Advaita Vedanta.docx

8/20/2019 Advaita Vedanta.docx

1/52

Advaita VedantaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"Advaita" redirects here. For other uses, see Advaita (disambiguation).

Statue of Gaudapada, the grand guru of Adi Shankara and the first historical proponent of Advaita Vedanta,

also believed to be the founder of Shri Gaudapadacharya Math

Part of a series on

Advaita

Origins[show]

Schools[show]

Moksha[show]

Philosophy[show]

Practices[show]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_(disambiguation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Mathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism#Advaita_-_identity_of_Atman_and_the_Absolutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Mathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism#Advaita_-_identity_of_Atman_and_the_Absolutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_(disambiguation)


2/52

Scriptures[show]

Teachers[show]

Monasteries and Orders[show]

Scholarship[show]

Categories[show]

• V

• T

• E

Part of a series on

Hindu philosophy

Āstika

• Samkhya

• Yoga

• Nyaya

• aisheshika

• M!m"m #s"

edanta

• Advaita edanta

• Vishishtadvaita

• Dvaita

• Dvaitadvaita

• Achintya Bheda Abheda

• Bhedabheda

N"stika

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Advaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Advaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Advaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Advaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Advaita&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Advaita&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stikahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshikahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaitadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abhedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhedabhedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stikahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Advaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Advaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Advaita&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stikahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshikahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaitadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abhedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhedabhedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika


3/52

• C"rv"ka

• Ā$!vika

%elated &ndian philosophies

• 'ainism

• (uddhism

Other schools[show]

People

Acharyas [show]

Poet-Saints [show]

Yogin [show]

Philosohers[show]

• V

• T

• E

Part of a series on

Hinduism

Hindu

History

Concepts [show]

Schools[show]

)eities [show]

Te*ts [show]

Practices[show]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81kahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvikahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet-Sainthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet-Sainthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hindu_philosophy&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hindu_philosophy&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81kahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvikahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet-Sainthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hindu_philosophy&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta


4/52

+urus, saints, philosophers [show]

Other topics [show]

+lossary o- Hinduism terms

Hinduism portal

• V

• T

• E

This article contains &ndic

te*t.!itho"t roer rendering

s"ort# yo" $ay see %"estion$ar&s or bo'es# $islaced vowels

or $issing con("ncts instead of

)ndic te't*

Advaita Vedanta[note ! is the oldest e"tant sub#school of Vedanta,[note $! an ancient %indu tradition ofscriptural e"egesis[note &! andreligious practice,['eb ! and the best#kno'n school of advaita, thenonduality of Atman and Brahman or the Absolute( )t gives *a unifying interpretation of the 'holebody of +panishads*,[! providing scriptural authority for the postulation of the nondualityof Atman and Brahman(

Advaita -not-two in Sanskrit. refers to the recognition that the true Self, Atman, is the same as

the highest /eality, 0rahman([note 1![note 2!

Follo'ers seek liberation3release byac4uiring vidy5 -kno'ledge.[6! of the identity of Atman and 0rahman( Attaining this liberation takesa long preparation and training under the guidance of a guru( Advaita thought can also be foundin non#orthodo" )ndian religious traditions, such as the tantric 7ath tradition(

8he principal, though not the first, e"ponent of the Advaita Vedanta#interpretation 'as Shankara0hagavadpada [9! in the 6th century, 'ho systematised the 'orks of preceding philosophers( [:! )tsteachings have influenced various sects of %induism([!

8he key source te"ts for all schools of Ved5nta are the ;rasthanatrayi, the canonical te"tsconsisting of the +panishads, the0hagavad Gita and the 0rahma Sutras, of 'hich they give aphilosophical interpretation and elucidation([!

Advaita Vedanta developed in a multi#faceted religious and philosophical landscape( 8he

tradition developed in interaction 'ith the other traditions of)ndiarientalism and ;erennialism, and its influence on )ndian 7eo#Vedanta and %indu nationalism,[$! Advaita Vedanta has ac4uired a broad acceptance in )ndianculture and beyond as the paradigmatic e"ample of %indu spirituality,[$! despite the 'idepopularity of the Shaivite Vishishtadvaita and ?vaitadvaita bhakti traditions, and incorporatingteachers such as /amana Maharshi and 7isargadatta Mahara@ despite their eclectic and tantricbackgrounds(

Contents

[hide!

• Moksha liberation through kno'ledge of 0rahman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saintshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saintshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_termshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hinduism&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hinduism&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scriptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scriptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scriptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scriptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampradayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-MonasticTradition-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-MonasticTradition-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-MonasticTradition-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1990112-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1990112-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidy%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidy%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEkanamura2004-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004211-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004680-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004680-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004691-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasthanatrayihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasthanatrayihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1990112-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaitadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramana_Maharshihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharajhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharajhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Moksha_.E2.80.93_liberation_through_knowledge_of_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saintshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_termshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hinduism&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scriptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scriptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampradayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-MonasticTradition-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1990112-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidy%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEkanamura2004-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004211-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004680-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004691-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasthanatrayihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1990112-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaitadvaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramana_Maharshihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharajhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Moksha_.E2.80.93_liberation_through_knowledge_of_Brahman


5/52

o ( Svādhyāya and anubhava # understanding the te"ts

o ($ Moksha # liberation

o (& )dentity of Atman and 0rahman

o (1 Mahavakya 8he Great Sentences

o (2 Stages and practices

o ( 7ecessity of a Guru

• $ 8e"ts

o $( ;rasth5natrayB 8hree standards

o $($ 8e"tual authority

o $(& Siddhi#granthas

o $(1 )ntroductory te"ts

• & ;hilosophy

o &( >ntology 8he nature of being

o &($ Cpistemology Ways of kno'ing

• 1 %istory of Advaita Vedanta

o 1( ;re#Shankara Vedanta

o 1($ Gaudapada

o 1(& Adi Shankara

o 1(1 SureDvara and Man Ed Eana MiDra

o 1(2 Advaita Vedanta sub#schools

o 1( later Advaita Vedanta tradition

• 2 Sampradaya

o 2( Advaita Mathas

o 2($ Smarta 8radition

• )nfluence on modern %induism

o ( +nifying %induism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sv.C4.81dhy.C4.81ya_and_anubhava_-_understanding_the_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sv.C4.81dhy.C4.81ya_and_anubhava_-_understanding_the_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sv.C4.81dhy.C4.81ya_and_anubhava_-_understanding_the_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sv.C4.81dhy.C4.81ya_and_anubhava_-_understanding_the_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sv.C4.81dhy.C4.81ya_and_anubhava_-_understanding_the_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Moksha_-_liberationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Identity_of_Atman_and_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Mahavakya_.E2.80.93_The_Great_Sentenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Stages_and_practiceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Necessity_of_a_Guruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Prasth.C4.81natray.C4.AB_.E2.80.93_Three_standardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Textual_authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Siddhi-granthashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Introductory_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Ontology_.E2.80.93_The_nature_of_beinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Epistemology_.E2.80.93_Ways_of_knowinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#History_of_Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Pre-Shankara_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sure.C5.9Bvara_and_Ma.E1.B9.87.E1.B8.8Dana_Mi.C5.9Brahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sure.C5.9Bvara_and_Ma.E1.B9.87.E1.B8.8Dana_Mi.C5.9Brahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sure.C5.9Bvara_and_Ma.E1.B9.87.E1.B8.8Dana_Mi.C5.9Brahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sure.C5.9Bvara_and_Ma.E1.B9.87.E1.B8.8Dana_Mi.C5.9Brahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Advaita_Vedanta_sub-schoolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#later_Advaita_Vedanta_traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sampradayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Advaita_Mathashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Smarta_Traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Influence_on_modern_Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Unifying_Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sv.C4.81dhy.C4.81ya_and_anubhava_-_understanding_the_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Moksha_-_liberationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Identity_of_Atman_and_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Mahavakya_.E2.80.93_The_Great_Sentenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Stages_and_practiceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Necessity_of_a_Guruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Prasth.C4.81natray.C4.AB_.E2.80.93_Three_standardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Textual_authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Siddhi-granthashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Introductory_textshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Ontology_.E2.80.93_The_nature_of_beinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Epistemology_.E2.80.93_Ways_of_knowinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#History_of_Advaita_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Pre-Shankara_Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sure.C5.9Bvara_and_Ma.E1.B9.87.E1.B8.8Dana_Mi.C5.9Brahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Advaita_Vedanta_sub-schoolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#later_Advaita_Vedanta_traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Sampradayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Advaita_Mathashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Smarta_Traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Influence_on_modern_Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Unifying_Hinduism


6/52


7/52

'hich is provided by nididhyasana([$! According to omans, Shankarauses anubhava interchangeably 'ith $rati$atta, *understanding*(['eb &! ?avistranslates anubhava as *direct intuitive understanding*([$$! According to %irst, anubhava is the*non#dual realisation gained from the scriptures*, 'hich *provides the sanctionp and paradigm for proper reasoning*, 'hen interpreted by a self#realied Advaitin teacher ([$&! 8his *kno'ledge of0rahman, is identical 'ith that self 'hich is to be kno'n as 'itness, not as ob@ect*( [$&!

Modern interpretators have recast anubhava as *personal e"perience*, in line 'ith +nitarian and8heosophical influences([$1! Jet,anubhava does not center around some sort of *mysticale"perience,* but around the correct kno'ledge of 0rahman([! Anantanand /ambachan 4uotesseveral modern interpretators in defence of this interpretation, especially /adakrishnan, [$1! butnevertheless makes clear that sruti is the main source of kno'ledge for Shankara([2! S'ami?ayananda notes that anubhava has a more specific meaning than its conventional meaning of*e"perience*, namely *direct kno'ledge*( ?ayananda e"plains that interpreting anubahva as*e"perience* may lead to a misunderstanding of Advaita Vedanta, and a mistaken re@ection of thestudy of the scriptures as mere intellectual understanding( Stressing the meaning of anubhava askno'ledge, Saras'ati argues that liberation comes from kno'ledge, not from mere e"perience(['eb &! Saras'ati points out that *the e"perience of the self ((( can never come becauseconsciousness is ever#present, in and through each and every e"perience(* ['eb 1! And S'ami7ikhalananda notes that -kno'ledge of. Atman and Brahman can only be reached by buddhi , *reason,*[$2! stating that mysticism is a kind of intuitive kno'ledge, 'hile buddhi is the highestmeans of attaining kno'ledge( [$!

Moksha - liberation[edit!

orrect kno'ledge of 0rahman results in liberation,[note ! by kno'ledge of the identityof atman and 0rahman( kno'ledge of 0rahman destroys Maya, the illusory appreances 'hichcover the /eal, 0rahman( When Maya is removed, the truth of *0rahma Satyam =agan Mithya=ivo 0rahmaiva 7a Aparah* is realised< ['eb 2!

0rahman -the Absolute. is alone realK this 'orld is unrealK the =iva or the individual soul is non#different from 0rahman(['eb 2!

Liberation can be achieved 'hile living, and is called %ivanmuta([$9!

Identity of Atman and Brahman[edit!See aso %nana, &ra'na and &ra'ānam Brahma

Moksha is attained by realiing the identity of Atman and 0rahman( According to ;otter,

6( 8he true Self is itself @ust that pure consciousness, 'ithout 'hich nothing can bekno'n in any 'ay(

9( And that same true Self, pure consciousness, is not different from the ultimate'orld ;rinciple, 0rahman (((( ((( 0rahman -the true Self, pure consciousness. is the only /eality -sat ., since )tis untinged by difference, the mark of ignorance, and since )t is the one thing that is

not sublimatable([&:!

*;ure consciousness* is the translation of 'nanam([&! Although the common translationof 'nanam[&! is *consciousness*, the term has a broader meaning of *kno'ing*K *becomingac4uainted 'ith*,['eb ! *kno'ledge about anything*,['eb ! *a'areness*,['eb ! *higher kno'ledge*(['eb !

*0rahman* too has a broader meaning than *pure consciousness*( According to ;aul?eussen,[H! 0rahman is<

• Satyam, *the true reality, 'hich, ho'ever, is not the empirical one

• %nam, *Nno'ledge 'hich, ho'ever, is not split into the sub@ect and the ob@ect*

• anantam, *boundless or infinite*

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan199114-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Academy-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Academy-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201040-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201040-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst200568-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst200568-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst200568-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experiencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experiencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan19911-14-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan19911-14-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2009p22-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan19911-14-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1984-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1984-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubhava_(Hindu_thought)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Academy-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikhalananda1931viii-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikhalananda1931viii-ix-35https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Holleran-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Holleran-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivanmuktahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivanmuktahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002320-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002320-40https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas#Praj.C3.B1.C4.81nam_Brahmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20086-7-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20086-7-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERa.E1.B9.85gan.C4.81th.C4.81nanda1991109-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERa.E1.B9.85gan.C4.81th.C4.81nanda1991109-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-SDjnanam-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-SDjnanam-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-SDjnanam-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-SDjnanam-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1980232-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1980232-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan199114-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Academy-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201040-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst200568-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst200568-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experiencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan19911-14-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2009p22-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan19911-14-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1984-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubhava_(Hindu_thought)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Academy-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikhalananda1931viii-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikhalananda1931viii-ix-35https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Holleran-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Holleran-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivanmuktahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002320-40https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas#Praj.C3.B1.C4.81nam_Brahmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20086-7-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERa.E1.B9.85gan.C4.81th.C4.81nanda1991109-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERa.E1.B9.85gan.C4.81th.C4.81nanda1991109-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-SDjnanam-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-SDjnanam-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-SDjnanam-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-SDjnanam-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1980232-11


8/52

According to ?avid Loy,

8he kno'ledge of 0rahman ((( is not intuition o* 0rahman but itself is 0rahman([&$!

8he same nuance can be found in satcitananda, the 4ualities of 0rahman, 'hich are usuallytranslated as *Cternal 0liss onsciousness*,[&&! *Absolute 0liss onsciousness*,['eb H!or*onsisting of e"istence and thought and @oy*(['eb 6! Satcitananda is composed of

three Sanskrit 'ords<

• sat सत -present participle.K [Sanskrit root as, *to be*!


9/52

• Nityānitya vastu viveka - चनयचनय वत चववक. O 8he ability -viveka. tocorrectly discriminate bet'een the eternal -nitya. substance -Brahman. and thesubstance that is transitory e"istence -anitya.(

• Ihāmutrārtha phala bhoga virāga - इऽ त र फ !"#चवर#. O 8he

renunciation -virāga. of en@oyments of ob@ects -artha $haa bhoga. in this 'orld -iha.and the other 'orlds -amutra. like heaven etc(

• Śamādi s ṣatka sampatti - $चद %& क स'पच( . O the si"fold 4ualities,

• ama -control of the antahkaran Ea.(['eb !

• ama -the control of e"ternal sense organs.(

• $arati -the cessation of these e"ternal organs so restrained, from thepursuit of ob@ects other than that, or it may mean the abandonment of theprescribed 'orks according to scriptural in@unctions.([note $!

• /itis 0a -the tolerating of t5patraya.(

• raddhā -the faith in Guru and Vedas.(

• Samādhāna -the concentrating of the mind on God and Guru.(

• Mumuks ṣutva - ) व. O 8he firm conviction that the nature of the 'orld ismisery and the intense longing for mosha -reease *rom the cyce o* births anddeaths.(

• Sravana, listening to the teachings of the sages on the +panishads and Advaita Vedanta,and studying the Vedantic te"ts, such as the 0rahma Sutras( )n this stage the studentlearns about the reality of 0rahman and the identity of atmanK

• Manana, the stage of reflection on the teachingsK

• %ididhy&sana, the stage of meditation on the truth *that art 8hou*(['eb 2!['eb H!

Samadhi[edit!

While Shankara emphasied sravana -*hearing*., manana -*reflection*.and nididhyasana -*repeated meditation*., later te"ts like the 1g-12ya-3ivea -1th

century. and3edantasara (o* Sadananda) -2th century. added samadhi as a means toliberation, a theme that 'as also emphasied by S'ami Vivekananda(

Bhakti #oga and 'arma #oga[edit!Main artices! Bhati and 4arma yoga

0hakti Joga and Narma Joga can be employed as subsidiary practices to the understandingof the sruti ( )n 0hakti Joga, practice centres on the 'orship God in any 'ay and in any form,like Nrishna or Ayyappa( Adi Shankara himself 'as a proponent of devotional 'orshipor Bhati ( 0ut Adi Shankara taught that 'hile Vedic sacrifices, $u'a and devotional 'orshipcan lead one in the direction of 'nana -true kno'ledge., they cannot lead one directlyto mosha( At best, they can serve as means to obtain moksha via shukla gati([citationneeded ! Narma yoga is the 'ay of doing our duties, in disregard of personal gains or losses([note &!

%eessity of a Guru[edit!See aso! 5uru-shishya tradition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uparatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titikshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titikshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titikshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titikshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81patrayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Araddh%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manana_(reflection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manana_(reflection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-AdvaitaYogaAshrama-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravana_(hearing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravana_(hearing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manana_(reflection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manana_(reflection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manana_(reflection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nididhyasanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%97g-D%C5%97%C5%9Bya-Vivekahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-75https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru-shishya_traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uparatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titikshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81patrayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Araddh%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manana_(reflection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-AdvaitaYogaAshrama-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravana_(hearing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manana_(reflection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nididhyasanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%97g-D%C5%97%C5%9Bya-Vivekahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-75https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru-shishya_tradition


10/52


11/52

it portrays the traditions of the rules on dharma, especially those of la'ful virtuouspersons(.

• (ur&n ,a, literally *of ancient times*, are post#vedic scriptures notably consisting ofnarratives of the history of the universe from creation to destruction, genealogies ofkings, heroes, sages, and demigods, and descriptions of %indu cosmology, philosophy,and geography(['eb 9!

• +is ,t ,&h&ra, literally *that 'hich is follo'ed by good -in recent times.*(

• Atmatus ,t ,i, literally *that 'hich satisfies oneself -or self validation.*, according to 'hichone has to decide 'hether or not to do 'ith bona *ide( )nitially this 'as not considered inthe order of precedence but Manu and J5@Ravalkya considered it as last one(

)f anyone of them contradicts the preceding one, then it is dis4ualified as an authority to @udge( 8here is a 'ell kno'n )ndian saying that Smr ,ti follos +ruti( So it 'as consideredthat in order to establish any 8heistic ;hilosophical theory -Astika Siddhanta. one ought notcontradict Pruti -Vedas.(

Siddhi-granthas[edit!

Additionally there are four Siddhi#granthas that are taught in the Advaita#parampara, afterstudy of the ;rasthana#trayi<

( 0rahmasiddhi by Mandana Mishra -H2:62:.,

$( 7aishkarmasiddhi by Sures'ara -6th century, disciple of Sankara.,

&( )shtasiddhi by Vimuktananda -$::.,

1( Advaita Siddhi,['eb $:!

'ritten by Madhusudana Saras'ati # 22#2(Introdutory texts[edit!

)ntroductory te"ts from the Advaita Vedanta tradition include<

• Ashtavakra Samhita -pre#Sankara., 'ith traces of Advaitism( [note !

• 8attvabodha -Shankara., an introductory te"t e"plaining the terminologies used in AdvaitaVedanta([note H!

• Atma bodha, A /reatise on the nowedge o* Atma -Shankara.([note 6!

• Vedantasara -of Sadananda. -0hagavad /amanu@a, :H to &H A(?(['eb $H!.[note 9!

• Vakyavrtti

• Laghu#Vakyavrtti

• 1g-12ya-3ivea

• ;anchikaranam

•

Vedanta#;aribhasha -of ?harmara@a Adhvarindra.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-asiddhi-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-asiddhi-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhusudana_Saraswatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtavakra_Samhitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atma_bodhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Vedantasara1953-91https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-96https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%97g-D%C5%97%C5%9Bya-Vivekahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-asiddhi-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhusudana_Saraswatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtavakra_Samhitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atma_bodhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Vedantasara1953-91https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-96https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%97g-D%C5%97%C5%9Bya-Viveka


12/52

• Advaita#Makaranda -of Lakshmidhara Navi.

• Aparoksha#Anubhuti

• ?akshinamurthy Stotram

• ;anchadasi -of Vidyaranya.

• Naupina#pancakam

• Sadhana#panchakam

• Manisha#pancakam

• ?asasloki

• Advaita 0odha ?eepika

Philosophy [edit!Main artice! 9indu $hioso$hy

8he Advaita Vedanta gives an e"planation and interpretation of the sacred te"ts ofthe +panishads, 0hagavad Gita and 0rahma Sutras( Adi ShankaraIs commentaries havebecome central te"ts in the Advaita Vedanta tradition, but are not the only interpretationsavailable or accepted in this tradition(

.ntology – The nature of being[edit!See aso! Substance ontoogy , Substance theory and substance ontoogy

>ntology is the philosophical study of the nature of being , e:istence, or reaity , as 'ell as thebasic categories of being and their relations(

Advaita Vedanta is a so#called substance ontology, an ontology *'hich holds that underlyingthe seeming change, variety, and multiplicity of e"istence there are unchanging andpermanent entities -the so#called substances.*([1H! )n contrast, 0uddhism is a processontology, according to 'hich *there e"ists nothing permanent and unchanging, 'ithin or'ithout man*([16![note $:!

Three /evels of 0eality[edit!See aso! /wo truths doctrine

Advaita took over from the Madhyamika the idea of levels of reality([2:! +sually t'o levels are

being mentioned,[2! but Shankara uses sublation as the criterion to postulate an ontologicalhierarchy of three levels


13/52

• ;r5thibh5sika -pratibhasika, apparent reality, unreality., *reality based on imaginationalone*(['eb &$! )t is the level in 'hich appearances are actually false, like the illusion of asnake over a rope, or a dream(

Absolute 0eality[edit!

Brahman[edit!Main artices! Brahman and #irguna Brahman

0rahman is &aramarthia Satyam, *Absolute 8ruth*([2&! )t is

the true Self, pure consciousness ((( the only /eality -sat ., since )t is untinged bydifference, the mark of ignorance, and since )t is the one thing that is not sublatable*([&:!

*0rahman* has a broader meaning than *pure consciousness*( According to ;aul ?eussen,[H! 0rahman is<

• Satyam, *the true reality, 'hich, ho'ever, is not the empirical one*

•

%nam, *Nno'ledge 'hich, ho'ever, is not split into the sub@ect and the ob@ect*

• anantam, *boundless or infinite*

>ther than Brahman, everything else, including the universe, material ob@ects andindividuals, are maya( 0rahman is absolute reality, unborn and unchanging( [citationneeded ! According to Advaita Vedanta, consciousness is not a property of 0rahman but its verynature( )n this respect Advaita Vedanta differs from other Vedanta schools( ['eb &&!

0rahman is the Self#e"istent, the Absolute and the )mperishable( 0rahman is indescribable( )tis at best Satchidananda, )nfinite 8ruth, )nfinite onsciousness and )nfinite 0liss(

0rahman is free from any kind of differences or differentiation( )t does not haveany sa@5tBya -homogeneous. differentiation because there is no second 0rahman( )t does nothave any vi@5tBya -heterogeneous. differentiation because there is nobody in reality e"istingother than 0rahman( )t has neither svagata -internal. differences, because 0rahman is itselfhomogeneous(

0rahman is often described as neti neti, *not this, not this* since Brahman cannot becorrectly described as this or that(

Atman[edit!Main artice!


14/52

transcended 'ith *true kno'ledge*, or perception of the more fundamental reality 'hichpermeates Māyā([citation needed !

Māyā has t'o main functionsne can see its reflection( 8o oneIs eyes, the image of the pen is perceived( 7o','hat should the image be calledT )t cannot be true, because it is an image( 8he truth is the

pen( )t cannot be false, because it is seen by our eyes([citation needed !

Avidy&[edit!

8he s'an is an important motif in Advaita( )t symbolises t'o things< first, the s'an is

called hamsah in Sanskrit -'hich becomes hamso if the first letter in the ne"t 'ord is 3h3.( +pon

repeating this hamso indefinitely, it becomes so-aham, meaning, *) am 8hat*( Second, @ust as a

s'an lives in 'ater but its feathers are not soiled by 'ater, similarly a liberated Advaitin lives in this

'orld full of maya but is untouched by its illusion(

Ignorane[edit!

?ue to ignorance -avidy5., 0rahman is perceived as the material 'orld and its ob@ects -namarupa vikara.( According to Shankara, 0rahman is in reality attributeless and formless(

0rahman, the highest truth and all -reality., does not really changeK it is only our ignorancethat gives the appearance of change( Also due to avidy5, the true identity is forgotten, andmaterial reality, 'hich manifests at various levels, is mistaken as the only and true reality(

8he notion of avidy5 and its relationship to 0rahman creates a crucial philosophical issue'ithin Advaita Vedanta thought< ho' can avidy5 appear in 0rahman, since 0rahman is pureconsciousnessT [2H!

Sengaku Mayeda 'rites, in his commentary and translation of Adi ShankaraIs+padesasahasri<

ertainly the most crucial problem 'hich Sankara left for his follo'ers is that ofavidy5( )f the concept is logically analysed, it 'ould lead the Vedanta philosophyto'ard dualism or nihilism and uproot its fundamental position( [26!

Subse4uent Advaitins gave some'hat various e"planations, from 'hich various Advaitaschools arose(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-IntroTB-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-111https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha1993-112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha1993-112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-113https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=25https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=25https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-114https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-115https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-IntroTB-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-111https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha1993-112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-113https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=25https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-114https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-115


15/52

'oshas[edit!See aso! 4osha

?ue to avidya, atman is covered by sheaths, or bodies, 'hich hide manIs true nature( According to the 8aittiriya +panishad, the Atman is covered by five koshas, usually rendered*sheath*(['eb &2! 8hey are often visualised like the layers of an onion([29! From gross to fine the

five sheets are<

( Annamaya kosha, food#apparent#sheath

$( ;ranamaya kosha, air#apparent#sheath

&( Manomaya kosha, mind#stuff#apparent#sheath

1( Vi@nanamaya kosha, 'isdom#apparent#sheath

2( Anandamaya kosha, bliss#apparent#sheath - Ananda.

According to Vedanta the 'ise man should discriminate bet'een the self and the koshas,'hich are non#self(

Avasth2traya – Three states of onsiousness[edit!See aso! Sarira (3edanta)

Adi Shankara discerned three states of consciousness, based on the Mandukya +panishad,namely 'aking -@Ugrat., dreaming -svapna., and deep sleep -suupti., ['eb &!['eb &H!'hichcorrespond to the three bodies,[:! another formulation of the five koshas<

( 8he first state is the 'aking state, in 'hich 'e are a'are of our daily 'orld( *)t isdescribed as out'ard#kno'ing -bahish#pra@nya., gross -sthula. and universal-vaishvanara.*( ['eb &H! 8his is the gross body(

$( 8he second state is the dreaming mind( *)t is described as in'ard#kno'ing -antah#pra@nya., subtle -pravivikta. and burning -tai@asa.*( ['eb &H! 8his is the subtle body(

&( 8he third state is the state of deep sleep( )n this state the underlying ground ofconcsiousness is undistracted, *the Lord of all -sarvI#eshvara., the kno'er of all-sarva#@nya., the inner controller -antar#yami., the source of all -yonih sarvasya., theorigin and dissolution of created things -prabhavI#apyayau hi bhutanam.*( ['eb &H! 8his isthecausal body(

8uriya, pure consciousness is the background that underlies and transcends the threecommon states of consciousness(['eb &6!['eb &9! )n this consciousness both absolute andrelative, Saguna 0rahman and 7irguna 0rahman, are transcended([! )t is the true state ofe"perience of the infinite -ananta. and non#different -advaitaCabheda., free from the dualistice"perience 'hich results from the attempts to conceptualise - vi$aa. reality([$! )t is the statein 'hich a@ativada, non#origination, is apprehended([$!

1!istemology – 3ays of knoing[edit!See aso! D$istemoogy

Cpistemology -from Greek EG>H?Iἐ (e$istJmJ), meaning *kno'ledge, understanding*,and K@L ( ogos ), meaning *study of*. is the branch of philosophy concerned 'ith the natureand scope -limitations. of kno'ledge(

(ram&n ,as – Corret knoledge[edit!Main artice! &ramana

&ramāna, -sources o* nowedge, Sanskrit प र* ., refers to the correct kno'ledge, arrivedat by thorough reasoning, of any ob@ect(

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-116https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-117https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-117https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81nahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamaya_koshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarira_(Vedanta)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishvanarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-118https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-118https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarira_(Vedanta)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilber2000132-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilber2000132-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtle_bodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_bodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_bodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-rm-121https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-sc1-122https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996137-123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajativadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-124https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%90%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%90%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-116https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-117https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81nahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamaya_koshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarira_(Vedanta)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishvanarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-118https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarira_(Vedanta)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilber2000132-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtle_bodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-Om-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_bodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-rm-121https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-sc1-122https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996137-123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajativadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-124https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%90%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit


16/52

(ram&tr ,4 (ram&n ,a and (rameya[edit!

;ram5n Ea forms one part of a triput Ei -trio., namely,

( ;ram5tr E, the sub@ectK the kno'er of the kno'ledge

$( ;ram5n Ea, the cause or the means of the kno'ledge

&( ;rameya, the ob@ect of kno'ledge

Six !ram&n ,as[edit!

)n Advaita Ved5nta,[&! as in the 0h5t Et Ea school of Mim5m Es5, the follo'ing pram5n Eas areaccepted<

( (ratyaks ,a -perception., the kno'ledge gained by means of the senses( 8hat 'hichis immediately perceived to be soK 8his kno'ledge can be corrected, e(g(, if oneperceives a piece of rope to be a snake(

$( Anum&na -inference., the kno'ledge gained by means of inference( 8hat 'hich isperceived as true through previous kno'ledge, e(g(, to kno's that it is a fire becausesmoke can be seen in the sky -the t'o are related through a universal la'.

&( +abda -verbal testimony., the kno'ledge gained by means of te"ts such as Vedas-also kno'n as ptav5kya, Pabda pram5n Ea.

1( *!am&na -comparison., the kno'ledge gained by means of analogy or comparison(8hat 'hich is perceived as true since it compares to previous, confirmed,kno'ledge( 8o kno' that something is something, e(g(, a cat, because one has seencats before(

2( Arth&!atti -postulation., the kno'ledge gained by superimposing the kno'nkno'ledge on an appearing kno'ledge that does not concur 'ith the kno'nkno'ledge( i(e(, 8o see someone gain 'eight 'hile kno'ing they are fasting,imposes the kno'ledge that the person is secretly eating(

( Anu!aladbhi -negation., the kno'ledge gained through the absence of the ob@ect(8hat 'hich is true through a negation( lassic e(g(, aratae ghato nasti the pot isnot on the palm( 8he pot could be else'here( So the place -on the palm. of itsabsence is also important(

;erception, inference and verbal testimony have the same meaning as in the 7yaya#school(/egarding comparison, postulation and non#cognition Advaita Vedanta vie's 'hich

some'hat differ from the 7yaya#school([&!

Criterion of sublation[edit!See aso! Au*heben

Sublation is replacement of a *truth* by a higher *truth*, until no higher truth can be found(Shankara uses sublatibility as the criterion for the ontological status of any content ofconsciousness< [1!

Sublition is essentially the mental process of correcting and rectifying errors of @udgement( 8hus one is said to sublate a previous held @udgment 'hen, in the light of a ne' e"perience 'hich contradicts it, one either regards the @udgment as false ordisvalues it in some significant sense ((( 7ot only @udgment but also concepts,ob@ects, relations, and in general any content of consciousness can be sublated( [2!

History of Advaita Vedanta[edit!

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=31https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=32https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997228-125https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997228-125https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufhebenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997231-232-126https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997231-127https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=34https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=31https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997228-125https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997228-125https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufhebenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997231-232-126https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997231-127https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=34


17/52

Adi Shanara with isci$es, by /a@a /avi Varma -9:1.

Advaita Vedanta e"isted prior to Shankara, but found its most influential e"pounder inShankara([!

(re-Shankara 5edanta[edit!>f the Vedanta#school before the composition of the 0rahma Sutras -1::12: C[H!. almostnothing is kno'n([H! Very little also is kno'n of the period bet'een the 0rahmansutras andShankara -first half of the 6th century C.( [H! >nly t'o 'ritings of this period have survived<the3āya$ad7ya, 'ritten by 0hartr Ehari -second half 2th century[6!., and the Mānd8ya-āriā 'ritten by Gaudapada -Hth century C.([H!

1arliest 5edanta[edit!See aso! 3edas, $anishads and arsanas

8he +panishads form the basic te"ts, of 'hich Vedanta gives an interpretation( [9! 8he+panishads donIt contain *a rigorous philosophical in4uiry identifying the doctrines and

formulating the supporting arguments*([H:![note $1!

8his philosophical in4uiry 'as performed bythe darsanas, the various philosophical schools([H$! ?eutsch and ?alvi point out that in the)ndian conte"t te"ts *are only part of a tradition 'hich is preserved in its purest form in theoral transmission as it has been going on(* [H&!

8he +panishads originated in the Sramana movements, renunciate ascetic traditions 'hichgave birth to Joga,[H1! =ainism, 0uddhism,[H2! and somen5stika schools of %induism suchas 5rv5ka and @Bvika, and also popular concepts in all ma@or )ndian religions suchas sam 0sāra -the cycle of birth and death. and mosha-liberation from that cycle.([H![note $2! 8hevarious traditions interacted 'ith each other, and cannot be seen as completely separatedevelopments([HH! 0uddhism, favored and supported by merchants and royals,[H6! developedelaborate philosophical and pedagogical te"ts and systems early in its history( Carly in thefirst millennium Madhyamaka andJogacara developed ideas about the t'o levels of truth and

the 'orking of the mind[H9!

to 'hich the developing Vedanta#tradition responded, but alsoincorporated these systems([&! 0uddhist influence can also be found in the Joga Sutras of;atan@ali, 'ritten c( 1th century C([6:![6!

B&dar&yana6s Brahma Sutras[edit!Main artice! Brahma Sutras

8he 0rahma Sutras of 05dar5yana, also called the 3edanta Sutra,[6$! 'ere compiled in itspresent form around 1::12: C,[6&! but *the great part of the Sutra must have been ine"istence much earlier than that*([6&! Cstimates of the date of 05dar5yanaIs lifetime differbet'een $:: 0C and $:: C([61!

8he 0rahma Sutra is a critical study of the teachings of the +panishads( )t 'as and is aguide#book for the great teachers of the Vedantic systems( [6$! 05dar5yana 'as not the first

person to systematise the teachings of the +panishads([62! %e refers to seven Vedanticteachers before him


18/52

From the 'ay in 'hich 05dar5yana cites the vie's of others it is obvious that theteachings of the +panishads must have been analyed and interpreted by 4uite afe' before him and that his systematiation of them in 222 sutras arranged in fourchapters must have been the last attempt, most probably the best([62!

Beteen BrahmaSutras and Shankara[edit!

According to 7akamura, *there must have been an enormous number of other 'ritingsturned out in this period, but unfortunately all of them have been scattered or lost and havenot come do'n to us today*([H! )n his commentaries, Shankara mentions 99 differentpredecessors of his Sampradaya( [1! )n the beginning of his commentary on the0rhadaranyaka +panishad Shankara salutes the teachers of the 0rahmavidya Sampradaya(['eb 1:! ;re#Shankara doctrines and sayings can be traced in the 'orks of the later schools,'hich does give insight into the development of early Vedanta philosophy([H!

8he names of various important early Vedanta thinkers have been listed in the Siddhitraya byJamun5c5rya -c(:2:., the 3edārthasamgraha by /5m5nu@a -c(:2:2H., andthe +at7ndramatad7$iā by PrBniv5sa#d5sa([H! ombined together ,[H! at least fourteen thinkersare kno'n to have e"isted bet'een the composition of the 0rahman Sutras and ShankaraIs

lifetime([H![note $!

Although Shankara is often considered to be the founder of the Advaita Vedanta school,according to 7akamura, comparison of the kno'n teachings of these early Vedantins andShankaraIs thought sho's that most of the characteristics of ShankaraIs thought *'ereadvocated by someone before Pankara*([6! Shankara *'as the person 'ho synthesiedthe Advaita-vāda 'hich had previously e"isted before him*( [6! )n this synthesis, he 'as there@uvenator and defender of ancient learning([6H! %e 'as an une4ualled commentator,[6H! due to'hose efforts and contributions the Advaita Vedanta assumed a dominant position 'ithin)ndian philosophy([6H!

Gauda!ada[edit!Main artice! 5auda$ada

Gaudapada -th century.[66! 'as the teacher of Govinda 0hagavatpada and the grandteacherof Shankara(

M&n,d ,ukya '&rik&[edit!

Gaudapada 'rote or compiled[69! the M5n Ed Eukya N5rik5, also kno'n as the Gaud Eap5daN5rik5 and as the gama P5stra([note $H! 8he M5n Ed Eukya N5rik5 is a commentary in verse formon the Manduya $anishad , one of the shortest but most profound +panishads, ormystical Vedas, consisting of @ust & prose sentences( )n ShankaraIs time it 'as consideredto be a Pruti, but not particularly important([9:! )n later periods it ac4uired a higher status, andeventually it 'as regarded as e"pressing the essence of the +panisad philosophy( [9:!

8he M5n Ed Eukya N5rik5 is the earliest e"tent systematic treatise on Advaita Ved5nta,[9! thoughit is not the oldest 'ork to present Advaita vie's,[9! nor the only pre#Sankara 'ork 'ith thesame type of teachings([9!

Buddhist influenes[edit!

According to 0(7(N( Sharma, the early commentators on the 0rahma Sutras 'ere all realists,[9$! or pantheist realists([9&! ?uring the same period, the $nd#2th century C, there 'as a greatidealist revival in 0uddhism, 'hich countered the criticisms of the %indu realists( [91! 8he 'orksof 0uddhist thinkers like 7agasena, 0uddhaghosa and 7agar@una, all of them 0rahminconverts to 0uddhism,[91! *created a great sensation and compelled admiration all around*([91! >ther 0rahmins, faithful to 0rahminism but e4ually impressed by these developments in0uddhist thought, looked for and found in some portions of the +panishads *many strikingapproaches to the metaphysical idealism of the 0uddhists*( [91!?uring the 2th and thcenturies there 'as a further development of 0uddhist thought 'ith the development of

the Jogacara school([92!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalasubramanian2000xxxiii-149https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmum2002-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-150https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-151https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004678-152https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004678-152https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004678-152https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-153https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-153https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-153https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-153https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=39https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-154https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_Bhagavatpadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004308-155https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-156https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-156https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arutihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004280-157https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004280-157https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004280-157https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1997239-158https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1997239-158https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004211-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004211-15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200060-159https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200060-159https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200061-160https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200061-160https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasenahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhaghosahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200063-162https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalasubramanian2000xxxiii-149https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmum2002-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-150https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura20043-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-151https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004678-152https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004678-152https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-153https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-153https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-153https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-154https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_Bhagavatpadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004308-155https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-156https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arutihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004280-157https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004280-157https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1997239-158https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004211-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004211-15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200060-159https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200061-160https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasenahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhaghosahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200062-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200063-162


19/52

)t 'as Gaudapada 'ho further bridged 0uddhism and Vedanta( [92! %e took over the 0uddhistdoctrines that ultimate reality is pure consciousness -vi'a$ti-mātra.[66![note $6! and *that thenature of the 'orld is the four#cornered negation*( [66![note $9! Gaudapada *'ove [both doctrines!into a philosophy of the Manduaya $anisad , 'hich 'as further developed by Shankara*( [99![note &:! At the same time, Gaudapada emphatically re@ected the epistemic idealism of the0uddhists, arguing that there 'as a difference bet'een ob@ects seen in dreams and real

ob@ects in the 'orld, although both 'ere ultimately unreal( %e also re@ected the pluralism andmomentariness of consciousnesses, 'hich 'ere core doctrines of the Vi@nanavada school,and their techni4ues for achieving liberation( [:!

Gaudapada also took over the 0uddhist conceptof *a@5ta* from 7agar@unaIs Madhyamaka philosophy,[:$![:&! 'hich uses the term *anutp5da*([:1! [note &! *A@5tiv5da*, *the ?octrine of no#origination* [:9![note &$! or non#creation, is the fundamentalphilosophical doctrine of Gaudapada([:9!

/ichard Ning has noted that A@ativada has a radically different meaning in the conte"t ofrespectively Vedanta and 0uddhism( 0uddhist 'riters take A@ativada to imply that there areno essences in factors, and therefore change is possible( Gaudapada made the oppositeinterpretation, advocating the absolutist position that origination and cessation 'ere unreal,

the only +ltimate reality -0rahman. being unoriginated and unchanging( [:!

According to Gaudapada, the Absolute is not sub@ect to birth, change and death( 8he Absolute is a'a, the unborn eternal([:9! 8he empirical 'orld of appearances isconsideredunreal, and not absolutely e"istent([:9!

Shri Gauda!adaharya Math[edit!Main artice! Shri 5auda$adacharya Math

Around H1: A? Gaudapada founded Shri Gaudapadacharya Math[note &&!, also kno'nas Naval E mat Eha( )t is located in Navale, ;onda, Goa,['eb 11! and is the oldest matha oftheSouth )ndian Saras'at 0rahmins([!['eb 12!

+nlike other mathas, Shri Gaudapadacharya matha is not a polemical center established to

influence the faith of all %indus, its @urisdiction is limited to only ?akshinatya Saras'at0rahmins(

Adi Shankara[edit!Main artice! Adi Shanara

Adi Shankara -H666$:., also kno'n as Pa kara 0hagavatp5d5c5ryaṅ and diPa kar5c5ryaṅ , synthesised and re@uvenated the doctrine of Advaita( [6H! )t 'as Shankara 'hosucceeded in reading GaudapadaIs mayavada[$![note &1! into 0adarayanaIs Brahma Sutras,*and give it a ocus cassicus*,[$! against the realistic strain of the Brahma Sutras([$![note &2![note&! %is interpretation, including 'orks ascribed to him, has become the normativeinterpretation of Advaita Vedanta( [1![$!

7istorial ontext[edit!See aso Nate-Oassica Age and 9induism Midde Ages

Shankara lived in the time of the so#called *Late classical %induism*, [2! 'hich lastedfrom 2: till :: C([2![note &H! After the end of the Gupta Cmpire and the collapse of the%arsha Cmpire, po'er became decentralised in )ndia( /ural and devotional movementsarose, along 'ith Shaivism, Vaisnavism, 0hakti and 8antra([$2! 0uddhism, 'hich 'assupported by the ancient )ndian urban civilisation lost influence to the traditionalreligions,[$2! but at the same time, 'as incorporated into %induism, 'hen Gaudapadaused 0uddhist philosophy to reinterpret the +panishads( [$!

(hiloso!hial system[edit!

8his also marked a shift from Atman and 0rahman as a *living substance* [$H! to *maya#

vada*[note &1!

, 'here Atman and 0rahman are seen as *pure kno'ledge#consciousness*([$6! Shankara systematised the 'orks of preceding philosophers,[:! marking this turn fromrealism to idealism([$![$H! ShankaraIs synthesis of Advaita Vedanta is summarised in this

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200063-162https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara#Representation-onlyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara#Representation-onlyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara#Representation-onlyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara#Representation-onlyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-154https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-165https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-165https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-154https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-168https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-168https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178-169https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-171https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-171https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996152.E2.80.93154-172https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajativadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2010157-173https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200035-36-174https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutpadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya194349-175https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-182https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajativadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996127-183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996127-183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-184https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996127-183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996127-183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995128-130.2C_140-185https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996127-183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996127-183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrealhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996127-183https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Mathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-186https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-186https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponda_talukhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-187https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswat_Brahminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-188https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-189https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&section=43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-153https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200064-190https://en.wikip

Advaita Vedanta.docx

Documents

Transcript of Advaita Vedanta.docx