Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National...
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![Page 1: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and
City-Region Level
Geoff Mason
National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London, and Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies
(LLAKES)
LLAKES International ConferenceLondon, 5-6 July 2010
![Page 2: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Figure 3.1: Overview of education and training participation, all persons aged 25-59, UK, 1993-2009 (population-weighted)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
% in
for
mal
edu
catio
n, jo
b-re
late
d tr
aini
ng a
nd/o
r le
isur
e or
oth
er
educ
atio
n cl
asse
s (a
ll pe
rson
s ag
ed 2
5-59
)
Formal education, job-relatedtraining (13 weeks) and/or leisureor other education classesJob-related training (past 13weeks)
Formal education
Leisure or other educationclasses (not job-related)
Source: Labour Force Survey (Spring Quarters: March-May 1993-2004; April-June 2005-2009).
![Page 3: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Possible explanations for recent decline in adult learning
• ‘Rebalancing’ of government spending on adult learning towards Train to Gain and Skills for Life (basic skills training) since 2005
• Financial incentives for colleges and training providers to focus primarily on courses for 16-19 year olds leading to accredited qualifications
• Reduced provision of vocational and leisure-related courses outside the National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) framework
• Increases in course fees at further education level, including reduction in proportion of adult learners who are eligible for fee remission
![Page 4: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Who has been most affected by decline in adult learning?
• People aged between 30 and 49 • Unemployed and economically inactive• People holding qualifications at NVQ2 and above• Striking fall in probability of graduates receiving
employer-provided training -- though better-qualified people are still more likely than low-qualified people to receive such training
• Probability of females participating in adult learning has remained significantly higher than for males throughout the 1999-2009 period
![Page 5: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
LLAKES-NIESR City-Regions Dataset (1)
• Focus on 44 city-regions which account for just under 80% of total GB employment
• Definition of city-regions derived from Robson et al (ODPM, 2006) who identified 38 relatively self-contained city-regions in England and their constituent local authority districts (LADs)
• Identification criteria based on employment, commuting, housing and retail data
• 6 more city-regions added for Scotland and Wales
![Page 6: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
LLAKES-NIESR City-Regions Dataset (2)
• These city-regions tend to overlap with commuting patterns of managers and professionals
• Thus delineate labour markets for high-level skills surrounding urban nodes while also encompassing localised travel-to-work areas which are more relevant to lower-skilled workers
• Dataset built up from LAD-level data for 1994-2008 derived from Labour Force Survey (via NOMIS) and Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings
• Data available to derive measures of employment, inactivity, dependency rates, demography, average wages, workforce qualifications, job-related training and industrial structure at city-region level
![Page 7: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Employment, qualification and job-related training rates, Great Britain, 2008
People aged 25-retirement (a) receiving job-
related training in last 4 weeks as % of all people aged 25-retirement in
employment, 2008
Working-age people receiving
job-related training in last 4 weeks as % of all
working age people in
employment, 2008
Holders of NVQ4-plus qualifications as % of working-age population,
2008
Persons in employment as %
of working-age population, 2008
Great Britain - Mean 13.5 13.7 29.0 74.2 Highest GOR 14.3 15.0 38.6 78.5 Lowest GOR 12.6 12.7 23.9 70.4
City-region level - Mean 13.2 14.2 28.4 75.3 Highest 18.2 19.0 46.5 81.7 Lowest 5.7 6.6 18.7 65.9
GOR - Highest North East North East London South East GOR - Lowest Eastern Eastern North East London
City-region - Highest Lincoln Lincoln Cambridge Exeter City-region - Lowest Luton Luton Peterborough Liverpool
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Employment rates, 2008
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112
13
1415
16
1718
19
20
21
22
23
24
2526
27
28
2930
31
32
3334
35
36
37
38
3940
41
42
4344
(.78,.82](.74,.78](.7,.74][.65,.7]No data
Employment rate, 2008
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NVQ4-plus holders as % of working-age population, 2008
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112
13
1415
16
1718
19
20
21
22
23
24
2526
27
28
2930
31
32
3334
35
36
37
38
3940
41
42
4344
(.4,.47](.33,.4](.26,.33][.18,.26]No data
NVQ4plus_working age population, 2008
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Job-related training rates, employees aged 25-retirement, 2008
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112
13
1415
16
1718
19
20
21
22
23
24
2526
27
28
2930
31
32
3334
35
36
37
38
3940
41
42
4344
(.15,.19](.12,.15](.09,.12][.05,.09]No data
Job-related training_employees aged 25-ret., 2008
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Job-related training rate, all people aged 25-retirement in employment in city-regions, GB, 1994-2008
0.130
0.135
0.140
0.145
0.150
0.155
0.160
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Tra
inee
s as
pro
port
ion
of a
ll pe
rson
s ag
ed 2
5-re
tirem
ent
age
0.090
0.100
0.110
0.120
0.130
0.140
0.150
0.160
0.170
Coe
ffic
ient
of
varia
tion
Mean (left-hand axis) Coefficient of variation (right-hand axis)
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NVQ4-plus holders as proportion of working-age population in city-regions, GB, 1994-2008
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Hol
ders
of
NV
Q4-
plus
qua
lific
atio
ns a
s pr
opor
tion
of
tota
l pop
ulat
ion
of w
orki
ng a
ge
0.180
0.185
0.190
0.195
0.200
0.205
0.210
0.215
0.220
0.225
Coe
ffic
ient
of
varia
tion
Mean (left-hand axis) Coefficient of variation (right-hand axis)
![Page 13: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Employment rates in city-regions, GB, 1994-2008
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Per
sons
in e
mpl
oym
ent
as p
ropo
rtio
n of
wor
king
-age
po
pula
tion
(mal
es a
ged
16-6
4; f
emal
es a
ged
16-5
9)
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
Coe
ffic
ient
of
varia
tion
Mean (left-hand axis) Coefficient of variation (right-hand axis)
![Page 14: Adult Learning in Decline? Recent Evidence at UK National and City-Region Level Geoff Mason National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ee75503460f94bf8cbd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Skills and adult training in city-regions: multivariate analysis (1)
• Adult training rates at city-region level strongly positively related to proportion of workforce with high-level skills (NVQ Level 4 or above)
• Other positive influences: share of financial and business services in employment and annual growth rate in the population of working age
• Negative influence on adult training rate: share of older people (aged 50-retirement) in the total workforce
• Disparities in skill levels strongly reflect differences in age structure and industrial structure between city-regions
• Skills negatively related to the proportions of both younger persons (aged 16-24) and older persons (aged 50-retirement) in employment
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Skills and adult training in city-regions: multivariate analysis (2)
• Skill levels positively related to:– share of financial and business services in total
employment– share of small firms in total employment– part-time employment share
• Seems likely that inter-regional differences in employment rates, age structure and industrial structure associated with high-level skills are contributing indirectly to regional disparities in adult participation in training
• Nonetheless, large differences in adult training rates between city-regions have not diminished in recent years even though gaps in employment rates and skill levels have narrowed to some extent