Advanced Biology Unit 1 Notes
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Transcript of Advanced Biology Unit 1 Notes
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Basic Chemistry
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Basic Chemistry Matter – anything that occupies space and
has mass Element – a substance that can’t be broken
down to other substances The body is made mainly of O (oxygen), C
(carbon), H (hydrogen), and N (nitrogen). It also consists of trace elements, which are
needed, but only in small quantities (Ca, calcium; P, phosphorous; K, potassium; and S, sulfur).
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Control Minus Nitrogen
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Goiter – minus Iodine
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The AtomThe smallest unit of matter that still
retains the properties of an element.
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Structure of the Atom Has 3 basic particles:
Proton – single unit of positive charge Electron –single unit of negative charge Neutron – no charge; neutral
Nucleus – atom’s central core which contains the protons and neutrons
Electrons orbit around the nucleus.
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Periodic Table Using the periodic table, we can determine
what the actual structure of an atom of a certain element.
Atomic number – the number of protons in each atom of an element
Mass number – the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus
Formula: Mass # - Atomic # = # Neutrons
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Find the # of protons, neutrons, and electrons for each element.
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Electron Arrangement Electrons determine how at atom will
behave. Electrons occur in energy levels,
sometimes called electron shells or orbitals. Depending on the atomic #, the atom can
have 1, 2, 3, or more shells. Electrons in the outer shell have the most
energy.
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Electron Arrangement (con’t) Each shell can hold a certain # of electrons.
Formula: 2(n2) = # of electrons in the shell The # of electrons in the outer shell
determines the chemical properties of the atom.
Shells that aren’t completely full interact with other atoms.
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Determine the # of protons, electrons, and neutrons for each. Then, draw the atom.
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Ions An ion is an atom that has a positive or
negative charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.
Gain electrons = negative charge C-2 – carbon atom with 2 extra electrons
Lose electrons = positive charge C+2 – carbon atom with 2 less electrons
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Types of Ions
Cations - have lost electrons (p+ > e-) giving them a positive charge.
Anions - have gained electrons (p+ < e-) giving them a negative charge.
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Isotopes Isotopes have the same number of protons
and electrons, but a difference in the number of neutrons.
Radioactive isotopes have decaying nuclei, which give off particles and energy. They are used in biological research and medicine as tracers.
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Chemical Bonding Chemical Bond – an attraction between 2
atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons OR the presence of opposite charges on the atoms.
Types of bonds: Ionic Covalent
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Ionic Bonding Ions have a positive or negative charge. An ionic bond is the attraction between
oppositely charged ions.
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Covalent Bond Forms when 2 atoms share one or more
pairs of outer-shell electrons. The number of covalent bonds at atom can
form is equal to the number of electrons needed to fill its outer shell.
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Chemical Reaction A process leading to chemical changes in
matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.
Chemical reactions cannot create or destroy matter, but only rearrange it.
Reactant – starting material Product – ending material
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2H2 + O2 2H2O
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Water Made of 2 hydrogen
atoms and 1 oxygen atom joined by a covalent bond.
It is a polar molecule, having opposite charges on opposite ends.
This allows cohesion, which is the tendency of molecules to stick together via hydrogen bonds.
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Solution A liquid consisting of a
homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Parts of a solution: Solvent – dissolving agent Solute – substance being
dissolved
Aqueous solution – water is the solvent
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Acids and Bases Acid – chemical compound that donates H+
to solutions Ex. HCl
Base – chemical compound that donates OH- to solutions and accepts H+
Ex. NaOH
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pH Scale Scale used to describe
the acidity or basicity of a solution Ranges from 0 – 14
0 – most acidic 7 – neutral 14 – most basic
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Buffers
Substances that resist changes in pH by accepting H+ when there are too many, or
donating H+ when there is not enough.