NDT PART 2

Wave forming

• Sending a bundle with a conventional UT probe (EMISSION) :

– Pointing an acoustic bundle according to Huyghens principle

– Sole introduces diverse time delays so that a certain angle is determined

• Sending a bundle with a Phased-Array UT probe (EMISSION) :

– Pointing an acoustic bundle according to Huyghens principle

– Exact time delays are electronically generate, so that a certain angle is determined

• Possibilities of Phased Array Technology

Principles of Phased Array

Beam Deviation Beam Focalisation Beam Deviation +Beam

Focalisation

This example illustrates a linear PA probe

Combined bundle processing

• The phased-array technology makes it possible to use almost every combination of bundle processing's like:– focusing + sending– linear scanning + sending– …

Contemporary Medical PA

Example of Phased Array equipment

Omniscan

Scale X

Sca

le Y

Channel name

Colo

r pale

tte

Zoom X

Zoom

Y

X: 0 Y: 0

End Y

End X

Begin Y

Begin X

VinVinçotte’s çotte’s approach on Carbon Steel;approach on Carbon Steel;

By using linear phased array probes, the By using linear phased array probes, the volume will be inspected with multiple TOFD volume will be inspected with multiple TOFD

channelschannels

ASME BPV Code Section VIII div.1 & 2edition 2001 Code Case 2235-6 and API

620

VinVinçotte’sçotte’s approach on C/St.;approach on C/St.;

In addition to the two TOFD channels, Phased In addition to the two TOFD channels, Phased Array PE will be applied from both sides to compensate Array PE will be applied from both sides to compensate

the limitations of TOFD at the surface and widththe limitations of TOFD at the surface and width

ASME BPV Code Section VIII div.1 & 2ASME BPV Code Section VIII div.1 & 2edition 2001 Code Case 2235-6 and API edition 2001 Code Case 2235-6 and API

620620

TOFD 60-SW(right)60 SW (left) 45-SW(right)45-SW(left)

Pro

be

mov

emen

t

Data Visualization for TOFD and PE Combined

Justification of the use of TRL PA probes on stainless

steelThe use of piezocomposite, twin, side by side, phased array UT probes, gives a good response to all of the diffuculties that are encountered in stainless steel welds / casts.

With these TRL PA probes, multiple laws can be simultaneously generated (with variable refracted angle, variable focalisation depth and variable skew angle), as illustrated below : Variable Refracted Angle Variable Focalisation Depth Variable

Skew Angle

Page 9

Variation of Refracted Angle

ANGLE = 0

Variation of Focal Depth

FOCAL DEPTH

Variation of Skew Angle

SKEW = 0

VinVinçotte’sçotte’s approach approach

on Stainlesson Stainless

Using low frequency TRL PA probes,Using low frequency TRL PA probes,PE channels from both sides for volumetric inspectionPE channels from both sides for volumetric inspection

Applications of TRL PA Probes

Illustration of the volume coverage using a set of 48 laws

Examination of the inner surface Examination of the upper surface

searching without skip searching after skip

Searching fordefects at the inner surface

14.5 mm

30 mm

Elements 1-64 Elements 65-127

Refracted Angle = 0°

Searching fordefects at the upper surface

14.5 mm

30 mm

Elements 1-64 Elements 65-127

Refracted Angle = 8°

14.5 mm

30 mm

Real Image

Complemenary Image

Searching forembedded defects without skip

14.5 mm

30 mm

Elements 1-64 Elements 65-127

Refracted Angle = 39°

Searching forembedded defects after skip

14.5 mm

30 mm

Elements 1-64 Elements 65-127

Refracted Angle = 37°

14.5 mm

30 mm

Real Image

Complemenary Image

Applications of TRL PA ProbesInfluence of these different components is simulated

Beam simulations using CIVA 7 and PASS software’s

Finite element code for piezoelectric structure design

Inspection on HHA (back scatter technique)

•Micro cracks at the grain boundaries scatterultrasound,

•Example with conventional ultrasound equipment

Inspection on HHA (back scatter technique)

•Micro cracks at the grain boundaries scatterultrasound,

•Example with Phased Array equipment

Construction Welding:

T-Joint Corner Crack weld

Corner Crack

Inspection of rotors and bladesInspection of rotors and blades

UT Pipeline inspections

Principles & Industrial Applications

Combination PE - TOFD

Combination PE - TOFD

Combination PE - TOFD

TOFD-PE Phased Array

High-speed pipe weld inspection

RPV welds

Turbine bore Upper Pressuriser weld

3D simulations

CANDU feeder tubes

UT of SG tubes

Turbines disk, blade attachments

Flexible PA Probes CRDM head penetrations

BWR core shroud, BMW, CCSS, & other austenitic welds

Turbines disk

BMK Fuel Channels

Validation Work

Inspection Of Pressure Vessels

Advanced training

Corrosion mapping

• The efficient way to present, visualize and measure corrosion and erosion

Conventional thickness measurements

After calibration a time measurement is done and it takes the sound 4,194..µs to get back to the receiver:

4,194..µs x 5,96mm/µs = 25mm

25,00

12,50

After calibration a time measurement is done and it takes the sound 2,097..µs to get back to the receiver:

2,097.. µs x 5,96mm/µs = 12,55mm

Corrosion mapping

Corrosion mapping• Examination possible on complex geometries by positioning of probe

with infrared camera or pattern recognition• Analysis with help of computer• Proof of entire examination• Thin zones are directly visualized in a given color • High reproducibility for repeated examinations• No ionizing radiation ( On Streams)• No interference with other activities (no evacuation/transport)• No environment damaging waste• Permanent data saving in digital format in on line produced C-scan• High inspection speed• Direct available information, automatic report printing• Easy distinction between corrosion and laminations

DEPEC

• Detection and Evaluation of Piping Erosion/Corrosion

• Carbon Steel piping 4” to 10”• Evaluation of corrosion under pipe

supports

DEPEC

• DEPEC– Way to inspect under piping support

• Lower costs• Removes the risk of damage during lifting

– DEPEC is able to detect corrosion or erosion on large surfaces in a fast way

– Wall thickness diminutions will form an obstruction for the sound passage– Analysis is done by looking at the A-scan characteristics – Data can be analyzed on-line or afterwards by saving a B-scan

• Disadvantages– With this method it’s only possible to evaluate the quality of the erosion /

corrosion signs, i.e. reporting the gravity of the corrosion : • no discrimination between erosion/corrosion• slight corrosion• serious corrosion (thickness decrease larger than 35% of the nominal thickness)• The gravity of erosion according to graphics

Digital Radiography

A radiographic pattern is exposed on reusable phosphor plates, which creates a latent imageThis latent image is read and digitalized in a “CR Reader”, and can be viewed on site => No reshootsThis data is processed and can form a digital radiographic image => Data can be used in data base (RBI)Immediate follow up.No chemicals, no darkroomD5/D4 film type image qualityExposure time 2 to 20 times less than with conventional radiography, depending on necessary image quality

Digital Radiography

Raw ImageRaw ImageContrast enhancement Contrast enhancement by window/levelby window/levelSharpeningSharpening

Emboss in ROIEmboss in ROI

– Change contrast

– Measure

WT-Scope for On-Stream applications

Wall Thickness measurement :

Source set up for tray 3

TRAY 3

Phospor Plates

Co-60 Isotope( positioned 50 cm below tray level )

Downcomer

Diameter of tower (bottom section) : 7m400Diameter of tower (bottom section) : 7m400

Wall thickness : 20 mmWall thickness : 20 mm

Inside 4 trays of 3 mm thickness eachInside 4 trays of 3 mm thickness each

In normal condition a few centimetres of liquid on the trays and in the downcomerIn normal condition a few centimetres of liquid on the trays and in the downcomer

Operating temperature : 400°COperating temperature : 400°C

North-East View of 3rd TrayNorth-East View of 3rd Tray

Wide gap between two panels

Downcomer

North-West View of 3rd Tray

Wide gap between two panels

Source set up for tray 2

TRAY 2

Phosphor Plates

Co-60 Isotope( positioned 50 cm below tray level )

Downcomer

North-East View of 2nd Tray

Panels missing from tray 2

North-West View of 2nd Tray

Panels missing from tray 2

Digital Radiography

• Digitizing Films

Positive Material Identification• Positive Material Identification

Positive Material Identification (PMI) is one of the more specialized non-destructive testing methods. With Positive Material Identification the alloy composition of materials can be determined. If a material certificate is missing or it is not clear what the composition of a material is, then PMI offers the solution. PMI is particularly used for high-quality metals like stainless steel and high alloy metals. While engineers push the boundaries of material capacities to their limits in the design, assurance that the proper material is used becomes ever more important.

Eddy Current

• Heat exchanger pipes (ferritic and non ferritic)

• Surface and near-surface defects

UT - ET

Eddy Current Ultrasonic

Good at detecting surface defects

Poor at detecting surface defects

Near sub-surface defects reasonable to detect

Near sub-surface defects difficult to detect

Deep sub-surface defect detection is impossible

Good sub-surface defect detection

Probes are less sensitive to flaw orientation

Signal is strongly influenced by flaw orientation

No couplant needed, stable results

Couplant is needed between probe and material causing cariable results

Probe can be made wide and profiled to cover wear face

Defect must be on probe centre line

Faster inspection speeds Slow inspection speeds

Materials

• Material structure – Macro structure– Micro structure – Corrosion

Materials

• Material analysing– Destructive testing– Hardness testing – Replica’s– Certification– Welding & Welders

certification– ……..

Other

•• Other:– Assessment Inspection of

rotating machines – Measurements using a

dilatometer – Machines – Vibration analysis – Tele-visual inspections – Pipe Current Mapper (PCM) – Storage Tanks Vacuum testing – Tightness Helium tightness

studies – Coating inspection– Roughness ISO 805

NON INTRUSIVE INSPECTIONS

• POTENTIAL BENEFITS ARE:Improved safety for inspection personnel, by averting vessel entryIncreased confidence in plant integrityBasis for plant life extensionCritical flaw size can be quantified for future purposeIntrusive inspection can be averted, saving operational and maintenance costsThe method (s) applied are:

• Systematic• Fully auditable• Compliant with applicable regulations• Derived using competent personnel throughout• Cost effective

RISK BASED INSPECTION

• Risk Based Inspection is the explicit use of Risk Assessment to plan, justify and aid the assessment of results from

inspection, testing and monitoring regimes.

Our NDT & Inspection clients / services

Petro- Chemical TrainingPipelines

Construction Power Generation

Off shoreStorage tanks

Energy

Vinçotte

Thank you for your attention•

: : Heusing 2, Heusing 2,

Postbus 6869Postbus 6869

4802 HW Breda4802 HW Breda

:: +31 (0)76 571 22 88+31 (0)76 571 22 88

:: +31 (0)76 587 47 60 +31 (0)76 587 47 60

:: WWW. Vincotte.comWWW. Vincotte.com

:: VerhagenVerhagen@vincotte.nl@vincotte.nl

: : Cross point – Cross point –

Leuvensesteenweg 248Leuvensesteenweg 248

1800 Vilvoorde1800 Vilvoorde

:: +31 (0)+31 (0)2 536 84 312 536 84 31

:: +31 (0)+31 (0)2 536 84 422 536 84 42

:: WWW.Vincotte.comWWW.Vincotte.com

:: BVerhagenBVerhagen@vincotte.@vincotte.bebe