Adv&adj Phrase
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ADJ&ADV PHRASE
English Grammar
Group members:1. Le Thi Hoai Thanh2. Nguyen Hanh Le3. Tran Thi Ut Tram4. Hoang Thi Thu Huong5. Le Thi Thu Phuong6. Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
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ADJECTIVE PHRASE
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Adjective phrase
1.Definition An adjective phrase is a phrase with an
adjective ( or adjectivalized participle) as the head. An adjective phrase consists of an adjective which may be preceded and/or followed by other words.
Ex1 : 1.It is a nice cat2. I was very excited3. They have been very curious about this
(strange )guy
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Adjective phraseII.Structure:Full Structure: Pre-modification + head +
postmodification 1.Pre-modification:
modifying,describing,or qualifying constituents which precede the head.
Pre-modifier types Adverb phraseex: Yesterday was a very unusually hot day
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Use very,quite,partly,perfectly.ect…Ex: This exercise is relatively hard
Adjective can be premodified by either+ Grading:
( slightly,somewhat,very,overly…)Ex: A slightly bent wire,an extremely
overweight dog+ comparison : (more,less,least,most)Ex: The more he eat,the fatter he is.
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Not all adjectives can be graded or compared:
Comparable: more beautiful, the most red
Noncomparable (ungradable): NATIONALITIES: French, Spanish
MISC.: dead, alive, broken, etc Comparison can also be done
morphologically:the bigger/biggest
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A few intensifier may pre-modify noun phrase: quite, rather and the pre-determiners such and exclamatory what, the noun phrase is normally indefinite and the intensifiers precede and determines
Ex:- I was rather a mess
- He was quite some player
- I have never heard such wickedness
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Noun phrase: We can put a phrase of measurement before some adjs
Ex : The man is about forty years old
I am 1,67 metres tall
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2.The HeadIs an adjective or participle serving as the
focus of the phrase Ex: She is a nice cat adj
I was very excited. past participleThey have been very curious about this (strange) guy adj
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3.Post-modification:
Modifying constituent which follows the head; and complementation,(the major subcategoryof postmodification here) is the constituent which follows any postmodification and completes the specification of a meaning implied by the head
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Adverbs as postmodifiers ( enough/indeed)
Ex: This fruit is not ripe enough to eat
He doesn’t do it badly.He is sucessfull indeed
+ complements of adj
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That-clause:Ex: We were confident that he was still alive
To-infinite clause:Ex: Bob was slow to catch the ball
This meal is too expansive to enjoy
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Ing-clauseEx: I’m busy getting the house redecorated
We’re fortunate having Aunt Agatha as a baby-sistter
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Prepositional phrase:Ex: Bobby is fond of maths
Comparative clauseEx: It was easier than they said
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Diagram summary
Adj.p
Pre-modification
Head
Post-modification
Adverb phrase
Noun phrase
Adjective
Participle
Ed-participle
Ing-participle
Adverb
complementation
Prepositional phrae
Infinitive clauseIng-clauseThat-clause
Comparative clause
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Syntactic functions
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
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1. NOUN PRE – MODIFIER ( attributive adjs)
Adjs are attributive when they premodify nouns, appear between the determiner and the head of the NP.
Ex:
1. she had a big hat. Det adj.p H of HP
NP
2. Only rich people can afford that flat. Det Adj.P H of NP
NP
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2. COMPLEMENTS (predicative adjs)
- Subject complement: with corpus verbs: look, seem, sound ,hear, get, become. . . Ex: 1. He looks handsome. S C
2. She feels unhappy.
S C
+ Subject complement (subject is a finite clause) Ex: What the said is right.
Finite C + Subject complement (subject is non-finite clause) Ex: Learning English is very difficult. Non-finite C
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2. COMPLEMENTS (predicative adjs)
- Object complement: Ex: The gifts make children happy.
O C + Object complement (object is a clause) Ex: I consider what he did foolish.
O C + Object complement expresses the result of process denoted by the verb Ex He pulled his belt tight. (as the result, his belt was then tight)
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3.POST-POSITIVE
A post-positive adjective is an adjective that appears after noun that it modifies. A postposed adj can usually be regarded as a relative clause. There are some following cases: + Indefinite pronoun ending in-body, -thing,-one. . . Ex: I’d like to have something useful. (I’d like to have something which is useful) +the adjs having different senses for each position with some adjs EX: The president-elect is an intelligent man. (Soon to take office) The elect man is Mr. Smith.(the best man)
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3.POST-POSITIVE
+ In several compounds: Ex: Courts martial, heir apparent, body politic + Some adjs not occurring attributively in the relevant meaning like ablaze, afloat, afraid, alike, alive, absent . . . Ex: The house ablaze is next door to mine. The people involved were not found.
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4.THE HEAD OF NOUN PHRASE Adjective can often function as heads of NPs as the following cases: + adjs having personal reference: Ex: The poor get poorer, the rich get richer. H H These seats are for the disabled. H + Adjective denoting nationalities Ex: The French like eating well. The Dutch are the tallest in the world. + Adjective having abstract reference Ex: The newest is that he is going to China. He ventured into the unknown.
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6.EXCLAMATORY ADJ SENTENCE
An adj as head of an adj. P or as its sole realization can be an exclamatory.
Ex.
How beautiful! Great!
What a nice day!
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5.VERBLESS ADJ CLAUSE Verbless clauses are clauses in which the verb and
sometimes other elements have been deleted. +An adj can function as a verbless clauses. The
clause may be mobile in sentence. Ex: (By then) nervous, the man opened the gift. The man, (by then) nervous, opened the gift. The man opened the gift, (by then) nervous. Contingent adjective clause An adj Contingent clause expresses the circumstance or
condition under which what is said in the superordinate clause applies.
Ex: Enthusiastic, they make good students.(when
enthusiastic) (When) ripe, these apples are sweet.
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THE HEAD
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Syntactic classification of adjs
Adjectives
Central
Attributive only
Predicative only
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attributive only Adjectives which are restricted to
attributive position do not characterize the referent of the noun directly
eg. A small businessman → a businessman whose business
is small → not a businessman is small My old friend → One who has been a friend for
a long time → not a friend is old
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Note: words with strongly emotive value: poor man, my dear lady, wretched lady…
Inherent adjs Non-inherent adjsCharacterize the referent of the noun directlyEg: Distant hills a complete chapter a heavy bag a social survey an old man
Do not characterize the referent of the noun directly Distant relatives a complete idiot a heavy smoker A social animal an old friend
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Attributive only
Intensifying adjs
Limiter adjs
Related to adverbials
Denominal adjs
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INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES
Emphasizers: have a general heightening effect on the noun
and convey speaker’s attitude toward the referent eg. Utter despair, pure bliss, a real hero, a
certain winner…Amplifiers: denote the upper extreme of the scale are central(inherent) eg. A complete victory →the victory was
complete are attributive only(non-inherent) eg. A complete idiot (not the idiot is complete) Notes: mere, sheer, utter (always attributive only)
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LIMITER ADJECTIVES
Particularize the reference of the noun eg. the main topic, the only person,
etc…. Note: some of adjectives have homonyms Ex: a certain person a limiter → a particular person a certain winner an intensifier→ a sure winner( one
who is certain that he will win )
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RELATED TO ADVERBIALS
adjs that are attributive only can be related to adverbials.
eg. my former friend ~ formerly my friend adjs premodify agentive nouns >have a
relationship to the verb base eg. a hard worker ~ a worker who works
hard. the implied process can be associated with an
inanimate object eg. a fast car ~ a car that one can drive fast
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DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES
are derived from nouns and attributive only Ex: a criminal law (a law concerning
crime) Note: a criminal law ~ a law seems
criminal → a central adjective a medical school ( a school for
students of medicine)
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II.PREDICATIVE ONLY
Eg. she is alive ( not alive girl ) S V CsAdjectives which are restricted to predicative
position refer to condition rather than to characterize
Some group of adjs must take
complementation: afraid(that, of, about); fond(of); conscious(that, of) etc…
Ex: i am intersted in listening to music S V adj C
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Some of the common predicative only and attributive ony adjectives in English are: A t t r i b u t i v e a d j e c t i v e s : P r e d i c a t i v e a d j e c t i v e s
east/west/south/northeastern/wetern/southern/…indoor/outdoormaximumnationwideoccasionalsupplementarywoolenetc.
alive aloneapartawaregladilllikelyreadysafesorrysureunable
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III.CENTRAL
central = both attributive and predicative
eg: a (1)lazy student→ the student is (2)lazy
attributive predicative
the (1)blue sea → the sea is
(2)blue attributive
predicative note: (1) attributive position (2) predicative position
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Semantic classification of adjectives
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Semantic classification
Stative adjectives
Dynamic adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
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Semantic classification
Stative adjectives
Dynamic adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
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Stative and Dynamic Adjectives
Stative adjectives are the adjectives that denote a state or condition, which may generally be considered permanent, such as big, red, and small.
Stative adjectives can not normally be used in imperative constructions, so we cannot say: be red/big/small.
In contrast, dynamic adjectives denote attributes which are, to some extent at least, under the control of the one who possesses them. All dynamic adjectives can be used in imperatives.
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We can sayPerson may
CalmCarefulCruelDisruptiveFoolishFriendlyGoodimpatient
MannerlyPatientRudeShySuspiciousTidyvacuousVain
“Be careful!” to someone, and
then this control himself to
become morecareful
Stative and Dynamic Adjectives
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Semantic classification
Stative adjectives
Dynamic adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
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gradable and non-gradable adjectives
Gradable- Most everyday adjectives are gradable- They denote qualities, properties, states,
conditions or relations…. Which vary in their degree or extent?
- Gradable adjectives can be pre-modified by degree expression.
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gradable and non-gradable adjectives
He isVeryQuite
Degree adv
Selfish
Gradable adj
-Gradability includes comparison.Ex My sister is taller than I
Gradable
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gradable and non-gradable adjectives
non-gradable
•… Can not be pre-modified by degree adverbs or used in comparative sentence such as automatic, dead\ alive; \male; Irish\English; married\ unmarried\single.Ex She is single
Non- gradable
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Semantic classification
Stative adjectives
Dynamic adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
Stative adjectives
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Inherent and non-inherentExAn old man = a man who is old. A small businessman ≠ a businessman who is small. “small” is non-inherent•inherent adjs: are the adjs which directly denote attribute and quality of the noun they modify.•Non-inherent adjs: are the adjs which don’t denote attribute and quality of the noun they modify.
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Adverb PhraseDefinition: An adverb phrase is a word group with an adverb as its head.This adverb may be accompanied by modifiers or qualifiers.
What is an AdvP?Ex: He studies English very well.
AdvP
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Characteristics of the Adverb
Morphological
Functional
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Ex: badly=bad+ly happily= happy+ly quickly=quick+ly
e
Adv
Adj -ly
Characteristics of the Adverb Morphological
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Ex: northward=north+ward clockwise=clock+ wise sideways=side + ways
Adv
N -ward/wise/ways
Characteristics of the Adverb Morphological
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Ex: hard, late, high, deep, etc.
Note: In this case, if adding suffix–ly, the meaning of these adverbs will change:Ex: hardly: almost not lately: recently highly= deeply: very, very much
Adv Adj
Characteristics of the Adverb Morphological
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Characteristics of the Adverb
Morphological
Functional
1. Adverbial2. Modifier of adj & adv
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Structure of Adverb phrase
Adverb Phrase
Pre-modifiers Adv(head) Post-
modifiers
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Structure of Adverb phrase
Adverb Phrase
Pre-modifiers Adv(head) Post-
modifiersAdv of degree: too, very, quite, etc.Ex: He runs very fast. Comparison: moreEx: He runs more slowly than me.
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Structure of Adverb phrase
Adverb Phrase
Pre-modifiers Adv(head) Post-
modifiers
1. Adverb: enough, indeedEx: He works hard enough to pass the exam. 2. To infinitive clause:Ex: He talks too quickly to follow.
3.Comparative clause: Ex: He works as hard as we do.
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
AdvP as adverbial
AdvP as modifier
AdvP as complement of preposition
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
AdvP as adverbial
Adverb as modifier
Adverbs as complement of preposition
Ex: John always comes late. NP AdvP VP AdvP S A V A
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Classes of adverbial
Adjuncts: are integrated within the structure of the clause to at least some extent.Ex: They are waiting outside.
Disjuncts: are not integrated within the clause. They express an evaluation of what is being said.Ex: Frankly, he is not a nice guy.
Conjuncts: have a connective function. They indicate the connection between what is being said and what was said before.Ex: If they open all the windows, then I’m leaving.
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
AdvP as modifier
Modifier of adjective
Modifier as Adverb
Modifier of prepositional phrase
Modifier of Noun phrase
Modifier of determiner, pre-determiner, post-determiner
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
AdvP as modifier Modifier of adjective
- Adverbs and adverb phrases can perform is the adjective phrase modifier. Adjective phrase modifiers are defined as words and phrases that describe an adjective or adjective phrase.
Ex: I’m not quite sure of When to set off. AdvP adj
advP
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
Modifier of Adverb AdvP as modifier
-An adverb may pre-modify adverb, and function as intensifier :
ex:. He smokes very heavily adv adv
advP
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
AdvP as modifier Modifier of prepositional phrase
-The few adverbs that pre-modify particles in phrasal verbs also pre-modify prepositions or (perhaps rather) prepositional phrase.
Ex: His score was right above the average. advP preP NP
PP
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
AdvP as modifier Modifier of determiner, pre-determiner, post-determiner
-Intensifying adverbs can premodify indefinite pronouns, predeterminers, and cardinal numerals :
Ex: Almost the students voted for him advP det NP
NP Almost all the students voted for him. advP pre-modifier det NP NP
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
AdvP as modifier Modifier of Noun phrase -A few intensifiers may pre-modify noun phrase: quite, rather, and the pre-determiners such and exclamatory what. Ex Such a nice day. advP NP
Some adverbs signifying place or time can be used as a Pre-modifier or Post-modifier:
The students abroad The upstairs neigbour NP advP advP NP
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Syntactic functions of adverb phrase
AdvP as complement of preposition
-Some place and time adverbs function as complement of a preposition.
Ex: It is over there PP AdvP
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Thank you for listening!