consumer revolution Leonid Brezhnev Berlin Wall de-Stalinization Ho Chi Minh Cuban Missile Crisis “cult of personality” Mohandas Ghandi French Indo-china “Peaceful coexistence” Jawaharlal Nehru Establishment of Israel re-Stalinization Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalization of the de-colonization Mao Zedong Suez canal non-alignment movement Gamal Abdel Nasser Algerian War British Commonwealth Patrice Lumumba League of Nations Joseph Mobutu Mandates guest worker programs postcolonial migration

A.P. European Challenging the Postwar Order (Chapter 30) Time Period Covered: 1960-1991 Key Themes/Ideas Causation - How did social and political changes in the 1960s challenge the postwar consensus that had emerged in the 1950s? Analysis - What was détente and why did it emerge? - What was Willy Brandt's policy of reconciliation and why was it important? - Why did a youth counterculture movement develop? What was the impact of the Vietnam War? - Why did students revolt in 1968? What were their goals? What was the impact? - How did policies change in eastern Europe? - How did Communist governments in eastern Europe work to improve society? Impact? - How do the events in Czechoslovakia reveal the limits of Communist reforms? - What internal and external factors weakened communist power in eastern Europe? - What was the Solidarity movement in Poland? What was its significance? Economy - What were the causes of the worldwide economic crisis of the 1970s and 1980s? What could have been done to prevent such crises? - What were the social consequences of economic stagnation of the 1970s? - Why was there a conservative backlash? How did the conservatives respond? Society - How did the 1970s usher in the women’s movement, the environmental movement and the rise of separatism and extremism? Soviet Union/Russia - What were the motives and methods of Gorbachev? - What impact did he have on Soviet and Eastern European society? - Why did he fall from power? Were his reforms successful? Eastern Europe - Why did anticommunist revolutions sweep through eastern Europe in 1989? - In what countries did revolution break out in 1989? Who were the participants and what were the outcomes? - What significance did the re-unification of Germany have for Germans? for Europe? - What is the future of Western and Eastern Europe? Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events/Battles Documents/Culture détente Konrad Adenauer Final Act of the Helsinki “modern lifestyle” Ostpolitik Willy Brandt Conference (1975) youth counterculture Federal Republic of Social Democrats 2nd Vatican Council student revolts Germany Christian Democrats (Vatican II) Bitterfield Movement German Democratic Dwight D. Eisenhower Geneva Accords Divided Heaven (1963) Republic John F. Kennedy Vietnam War samizdat literature New Left Lyndon B. Johnson Tet Offensive “the information age” “free love” Richard Nixon “Prague Spring” feminist movement 5th French Republic Charles DeGaulle US taken off the The Second Sex (1949) New Economic Mechanism Christa Wolf standard The Feminist Mystique (1963) (Hungary) Alexander Dubcek Six Day War (1967) Silent Spring (1962) New Economic System Leonid Brezhnev Yom Kippur War (1973) environmental movement (East Germany) Milton Friedman Falklands War (1982) Greenpeace

A.P. European Challenging the Postwar Order (Chapter 30) - Continued Time Period Covered: 1960-1991 Concepts/Terms People/Assemblies Events/Battles Documents/Culture Brezhnev Doctrine Margaret Thatcher National Organization OPEC Conservative Party (GBr) of Women (NOW) stagflation John Major Bloody Sunday (1972) postindustrial society Ronald Reagan Charter 77 (Czechoslovakia) neoliberalism Helmut Kohl Gdansk Agreement separatist movements François Mitterand Soviet invasion of ETA Socialist Party (Fr) Afghanistan (1979) IRA Simone de Beauvoir Revolutions of 1989 “really existing socialism” Betty Friedan Fall of the Berlin Wall Solidarity (Poland) Jean-Marie Le Pen Velvet Revolution French National Front Cardinal Carol Wojtyla German Unification (1990) perestroika (Pope John Paul II) Disintegration of USSR (1991) glasnost Lech Walesa Commonwealth of Independent democratization General Wojciech States (CIS) shock therapy Jaruzelski Jimmy Carter Mikhail Gorbachev János Kádár Václav Havel Nicolae Ceaucescu Boris Yeltsin George H.W. Bush

A. P. European Europe in an Age of Globalization (Chapter 31) Time Period Covered: 1991-Present Key Themes/Ideas Analysis - Why was establishing democracy in Russia and former communist nations in eastern Europe difficult? - How did Russia and former East Bloc countries meet the challenges of postcommunist reconstruction and political and economic reform? - Evaluate Russia's move toward a more democratic and free market society. Will this movement last? - What is Russia’s future under Putin? What - What is Russia’s role in the new international order? Globalization - What is globalization? What are its characteristics? What is the impact of globalization on economics, politics, international relations, and societies? - What is the European Union? What is the impact of the EU on stability in Europe? - What challenges are emerging in the EU and Eurozone countries? How is the EU confronting these

challenges? - What is the impact of supranationalist organizations? Multiculturalism - How did population decline and large-scale immigration lead to demographic changes in contemporary Europe? - What was the impact of increasing ethnic diversity on contemporary Europe? - How is Europe responding to this changing ethnic diversity? - What can the United States learn from Europe’s experience? Future - What are key issues faced by European societies in the 21st century? - How did European states and peoples deal with these issues? - What role will NATO play in the future? - How will dependence on fossil fuels shape the future? - How will global warming impact the future? How has the EU confronted environmental and global warming issues? - How will human rights be dealt with in the future? - What are the similarities and differences between how the United States deals with 21st-century issues

and the European response? Concepts/Terms People Events Documents/Culture Chechnya Boris Yeltsin “velvet divorce” multiculturalism Georgia (Russia) Vladimir Putin collapse of Yugoslavia Interpreter of Maladies (1999) Ostalgie United Russia Party Bosnia-Herzegovina The Namesake (2003) Kosovo Liberation Army Dimitri Medvedev ethnic cleansing White Teeth (2000) globalization Slobodan Milosevic Srebrenica (1995) Bend It Like Beckham (2002) European Union (EU) Jhumpa Lahiri Maastricht Treaty (1991) The Class (2008) Euro Zone Zadie Smith Treaty of Lisbon (2007) non-governmental supranational Gurinder Chada Kyoto Treaty (1997) organization (NGO) organizations Jacques Chirac September 11th attacks European illegal immigration United Nations Jean-Marie Le Pen Iraq War (2003) diasporas World Bank Tony Blair imam International Monetary Gerhard Schröder war on terror Fund (IMF) George W. Bush Taliban World Trade Organization Tariq Ramadan fossil fuel dependence (WTO) Barack Obama global warming