Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Subordinate Relative Clauses Based on...

Advanced course – Advanced course – Summit 2Summit 2

Angela Carvalho April/ 2008CMF

Subordinate Relative ClausesBased on Susan Bland’s Grammar

and on Summit 2

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Observe:

• I wouldn’t have done it, if it weren’t for the teacher who guided me. Not any teacher. The

sentence defines, specifies that teacher.

• The teacher, who studies hard, can do great work.

It brings up the idea that is part of the concept of

being a teacher: to study continuously.



More examples...

• I visited my sister who lives in Fortaleza.

• = I have two or more sisters and I visited the one living in Fortaleza.

• I visited my sister, who lives in Fortaleza.

• = I have only one sister and the fact that she lives in Fortaleza is a detail about her.



• My classroom has 17 desks that are broken.

• = There are more than 17 desks, but 17 are broken.

• My classroom has 17 desks, which are broken.

• = There are 17 and all of them are broken.

It defines the word “desks”



Read the story below:

This story is about an African-American woman who refused to who refused to give up her seat to a white give up her seat to a white passenger on a city buspassenger on a city bus. Her refusal, which occurred in 1955which occurred in 1955, was the departure point to the civil rights movement in the United States.

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Not any woman. It’ s necessary to define who the woman is and restrict it’s meaning.



The woman, whose name was whose name was Rosa ParksRosa Parks, was arrested. However, Martin Luther King, Jr., led a year-long boycott of the bus system. The boycott was successful, and led to mass protests that demanded that demanded civil rights for African-civil rights for African-AmericansAmericans.

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This piece of Information is a detail about the woman already mentioned in

the beginning of the text. The information does not define the woman

There were other protests, but these ones

requested civil rights for African –Americans.



Summarizing

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Thinking about grammar

Why aren’t the clauses in blue in between commas?

Why are the ones in red between commas?

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Defining and Giving Directions

Passive resistance is the nonviolent dissent that Martin Luther King, Jr., encouraged in the 1960s.

Turn left onto State Street. The memorial, which is next to the library, is on your right.

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Relative Clauses – Definition

They are adjective clauses that generally begin with relative pronouns:

WhoWho – people – people WhomWhom – people – people ThatThat – people, things and events (not after comma)WhichWhich – animals, things, events – animals, things, eventsWhoseWhose – possession

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Relative Clauses – Function & Features

Like adjectives, relative clauses modify nouns.

They are dependent clauses.

They immediately follow the nouns they modify.

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Restrictive clause (defining):It gives information that helps to uniquely identify the noun that it describes.

Non-restrictive (nonrestrictive/nondefining):It adds extra information about the noun it modifies. This information is not necessary to identify the noun.

Relative Clauses – Types

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Restrictive Clauses - Examples

My brother who attends college is very shy.

Meaning: I have two brothers. This one attends college and is shy. My other brother doesn’t attend college.

RESTRICTION

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Restrictive Clauses - Examples

My brother, who attends college, is very shy.

Meaning: My only brother is very shy. He also attends college.

EXTRA INFORMATION11



Subjects and ObjectsWhen to omit the relative pronoun

• Rodolfo is the man. We want to reward the man.

• Rodolfo is the man whom/who/thatwhom/who/that we want to reward.

• Rodolfo is the man we want to reward.

OBJECT



Observe:

• Rodolfo is the guy. Rodolfo is a personal stylist.

• Rodolfo is the guy who is a personal stylist.

SUBJECT



More ExamplesThe lady whom I saw looked at me. who I saw that I saw I saw

The road which Dave took was a shortcut. that Dave took Dave took

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See See you you next next class !class !

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Subordinate Relative Clauses Based on...

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