Advanced Chemistry
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Transcript of Advanced Chemistry
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Advanced Chemistry
Organic Chemistry:Functional Groups
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Derivatives of Hydrocarbons Halides Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Esters Carboxylic
Acids Amines Amides
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Functional Groups
Functional Groups (FG) Atom or group of atoms that can be a
substituent on a carbon chain These groups greatly modify the
behavior of the hydrocarbon There are many kinds of FG – most
contain different arrangements of oxygen and nitrogen
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Types of Functional GroupsHalides – hydrocarbons plus a halogen EX: 1-chlorobutane
C – C – C – C - Cl
EX: 2,2-dibromopropaneBr
C – C – C
Br
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Types of Functional Groups
Halides Number chain so halide has lowest
number If more than one halide use prefix
di-, tri-, etc If more than one halide on same
carbon write the # twice in the name 2,2-dibromopropane
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Types of Functional Groups
Alcohols – hydrocarbons w/ an OH group
Number so OH group gets lowest number possible
General Formula: R – OH R represents the rest of the carbon chain
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Types of Functional Groups
Alcohols Name of hydrocarbon changes by
adding the suffix to –ol.Ethane Ethanol
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Types of Functional Groups
Alcohol If more than one OH group, then use
prefix indicating how many OH there are
Also indicate the location of the OH groups using numbers EX: 1,1-propandiol
C – C – C – OH
OH
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Types of Functional Groups
Ethers – organic compounds with an “oxygen bridge.”
General Formula: R – O – R EX:
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Types of Functional Groups
Ethers The name of the ether includes the names
of the alkyl groups on each side of the oxygen and then the word ether on the end. Name alphabetically Symmetrical ethers get prefix
EX: Methyl Propyl EtherC – O – C – C – C
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Types of Functional Groups
Aldehydes – organic compounds that contain a double bonded oxygen at the terminal carbon
General Formula: O
R – C – H
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Types of Functional Groups
Aldehydes Name of hydrocarbon changes by
adding the suffix –al. EX:
Butane Butanal
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Types of Functional Groups
Ketone – a compound that has a double bonded oxygen attached to a carbon that is not at the end of the carbon chain.
General Formula: O
R1 – C – R2
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Types of Functional GroupsKetones The name of the keytone is derived from the
name of the alkane, the –e ending is switched to –one. For chains over four carbons, the location of the
double bonded oxygen is denoted by a numerical prefix.
EX:Pentane 3-Pentanone
C C C
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Types of Functional Groups
Carboxylic Acids – organic compounds that have a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end of the carbon chain.
General Formula: O
R – C – O – H
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Types of Functional GroupsCarboxylic Acid The –e ending of the alkane is changed to –
oic, and the word acid is added. EX:
Butane Butanoic Acid
When numbering the carbon chain, the chain starts at the end with the carboxyl group
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Types of Functional Groups
Esters – organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids
An ester is a carboxylic acid that replaces the –OH group with an –OR group
General Formula: O
R – C – O – R
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Types of Functional Groups
Esters Name the R part of the –OR group
first, followed by the name of the acid, with the –ic ending changed to ate.
EX: ethanoic acid methyl ethanoate
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Types of Functional Groups
Amines – organic compounds that have an amino group (NH2) attached somewhere on the carbon chain.
General Formula (variations on NH3)
R – N – H R – N – R R – N – R
H H H Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine
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Types of Functional Groups
Amines The amine group is named as a
substituent on the carbon chain If more than one amino group a prefix
is used and a number denotes position
EX: propanamine (aminopropane or propyl amine)
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Types of Functional Groups
Amines Name primary amines as
alkanamines (e.g. methanamine)
There are several ways to name amines (seen below)
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Types of Functional Groups
Amines Name secondary amines by using
longest carbon chain for root name, the other chain becomes the substituent When the two alkyl groups are the same
it can also be named as a dialkyl amine. EX: Diethyl amine
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Types of Functional GroupsAmines Name tertiary amines similar to the
secondary amines, the longest chain of carbons takes the root name and the other chains become a substituents located on the N When the three alkyl groups are the
same it can be named as a trialkyl amine Ex: trimethyl amine
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Types of Functional Groups
Amines In more complex molecules with multiple
substituents, or ones containing higher priority functional groups, the amine is named as an amino- substituent.
It is located by numbering the longest chain of carbons and locating the NH2 group by this
numbering scheme EX: 3-amino-2,6-dimethyl-4-propyloctane
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Types of Functional Groups
Amides - organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids
An amide is a carboxylic acid that replaces the –OH group with an amino group
General Formula: O
R – C – O – NH2
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Types of Functional Groups
Amides When naming amides, replace the –ic
with amide. EX: Ethanoic acid Ethanaminde
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Summary
Definition of Functional Groups Types of Functional Groups