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Analysis and Design of Information Systems - Fathul Wahid 1

Introduction

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Some terms (1)

Method= a special form of procedure adopted inany branch of mental activity...a way of doinganything, especially according to a defined and

regular planModel= an abstraction or representation of partof the real world

Tool= any instrument of manual operation...anything with which some operation isperformed

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Some terms (2)

Technique= manner of artistic executionor performance in relation to formal orpractical details... the mechanical or formal

part of an art

Methodology= the science of method... atreatise or dissertation on method

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Methodology (per Avison & Fitzgerald)

a collection of procedures, techniques, tools,and documentation aids

to help system developers implement a new

information systemand consisting of phases and sub-phases

to guide system developers in choosingtechniques for each stage

and in planning, managing, controlling, andevaluating systems projects

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More terms

Process= A series of actions or tasksperformed in order to do, make or achievesomething.- e.g. the software development

processInformation System Development

Approach (ISDA)= A class ofmethodologies which share thefundamental concepts and principles forISD

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Global Information Age

... Everyone has to understand that if you do

not have the ability to use computertechnology in the 21st century, you will be as

competitively disadvantaged as if youcouldnt read at the turn of the last century...

--Investors Business Daily, 28 Sept 1995, p. A8

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Paradigm Shift:Open Systems in an Open World

New Geo-Political Context open, volatile, global, unpredictable

New Business Environment

changing markets, competition, rules, requirements

The New Enterprise information-based, networked, open organization

New IT Goals strategic technology, workgroups, value chain

New Technology Paradigm open, user-centered, network computing

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What People Are Really Asking for?

Its 1994. Welcome to the world of

wireless, multimegabit, rightsized, group-enabled, GUI-based, object-oriented, user-

empowered, decentralized, multimedia,massively parallel, totally open, mission-critical, almost-impossible-to-cost-justify

computing.-- Computerworld, December 27, 1993, p. 1

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A Process of Constant Change

New or modified

system is introduced

Application

environment

changes and

needs evolve

Users ask for

modifications

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How Well Have We Done?

PlanAnalyzeDesign

ImplementSupport

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What Have We Seen?

Increase in number and complexity ofsystems

And many unsuccessful systems

late

over budget

expensive to maintain

not what users wanted

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The CHAOS report from Standish Group

http://www.standishgroup.com/

US :$250 billion each year on SD-175000 projects

Average cost per project for large companies

$2322000, medium $1331000 and small$434000

Success 16.2%

Challenged 52.7%canceled 31.1%

average cost overrun 189% time overrun222%

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Pointing the Finger(Computerworld, 5/2/94)

Schedules go over budget and time because ofrequirements creep

Top reasons for requirements creep are:

Poor initial requirements definition (44%) New applications unfamiliar to users (36%)

Projects take so long that things change (28%)

Poor management of expectations (22%)

Failure to involve users in early stages (19%)

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Why the Failures?

complex applications

no user orientation

no attention to organizational environment

overly optimistic on time, cost, & operational cost

no intermediate review

lack of communication between users and

developers

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Search for a Silver Bullet

Only a silver bullet can kill a werewolf

We have searched for the silver bullet to

magically kill the monsters of missedschedules, overgrown budgets, and flawedsoftware

What are some of these silver bullets ?

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No Silver Bullet (Brooks, 1986)

Essence, the difficulties inherent in thenature of software

complexity, conformity, changeability,

invisibility

Accidents, difficulties that happen to existtoday but are not inherent

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Historical Perspective

1945-1965: Fortran, COBOL, Lisp, Algolcome into widespread use; IBM installs thirdgeneration of computers

1968: first NATO Conference on SoftwareEngineering, to confront developmentdifficulties

early 1970s: structured programming

mid 1970s: structured design; computer-aided documentation

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History - continued

late 1970s: structured analysis

late 1970s: data modeling

early 1980s: CASE tools; prototyping

mid 1980s: information engineering;Joint Application Development

late 1980s: Rapid Application Development

early 1990s: object-oriented development

late 1990s :?

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Dealing with the Software Crisis

concept of software engineering -- applying anengineering-like discipline to the process ofbuilding software systems

software life cycle -- applying the manufacturingconcept of a product life cycle

structured techniques

combining technical procedures withmanagement techniques

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Systems DevelopmentMethodology

need for systematic approach

understanding basic concepts & principles

and using appropriate tools & techniques

applied within organizational and managerialframework

applied consistently to successive system

development projects

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Systems

A ubiquitous word

But what exactly does the word mean?

What is an example of a system?What is it that makes something asystem?

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The Five Building Blocks

People

Data

ActivitiesNetworks

Technology

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Different Users...Different Systems...

TPS: Transaction Processing System

MIS: Management Information System

DSS: Decision Support System

EIS: Executive Information System

ES: Expert System

OAS: Office Automation System

GSS/Groupware: Group Support System

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Systems Are Diverse !

project size

degree of structure

type of technologypeople involved

organizational characteristics

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History via Survey Results(from varied sources)

1986: 10% of North American IS groups usestructured techniques in disciplined way

1987: 69% use structured approaches

1991: 65% of organisations with a methoddevelop it in-house

1992: 45% of IS managers are satisfied withtheir method; 25% describe their method asunknown

1992: 69% use SDLC to develop systems

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More on Methodology

Not just a recipe

But should have an underlying

philosophy, e.g, humanistic

scientific

pragmatic

automation-oriented

What is valued? What is emphasized?