Adoo e~qIclp AV IS~ AD

AD-E40i 884

Teioilcal Report AAF-AD-TH-88031

FETOF TNT MISCIBLE ADDITIVES ON THE MECHANICAL8kTHJViOR AND SHOCK SENSITIVITY OF COMPOSITION B

Rodolf W. Velicky

January 1989

* U.S. ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND

ENGINEERING CENTER

Armament Ennerg Directorate

Picatinny Arsenal, Now Jersey"-.11101. Cf lNTý ft

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~89 30041

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11. TITLE (INCLUDE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION)

EFFECT OF TNT MISCIBLE ADDITIVES ON TH ECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND SHOCK SENSITI Y OFCOMPOSITION B

12. PERSONAL AUTNOR(SIRodoif W. Velic

130. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVIERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (YEAR, MONTH, DA)1.PAGE COUNTFROM _ TO January 1989 69

I8. SUWLEMENTARY NOTATION

I1?. -COATI CODES ' 1. SU CT TERMS (CONTINUE ON REVERSE IF NECESSARY AND IDENTIFY BY OL OCK NUMBER)FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Explosive, Composition B, TNT. Cast explosives, Hazard, Setback, Premature,

I Inbore explosion. Deflagration, DOT, Ignition, Thermal sensitivity. Combustion.L Detonation Sympathetic detonation, Shock sensitivity, Pressure castinq.

ABSTRACT (CONTINUE ON REVERSE WF NECESSARY AND IDENTIFY BY BLOCK NUMBER)

TNT mlscible additives are expected to desensitize Composition B to thermal and shock initiation by filling the

microvoids (porosity) developed during casting by TNT's liquid or solid volume differential. Evaluation of this conceptpointed out that the effect thse additives have on the explosive's mechanical response to stress may increase itsvulnerability to ignition throuQJ adiabatic compression The wax in regular Composition B appears to develop amechanical behavior in its crushed material similar to that caused by substitutihrq TNT miscible additives and.therefore, is suspeded of being responsible for irbore explosions through the adiabatic compression mechanismExperimental procedures are described which should be able to test the validily of these Suspicions In addition, anapproach is described which would improve the salely of RDX and TNT castings by controlling reaction rate dtir's,"simple burning, and reducing its sensitivity to initialion by shock wilhocr' tha use of additives-

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CONTENTS

Page

Background 1

Approach and Objective 1

Procedure and Results 2

Results 4

Conclusions and Recommendations 7

References 45

Appendix - Material Safety Data Sheet for Chlorowax 47

Distribution List 81

i Aoe ason ForV wIS GRA&A;TIC TAF* C1

V_;a:trlbut lou/ __

• : Avt~l.•lltyCodo:3 ___.'r-d/ o

DI -tt It--

FIGURES (cont)

Page

3k Comp A10 (60/30/10) 29

31 Comp B10 (60/30/10) 30

3m Comp C10 (60/30/10) 31

4a 2.5% additives A, B, and C versus control (standard TNT) 32

4b 5% additives A, B, and C versus control tstandard TNT) 33

4c 10% additives A, B, a.id C versus control (standard TNT) 34

5a 1 % additiveA, B, and C versus control and regular Comp B 35

5b 2% additives A, B, and C versus control and regular Comp B 16

5c 4% additives A, B, and C versus control and regular Comp B 37

6 Validation of the slapper test concept 38

7 Density versus shock sensitivity for 5 u RDX 39

Ba 2.5% additives A, B, and C versus control (standard TNT) 40

8b 5% additives A, B, and C versus control (standard TNT) 41

8c 10% additives A. 8, and C versus control (standard TNT) 42

9 Shock sensitivity of Comp 81 versus regular Comp B 43

ti

FIGURES

Page

1 Dynamic deformation test fixture 9

2a TNT mod A2.5 (97.5/2.5) 10

2b TNT mod B2.5 (97.5/2.5) 11

2c TNT mod C2.5 (97.5/2.5) 12

2d TNT mod A5 (95/5) 13

2e TNT mod B5 (95/5) 14

2f TNT mod C5 (95/5) 15

2g TNT mod Al0 (90/10) 16

2h TNT mod B10 (90/10) 17

2i TNT mod C10 (90/10) 18

3a Regular Compostion B (wax) 19

3b Comp Al (60/39/1) 20

3c Comp 81 (60/39/1) 21

3d Comp Cl (60/39/1) 22

3e Comp A2 (60/38/2) 23

3f Comp B2 (60/38/2) 24

3e Comp C2 (60/38/2) 25

3h Comp A4 (60/36/4) 26

3i Comp B4 (60/36/4) 27

3j Comp C4 (60/36/4) 28

BACKGROUND

The improvement of Composition B is focused on eliminating its potential for set-back induced inbore explosions in large caliber gun systems. The approach beingfollowed is to provide an improvement at each of four steps (flaws, mechanicalproperties, ignitability, and reaction rate) in order to reduce the probability rf the incidentprogressing through the sequence of events that would lead to an accident 'refs 1 and2). Success in this endeavor would make a Composition B type formulation acceptablein new high performance projectiles in addition to reducing its vulnerability to manyother hazard situations.

An important part of this program is to modify the physical properties of Composi-tion B in such a manner that its mechanical response (during launch) to a flaw inducedcollapse, fracture, or shear would be less likely to stimulate ignitions that result in inboreexplosions. It has been demonstrated that Composition B's ability to resist fracture canbe increased by a factor of three (refs 1 and 2). However, the work of Machacek et al.(ref 3) suggests that making the explosive maleable with TNT miscible chlorowaxes isan approach that should also be considered.

APPROACH AND OBJECTIVE

It is presumed that inbore explosions require a flaw of sufficient magnitude at ornear the base of a projectile that, because of the explosive's mechanical properties,permit sudden deformation of the structure in response to inertial setback forces oflaunch. This Gudden deformation (collapse, shear, fracture, whatever) is responsible forthe development of an initating hotspot through friction or adiabatic compression. Theproperty of interest here is the mechanical beh; Aior of cast TNT or Composition Bduring high speed pressurization at the interface of a flaw site. The behavior cf theexplosives under these conditions is indicative of the heat energy that can be developedby dynamic mechanical deformation. This deformation can be quantified therebyproviding values that can be used to evaluate the potential for mechanically inducedignition of modified TNT and Composition B formulations.

Cast Composition 8 and TNT are porous structures (refs 1, 2, and ,.). Rapko (ref 5)suggests that the microvoids in these structures are created as the TNT freezes outfrom the mef.. Volume differences between the solid and its melt cause crystals of TNTto separate from each other during crystallization leaving spaces between them. Hefurther suggests that these spaces can be filled with TNT miscible additives that wouldmodify mechanical properties and shock sensitivity, as was observed by Machacek.when chlorowaxes were added to Composition B (ref 3).

Chlorowaxes are a family of compounds, among others, that are miscible with TNT.This miscibility is the reason for this study. When TNT is melted these types of com-pounds distribute themselves uniformly throughout the melt on a molecular level.Microscopic examination suggests that when the melt freezes the TNT still crystallizesout In its normal manner as TNT. The additive, generally but not necessarily, a liquid,separates from the TNT filling the spaces created by the explosive's liquid or solidvolume differential. This interpretation suggests several possible benefits. A liquid,coating each crystal and filling naturally occurring microvoids within a casting has thepotential of functioning as a lubricant allowing crystals of explosive to slide past eachother with a less than normal buildup of thermal energy. Secondly, it is quite conceiv-able that an additive filling up the pore structure and wetting individual crystals of TNTand RDX may act as an energy absorber which would increase the minimum ignitionenergy requirement and make the explosive less vunerable to hotspot initiation. Fillingthe empty spaces of porosity in Composition B should also provide a means of control-ling shock sensitivity (an important consideration in sympathetic detonation hazards). Itis well known that porosity (a function of density) provides ignition sites, whose dimen-sions and numbers participate in determining an explosive's level of sensitivity to shock.

This work is directed toward evaluating the effect of chlorowaxes, as repre-sentatives of TNT miscible additives, on the mechanical behavior and shock sensitivityof TNT and the explosive ingredients of Composition B to determine whether or not themodifications made would be beneficial.

PRODECURE AND RESULTS

Chlorowaxes are expected to impart a structural plasticity to castings of TNT andComposition B. To observe this property, hardware based on the design of the activatortest was fabricated (fig. 1). An excess amount of explosive is cast In the center of asteel sample holder. The normally occurring irregular surface and piping cavity ismachined flat to leave a pellet 0.300-inch long by 0.502-inches in diameter. This sur-face is placed against a steel punch containing a O.250-inch diameter orifice whichrepresents an open ended flaw for the explosive to be deformed through. The pellet,tioating between two punches, is pressurized by the action of an air powered hydraulicMiller press, deforming and driving the explosive through the orifice in a manner relatedto its mechanical properties. The exposive's behavior in response to the applied forcesis monitored with a piezo force gaf,e whose output is recorded with a Nicolet Explorer IIIdigital oscilloscope. Ideally, rar.i travel should also be monitored dutng pressureloading. In lieu of this, a nonfragmenting rigid body and control formulation providepoints of reference.

The experimental TNT and Composition B formulations were made with threechlorowax compounds (see appendix), identified as follows:

2

Code Chlorowax Chemical formula

A 45LV C12H23Cl3

B 57-60 C13H22CI6

C 70-200 C11H 14CI10

Each of the chlorowaxes was incorporated with TNT or RDX and TNT to make thefollowing modified TNT and Composition B type formulations.

TNT 97.5% 95.0% 90.0%

Chlorowax 2.5% 5.0% 10.0%

RDX 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

TNT 39.0% 38.0% 36.0% 30.0%

Chlorownx 1.0% 2.0% 4.0% 10.0%

Each experimental formulation is identified with its chiorowax letter code and thepercentage used in the fonrinulation. In the experimental Composition B type formula-tions as quantity of RDX was held constant at r30% while the amount of TNT compen-sated for the chlorowax content. 100% TNT was the control for thp modified TNTformulations and RDX and TNT (60/40) for the experimental Composition B type for-mulations. Regular Composition B with petrolite wax, RDXTlNT/wax (60/39/1) is treatedas an additional experimental formulation in the analysis.

A representative pressure versus time load cell response is shown with the figuresfor each of the Iwenty-two experimental formulations (dotted lines). Superimposed withthe test is the appropriate control, and for reference the behavior of a nonfragmentingrigid solid. Examples of tests on modificd TNT are shown in figures 2a through 2i andthose for the experimental Composition B type formulations are shown in figures 3athrough 3m.

The data as presented above provides a subjective impression of the effect TNTmiscible additives can have on TNT and the ingredients of Composition B (RDXiTNT).In order to consoiidate, quantity, and also provide some siatistics P-' information re-corded for all the tests was computer processed. Each test was differentiated with

respect to time and the results integrated with respect to the applied load to the pres-sure where total collapse of the structure through the orifice takes place (MPa 2/sec).Without a measurement of ram travel for evaluation of stress versus strain the numbersgenerated must be examined with caution. They can be used to compare the effectadditives have on cast bodies for similar behavioral relationships, however, if a transi-tion in the mechanism of collapse takes place, i.e., fracture to plastic flow, the valuesbridging the transition cannot be validly compared. With this proviso, the relative effectchlorowaves have on castings of TNT is shown in figures 4a through 4c. The solid baris the average, and the dotted lines span the error limits. The effect these additives andalso Petrolite ES-670 wax have on the ingredients of Composition B (RDXr1NT) isshown in figures 5a through 5c. The RDX/TNT formulations with 10% additives are notincluded because a transition to plastic flow had occured.

If TNT miscible additives reduce pore volume, it is expected that the explosive'ssensitivity to shock initiation would also be reduced The modified TNT formulationsand Composition B1, with appropriate reference controls, were therefore tested forsensitivity to shock initiation with a slapper shock generator (refs 6 and 7). The testeruses energy stored in a low inductance capacitor system to propel a 2-mil mylar flyerplate to impact an explosive specimen wnich is pressed or cast within a steel sampleholder (0.144 in. ID x 0.125 in. long). The flyer plate produces a shock profile in thesample under test. A linear relationship over the range of the tester between the shockgenerated depth of dent produced in a lead plate and the voltage on a charged 14.5mfd. capacitor, thereby allowing this analog voltage to represent the shock energy isshown in figure 6. A 15-shot Bruceton up and down procedure is used to determine the50% probaLility of a response to an analog of shock pressure stimulus (volts).

In order to demonstrate that shock sensitivity can be directly related to pore volume(a function of density) figure 7 is included. It shows a linear relationship, with a 0.998correlation coefficient, for thq effect of density of the analog of shock sensitivity for 5micron RDX. With this as background, the shock sensitivity related data for TNT and itsmodifications are shown in figures 8a through 8c and the experimental formulationComposition B1 is shown in figure 9 with regular Composition B for reference.

RESULTS

An examination of the pressure versus ,rne defom'ation curves will sho" that thecontrols, standard TNT and the explcsive ingredients of Composition B (RDXITNT,60140), track the behavior of a. rigid body until a sudden collapse of the structure into theorifice takes plaice. Examination of the fragments showed that the entire structure of thepellets had been puilvenzed almost as If it had been grouna with a mortar and pestle.Even the Dortion that had been reconsolidated by the continued travel of the ram wasunstructured, weak. and very porous. Reguiar Composition B also tracks the behavior

of that rigid body, but the presence of the 1% Petrolite wax additive lowers the pressureat which breakup occurs. The reconsolidated fragments are also weak and porous, butshow signs of structure and body. The presence of the wax seems to function as abinder for the pulverized reconsolidated fragments that subjectively appears to makethe material less porous in comparison with the control, RDX/TNT (60/40).

The chlorowaxes modified the mechanical behavior of TNT as expected. Withmodest amounts (2.5%), the modified materials tracked the behavior of 100% TNT andthe rigid solid. The additives appeared to function as lubricants in the castings whichreduced the pressure required to collapse the pellets through the orifice. As additivequantities are increased further reductions are experienced, however, a plasticity in themechanism of collapse is indicated.

The chlorowaxes did not perform in the same manner when RDX was added toTNT/chlorowax to make various Composition B type formulations. The chlorowaxes in1 %, 2%, and 4% concentrations did not change the mechanical behavior of the ex-perimental formulations in a significant manner with respect to each other and regularComposition B. Only with excessive 10% additives was a marked change in mechani-cal behavior observed. The collapse mechanism through the orifice had changed froma fracture type to plastic flow and this strongly pointed out the potential for a serioushazard situation.

The loading rate induced stresses experienced by the explosives in these experi-ments are very modest when compared with the stresses that can be induced in thebase of a projectile during gun firings. Even so, each of the RDX and TNT formulationswith 10% chlorowaxes exhibited evidence of a possible ignition. Centered at the baseof all pellets, reconsolidated from the crushed fragments, was a bum spot. The crushedmaterial had a damp appearance and consistency of play do;:gh and it is suggestedthat under dynamic loading the nature of the material, a" influenced by additives, canblock out air flow thereby concentrating air volumes for healing by adiabatic compres-sion. If this interpretation is correct then it follows that the chlorowax fomulations withlesser concentrations are also subject to this adiabatic comrression hazard; it is merelya matter of degree that would be exposed by higher loading rates.

Carrying out this argument one step further points the finger of responsibility forinbore explosions at the presence of wax in Composition B. '. - crushed material andbehavior during breakup and recompaction appear to be virtually identical with theformulations where chlorowaxes were substilued for wax. And if, as suspected. thepresence of these materials contribute to making the RDXfIN I more vunerable toheating through adiabatic compression then so too could the wax.

The development of these suspicions should change the direction oi the work takenin the Composition B improvement program. The potential for an inbore hazard situa-tion appears to be associated more with its characteristics when broken and crushed

5

than with the nature of the original casting. Without any additives there is a loosenessto a pulverized compacting body of RDXITNT (60/40) that, it is suggested, is morecapable of absorbing and dist'io!ting a preceeding (collapsing) bubble of air throughoutthe material . The presence of additives of any type investigated thus far (includingwax) appears to function as a binder for this pulverized material making it less perme-able to al;' flowing from a bubble in compression, thereby concentrating the air foradiabatic heating.

Inbore ignition of Composition B can occur within either of two specific time frar:-during the time of mateda! breakup or afterwards, or during compaction of the 1iag-mented material. The experiment, as conducted here, does not address th-..e twoareas of concern. Only a subjective impression of material behavior after breakup isobtained from visual examination and the character of the load trace, i.e., jagged versussmooth. For this evaluation the test fixture should be redesigned to deform an ex-plosive pellet into a smaller fixed volume cavity. This test should be performed atseveral pellet volume to cavity volume ratios while monitoring ram travel for the gener-ation of stress versus strain type data. Simultaneously, a fast response thermallyisolated thermocouple or infrared microscope at the base of the cavity would measurethe temperature rise of the collapsing volume of air. In total, this type of data shouldprovide the information necessary for evaluating the potenlial for an adiabatic compres-sion hazard additives may have on castings of RDX/TNT.

It can be infered from the results of the shock sensitivity "slapper" test that miscibleadditives can reduce pore volume and thereby provide a means to shock desensitizeRDX/TNT. This however is accomplished, as indicated hee. with the potential tradeoffof making the explosive more sensitive to ignition through adiabatic compression. Atthis point in the Composition B improvement program it is time to take a step backwardsand ask, is there a good reason for using wax or any other such material in CompositionB? The literature and discussions with colleagues did not produce a great deal ofexperimental evidence supporting the use of wax. Some waxes reduced the number ofrejects due to defective castings, but its major proven contribution to explosive safety(refs 1 and 8) is to slow the reaction rate of the explosive during the early stages ofcombustion. However, this can be accomplished more effectively with the reduction ofpore volume through pressure casting (refs 1 and 2) and orotecting the ROX withprecoated additives (ref 9).

The reduction of pore volume through pressure casting appears to be a simple aredeffective approach for improving quality of castings and !he safety of RDX-*TNT (60140):simultaneously addressing both the deflagalion and detonc;ion hazards of thp explosiveand because no addides are present to abet ignition through adiabatic compressionInternal suriace areas and ignition routes (porosily) are thp pinc;ipal coninbutors to thehazardous reaction rate (deflagration) of Composition B and therefore DOT. If themicrovoids of poros;",y could be totally removed from the explosive. it could or-:.y bum onits exterior surface with a burning rate exponant in the neighorhood o' one. This is very

6

slow burning and would preclude inbore explosions in addition to preventing a transitionto detonation in any standard weapon system. However, the total elimination of

-V porosity would not be desirable. Microvoids in the structure provide necessary ignitionsites for the propagation of detonation. It is reasonable to expect that pore volumecould be controlled in the explosive as a function of the applied pressure during pres-sure casting of the explosive melt. Hopefully, this would provide a balance between asafe deflagration rate and adequate performance (detonation).

The sensitivity of RDX is the dominant parameter in hazard situations associatedwith Composition B. If after thorough evaluation of the effect pore volume has on therelationship between reaction rate, shock sensitivity, and performance it is felt that anadditional margin of safety is required, this can be provided by bonding a thin protectivecoating on the surface of the RDX crystals (refs. 1, 2, 8, and 9).

A perfectly cast billet of Composition B that can not move or break up within theprojectile during launch could be much more sensitive than it is without experiencing aninbore explosion. Pressed PBX explosive fills fall into this catagory. A flaw of some sortis necessary to precipitate the hazard, It is more important to improve cast quality andeliminate the potential for flaws than it is to desensitize its ignition and burningparameters. Conceivably, pressure casting may also provide the opportunity to do soby improving surface contact with the base and walls of the projectile while also displac-ing or compressing air bubbles. The concept should be tested (with special attention toenvironmenta! caused cracking and creeping) on neat RDX/TNT before an attempt toimprove cast quality is made with additives such as HNS.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This work develops the strong suspicion that adiabetic compression is the principalignition rmechanism responsible for inbore explosions with Composition B and that it isthe presence of the wax in the explosive which abets the problem. It is believed that itooes this because a flaw in .ombination with launch induced stress can cause thernatorial to be virtually pulverized, permitting the wax to function as a binder in therec, rnpacting powderlike fragments. This can make the fragments less permeable toairflow in the consolidating material, thereby confining the air for adiabatic heating. Thisbrings into question the concept and purposes for using wax or any other material withc&.-tings of RDX/TNT.

It is time to take a step backwards to determine if a safer Composition B can bemade without the use of additives. It is suggested here that this may be accomplishedthrough prcssure casting. Cast Composition B is a porous structure in which the porevolumq controls reaction rate during simple burning, its shock sensitivity, and detonation

7

velocity. It would appear that this pore volume can be manipulated and fine tuned withpressure casting during solidification of the me'led explosive, with the objective ofImproving safety in DDT and SDT hazard situations. The concept of pressure castingalso has the potential of improving cast quaiity, thereby, mitigating the fundamentalcause for the inbore explosion problem.

Force

P--.lric sol

114 ipw•

Load Cell

Figure 1. Dynamic deformation test fixture

9

Rigid Body & Strdard TNT ve Test (dtos)

79 -

7';

30 .

20 1

Figure 2a. TNT mod A2,5 (97.512.5)

10

Rigid Body G Standard TNT vB Test (dots)

80-

70-

302

20-

10IB t 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 • • , . I

0 22 42 60 80 IN 120 148 160 180 20TIME. Milh1wands

Figure 2b. TNT mod B2.5 (97.5/2.5)

11

Riqid Boy & Standard TNT vs Test (dots)

60

48 -

212

18 -

Figure 2c. TNT modJ C2.5 (97.5/2-5)

12.

Rigid Body & Standard TNT ve Test (dots)

40-31

50-

1 9 48 60 M. 190 120 140 160 180 200

F4g,,9 2d. TNT mod A5 (95/5)

13

Ri9 id Body & Standarcd TNT vo Test (dots)

70

29

TIW Nllq

Figure 2e. TNT mod B5 (95/5)

14

Rigid Body & Stwidard TNT v, Tes. (dots)

70 ;

40-

A k 1 1. 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1,1 1 1,t I0 2 0 U 60 8 H 120 14 160 189 2W

Figure 2f. TNT mod C5 (95/5)

Is

SRigid Body Saoncard TNT vs Test (ctas)

7350-

48-

30-

239-

a0 480 89 1 120 140 IU 10 2TIE, tMitswads

Figure 2g. TNT mOd AIO (90/10)

16

,,M I " • • 1

Rigid Body & Stancard TNT va Test (dot.e)

78

48 /

i .;lo 2 4 0 fBe 100 120 148 160 180 2M

TIV& NMlliewwds

Figure 2h. TNT mod BIO (90/10)

17

Rigid Body 9 Sto-odard TNT vs Test. (dtot)

6go

79-

402.'

0 29 41 0 IN 1 2U 11 40 160 1* mTICE Nilholas~o

FtLgre•?i. TNT mod Clt0 (9)110)18

Rigid Ed & RDX/TNT (60/40) ve Too

1411

13

A A/('3

gO O "in E 209 250 d

Figure 3a. Regular Compostion B (wax)

19

Rigid Body & RDX/THT (60/40) ve T.es

140

13

Ho r

4034

0 SO tin I!W 20a Z 3w

TUE. Miaumoor.

Figure 3b. Comp Al (60/3911)

20

Rigid Body & RDX/TNT (60/40) vo Test

148

2n --

0• SO 12 IS 0 20... *

i ~ TlW.q Nil lieooro~!S

Figure 3c. Comp Bl (60/39/1)

21

Rl4id d &. RDX/TNT (60/40) vs Test

00,l

40

20

TIME. Mtllsmtedom

Figure 3d. Comp Cl (60/39/1)

g •?

Rigid E66 & RDX/TNT (60/40) v. Test

148

13

50 l IN 1 2W 250

TICF. Mill lomacrx

Figure 3e. Comp A2 (60/38/2)

23

Rigid .Bod & ROX/TNT (61/40) v= Test

148

13

"20

TIC Milsmod

Figure 3f. Comp B2 (60M3,12)

24

%iid B4 RDX/TNT (60/40) veTst

13-

II-

Figure 3e. Comp C2 (60/38/2)

25

Riqi Bod & RDX,'TNT (0/40) vg Tegt

626

Riid_ Body & RDX/TNT (60/40) vs Teo+

1408

130IN-I

ao

202

TI)", ."llsawanl.

Figure 3i. Comp B4 (60136/4)

27

j4

Rigid Bo & RDX/TNT (60/40) vs Test

148

130

a-A

4..

TIIEO tit I Iiewands

Figure 3j. Comp C4 (6013614)

28

Rigid Boy& RDX/TNT (60/40) ye Ts

1431

123

48

II I,

soUm13 23 25 0TIME, Nilli..oatd.

Figure 3k. Comp Al0 (60/30/10)

29

Rigid Body & RDX/TNT (60/40) ve Test

145

130

in--

I0-

40

"2 -

TKV, Milliesowm

Figure 31. Comp B10 (60/30/10)

30

Rigid Body RDX/TNT (60/40) Va Test.

148

121

in-

Be m CiA .

Effect of Acditives on the ldeforwition of TNT Catinge

65F .4&-2• .24. -K WKAN

60 -sS N -S -N 5 N -5

x 45-0 | 40 - .........

35 .........

g- 250

Z 5 -

o F

213

S5TNTTN I. TNT 82. 5 TNT C2.5

Figure 4a. 2.5% additives A. B. and C versus control (standard TNT)

Effect of Additives on the deformation of TNT Coaetings

65" a - 4&21 WK & 2,.4

60 M 5 N5 N 5 N-53.I4 .4- 2.1K • 1IIK

x 45 -..........

~40

5 -35

30

S25

~201 .........

TNT TNT A50 5 TN IMIC5

Figure 4b. 5% additives A. B. and C versus control (standard TNT)

33

Effect of Additive, on the deformation of TNT Coastings

65 - a 4,2K a " 6.a GK -Le . L5(0 - N- 5 K5 -5 1t5

0 Ilk 3,X2.2x 2.X3 2.X3

555506 • .........

S4 .........0

* 40

~35

c 5 -30

Z 2520

1513 - ......... " .........

5 . .....

TNT TNT Ala TNT 010 TNT CID

Figure 4c. 10% additives A. B. and C versus control (standard TNT)

34

Effect of Additives on the deformation of RDX/TNT Coatings

65 5

60

55-

x 45... ... . . . . . .. . ... .. . . .

3• - a 47.1K -37.9K s - X38.3K m - 41.8K a - 45.7A0

.i 25 N-25 Na6 N=6 N-6 H B25 .I2520

15 1

10 - Con4.l CoT B Cr.p Al coop 81 Comp Cl

5 -DX/ThT RDX/IRN/. RDIX/TNT/A RDX/TNT/B RDX/TNT/Cm 60/40 60/39/1 601/39/1 W/39/1 60/39/1

Figure 5a. 1% additiveA, B, and C versus control Cnd regular Comp B

35

Effeot: of Additivms on the deformation of ROX/TNT Ca.sin9g

65

60

55

x 45 ......... •........

. . . .. .. ... ..Ho~ o

.35 ........

30 47.1K n 37.91OK *41. XK X3~3 4.4 2KN 25 Na6 N 6 NUa N -a

a S - 3.TK m 3.6K -2.7K 2.1K20

c• 15-

1lBnL0 COT B Cup A2 Ccap 02 CompC25 RX/TNT ROX/T/, PJXTIhT/A RX4TN",1B RDX/TNT/C

0/0 6/39/1 6/3188/2 6/38/2

Figure 5b. 2% additives A, B. and C versus cor~troi and regular Comip Ek

36

Effect of Additives on the deformation of RDX/TNT Co.tings

65

60

5550-

x 4540 - ...... ......

S 30 - 47. IK --37. 91 m-36.4K s -35.4K Sm A60

25-,5 N-B N-B N-B N-B

a 5 .5.K - &3.N a a 2.2K .a -.0 L8K 0 a.L(20 20

c 15-

-10 - ct" Ccu B Cop A4 Cop B4 Cop C45 - RIX/T" RDX/TNTI/ RDX/TNT/A RX/ITNT/B RDX/TNT/C

0 60/40 6I/39/l 6"/314 "r/36/4 6/36/4

Figure 5c. 4% additives A. B, and C versus control and regular Comp B

37

CAAITOR CKRG (Voi1e

Figure 6. Validation of the slapper test concept

38

~450

4M41Ma

_ _ _ . I I 1 I I I , . i I. I i .I I I .- I I

1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7Dm"It*y (G/o)

Figure 7. Density versus shock sensitivity for 5 u RDX

39

III- 12.•Pr'essed at, 35,000 Pei1200w

o

100000

6225 m-76M1 *"7375 "7393NIS 1 N 15 N 15 N-15

2M - ," 28• 570 •"428 -" e0 :1.58 .. 5m9 - 1.5.9 b .8

TNT TNT A2.5 TNT 82. 5 TNT C2.5

Figurp 8a. 2.5% additives A. B. and C v,'rsus control (standard TNT)

40

120~~~ Pressed a'33,~J NO psi ~--..

0

C .... ... ........5."

w 4M

-~ I U625 s9540 a9611 m9167N15 N 15 N 15 N 15

" 1.9 1.55 d.5,95

01TNT TNT AS TNT 05 TNT CS

Figure 8b. 5% additives A. B. and C versus control (standard TNT)

41

Pressed at 35,700 pei

12000 ....

.. ... ...........

0

0

-4

S6225 . 925m IWO "11250NM15 N 15 N=15 N 15

2 • 281 sl' 1161 .se 1667 a 756+."1.w8 c) 1.54 1.5.7" 1.m .591

TNT TNT All TNT BiQ TNT CIO

Figure 8c. 10% additives A, B, and C versus control (standard TNT)

42

12O

F-4I40 0_ • , - (.........- 5..( .........

N- 15 N- 15 N- 15 N -15

2O2U - .16I .225 a 474I?- 1.670 D)- 1.679

Reg. Coop 8 Coop 81 Reg- CoopO 8 campEl

COOL Pressed 1 35 Koi

Figure 9. Shock sensitivity of Comp B1 versus regular Comp B

43

REFERENCES

1. Velicky, R. W.; Voigt, H. W.; and Nicolaides, S., A Holistic Approach DirectedToward Controlling Inbore Explosions with Composition B, International Con-ference of ICT, Karlsruhe, West Germany, July 1988.

2. Velicky, R. W.; Voigt, H. W.; and Nicolaides, S., "A Holistic Approach DirectedToward Controlling the Inbore Deflagration Hazard of Composition B, a CastExplosive," Technical Report ARAED-TR-8801 1, ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ,August 1988.

3. Machacek, 0.; Marrello, M. L.; Eck, G. R.; and Velicky, R. W., "Effect ofChlorowaxes on Sensitivity of Comp B," ARDEC Contractor Report ARAED-CR-87015, ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, Jun 1987.

4. Velicky, R. W., "The Burning Behavior of TNT in the Closed Bomb," Journal ofEnergetic Materials, vol 1, pp 177-205, 1983.

5. Papko, A., personal communication, SMCAR-AEE-WE, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ,February 1988.

6. Voreck, W. and Velicky, R. W., Exploding Foil Shock Sensitivity Test, The SeventhSymposium (International) on Detonation, Annapolis, MD, July, 1981.

7. Velicky, R. W., "A Laboratory Explosive Out-put Test Employing the Slapper Tech-nique to Simulate Detonations," Technical Report ARAED-TR-86036, ARDC,Dover, NJ, October 1986.

8. Velicky, R. W., "A Method to Evaluate the Burning Behavior of Secondary Ex-plosives - Composition B," ARLCD-TR-83030, ARRADCOM, Dover, NJ, June1983.

9. Velicky, R. W.; Voigt, W.; and Voreck, W., The Effect of Some Additives on theClosed Bomb Burning and lgnitability of RDX!TNT (60/40). The Eighth Symposium(International) on Detonation, Albuquerque. NM, July 1985.

45

APPENDIX

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR CHLOROWAX

47

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICALMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MSDS NUMBER. M1204

MSDS DATE;: t-06-86

PRODUCT NAME. CHLOROWAX 45LV

24 HOUR EMERGENCY PHONE: (710) 278-7021

I. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

I HEALTH HAZARD. I FIRE HAZARD. & 0 REACTIVITY rating based on NIOSH"Identification System for Occupationally Hazardous Materials" (1974)

MANUFACTURER'S NAME AND ADDRESS. Occidental Chemical Customer ServiceCenter. 545 East John Carpenter Freeway. Suite 1020.Irving. Texas 75062 (Telephone 1-800-752-5151)

CHEMICAL NAME: Chlorinated Paraffin CAS NUMBER: 61788-76-9

SYNONYMS/COMMON NAMES: Liouid Chlorinated Paraffin

CHEMICAL FORMULA: C 1 2 H2 3 C1 3 (Typical)

DOT PROPER SHIPPING NAME. NA

DOT HAZARD CLASS: NA

DOT I.0. NUMBER: NA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE. NA

II. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

* MATER'AL OR COMPONENT HAZARD DATA CAS NUMBER %CI. lorinated Paraffin PEL - None Established 61788-76-9 100

TLV = None Established(See Section V)

The material in this product is listed in the TSCA Inventory.Not listed as carcinogenic by IARC, NTP. OSHA. ACGIH. See Section V.

III. PHYSICAL DATA

BOILIýNG-FP-INT P 7860 m" Hg. N/A produCt decomposes ab:ýove 204C

MELTING POINT Pour Point -65*F % VOLATILES BY VOL N/A

VAPOR PRESSURE N/A QENSITY AT 20*C. 1.35 gm/cc

EVAPORATION RATE (BuAc-1) NA VAPOR DENSITY iAir-1). N/A

SPECIPIC GRAVITY (H2Owl) 1 098 0 25*C

SOLUBILITY IN H 2 0 % BY WT Negligible

APPEARANCE AND ODOR Clear-to- Iigt ani.Dler I tQuito with a sIt Ugit aokw

PH NA

CAS - C &Z-00t $4-46~ SV*IP fee W3 .W~4 V.,04 "

mpool"! !., -t-tt ; ý2oooi" ~'4' .-0 -* 0-61o * '!, v to (tt i so-ta £fwvs4' *'4 v -'" &'4 ot~zvole to -0re

.4 &~* tS10 s hA .! t " 6-4 vi~~~~ to9 *5 P( Al (t4 9t1&4 0"W fci" -ol.6 6,1%hwi &-. W0 V,~~~~'W-, OV S . '-s.u I* M4 S41 *oft*.S.V .ý be. -*get 14,0014 to,. t oet 1.. -ego,"i .& *otV-(~4 0.0 -* t P .0t.0so 5.0

&"R Lee5 ( ýi'S ,"5* mo, -0*6s'w 61 k1-4 t C.i-p % -V 06 o"t~t -4%0 "S* 9'-4 oft. %9'-00S ~t onS ~~t&"%S . 0 A-"o 0" -AWA o.t w -04 % 0, ~. w" 5 t*4* ..A SA6 t 6- W SA iS-SC t .S555S 8SSW

~'4h~t S S.~4555 se~t.~st....s- PB S~s .m~U9-

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL Page 2 of 4MSDS NUMBER. M1204 11-06-86.2RODUCT NAME. CHLOROWAX 45LV

IV. FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA

FLASH POINT. None under 204*C AUTOIGNITION TEMPRTRE. N/AFLAMMABLE LIMITS IN AIR, % BY VOLUME- UPPER: Nonflammnable

LOWER: NonflammnableEXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Fires involving this product are unlikely, but

should one occur. it may be controlled by carbon dioxide, drychemicals, foam, or water fog.

SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES. Pressu~re-defmmnd. self-containedbreathing apparatus should be provided for fire fighters Inbuildings or confined areas where this product is stored. Thisproduct at high temperatures, releases hydrogen chloride gas.Storage containers exposed to fire should be kept cool with waterspray in order to pre -nt pressure build-up.

UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOS~wN HAZARD. This product is nonflammrable andnonexplosive under normal conditions of use. Over-pressurizat ionof containers will also occur if exposed to exc~essive heat. Thisproduct, flows freely when hot and should, therefore, be treated asan oil when exposed In a fire.

V. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

HEALTH HAZARD DATA. Chlorinated paraff ins are a class of compoundsthat are similarly manufactured. but vary in molacular structure bycarbon chain length and degree of chlorination.

The National Tox~icology Program (NTF'1) has reporteQi ý"at in recentstudies a C 1 2. 59% chlorinate-d paraffin in comb~inat ion withcorn oil caused tumors when force fed at very high doses to ratsand mice over long periods of time. The NTP also reported thata C2 4. 43% chlorinated paraffin under the same conditions causedan increase in tumors only In rrale mice.

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

INHALATION Under normal use Conditions, this product is nontoxic,however. under signif 1cant d!c ompo SittI On conditions.mild-to-moderate irritation of the upper respiratory tract canoccur duwe to evolut ion of hydrogen chloride gas

SKIN CONTACT May produce mild ir-ritatiton which is readilyi-everStole Not knowti to be a sensitizer

SKIN ABSORPTION Nnt readily absorbed throujgh Skin-EYE CONTACT May produz.e mild transient IrritationINGEFSTION Not expected to Produce toxic effects when ingested

~IFECJ OPOVRr-.2P SUT

ACUTE iay -rodmu.cv mild, roversible %kin and ciye irritationCHRON1*I C T?-,e toDxicity profile woujld Suggest a siight hazard to tf-osechron ally expoS~cd to this product The liver is Itho orOCzyaole

Za,,et organ. S-t'OUld Mas!SIVe -ysteMic POISOningI O<Cc1Jr

~~~ ID PQ~

EYES OBJ)ECT IS; To FLUSH MATERIAL O)UT. TVH-EN SEEK MEDICAL ATTiENTIO)NNWAEDIATELY flush "ye with larUa Imaujnta of water for at leaaSt 1'5

Y" i ML;149S. holid in lQIIds apart to fnr flu~ljhinq of the ier't Ire eyeswr f ac V Seek med ic.1 1 t--t Ior-

SKIN W.atr'l contamin-atad areas with scat) ia~ v_3ter M)tot %is"

.olventt; for cl"eaningINHAL.ATION U,-det-f ir a conc t t sC.-S. get De.5on Cout of contasinatod

ai-qa To freqq-igF aIr If b"r-ath-ng ha stoopevpd. resv!5CItate andAdioini-ter oxygen. if readily availazilo Seek med~cical attentioniWvrhewd .te I y

INCOESTION NEVER give anytht-g by mouth to arn unco-sclous person if-- al1l1owed. DO NýO T I NtA.CE VCuJ1TING If vomitting occuLr nspocr t anC--kis, I weeD airway c lnar Seek medical a t te0t i 0N

i TYied AatIe I yNOTE-S To Pl~qYSICIAN No skm- sensittzatiOn is ass~ciated wT-" tI"

m'andjlimg Of th~is Cpt'o:ýLct

OCc2IUtNIAL UH-MLUAL Page 3 of 4MSDS NUMBER M1204 11-06-86PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 45LV

VI. REACTIVITY DATA

CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY. Elevated temperatures andstrong alkalies will promote the decomposition of this productThe thermal decomposition is a time/temperature relationship. Atnormal room temperatures, decomposition is virtually nil. Attemperatures above 315*C, decomposition is rapid with resultantdiscoloration and hydrogen chloride release. This decompositiondoes not present any fire or e•los'tve hazard.

INCOMPATIBILITY. rhis product will deteriorate with subsequentdarkening and eventual decomposition when exposed to elevatedtemperatures or strong alkalies. The presence of iron or zinc inany '-irm will catalyze this deterioration.

HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. Under fire conditions, thisproduct will decompose to give off hydrogen chloride gas and tracesof fragmented short-chain hydrocarbons. Under these conditions.sufficient hydrogxen chloride is given off to necessitate the use ofself-contained breathing apparatus. Held at 175 0 C for 4 hours,this product will give off a maximum of 0.5 weight percent hydrogenchlor ide.

CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION. Not known topol ymer ize.

ViI. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURES

SPILLS OR RELEASES. If material is spilled or released to theatmosphere, steps snould be taken to contain liquids and preventdischarges to streams or sewer systems, and control or stop theloss of volatile materials to the atmosohere. Spills or releasesshould be reported. if required to the appropriate local. state andfederal regulatory agencies.

DISPOSAL CR STORAGIE Clean-up action should be carefully planned andexecuted. Shi•ment. storage, and/or disposal of waste materialsare regulated and action to handle spilled or released materialsmust meet the applicable rules If any Question exists, theappropriate agencies should be cOntacted to assure proper act ionbeing taken.

VIII. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURESVENTILATION REQUIREMENTS. No special ventilation required under

normal use Use local exhaust vent ilation where the prodx;ujCt is"heated or mtst. spray. dust or vapor may be generated

.PECIFIC PERSIONAL. PR0Tf~rlv EQUIjPME-NT

RESPIRATORY Respiratory protection i% not required under normaluse Use NIOSH/MSHA approved respirator.y protect ion followingmarnufacturet- " e r-eioendat tons- whore miiSt. spray. dust Or vapor niAy13o grerated ad where the vro<IuCt is healt:

EYE Face ahield and goqglen Or c.'icl ogles jg"ýOkuid be We Iwr-'etrew mist. spray 0-- tisu1 Mlay Le generatted or where the" proc~uct -Sph%" t ed

GLOVES Ini).ervtous gloves should De worn Cotton gloves have taen

OTHER CLOTHING AND EQUIpE*,r Siattdard work clothnQ Standard .-y•rk%h-Ce r i- s that carn 1'Of be decon ac~na-teb sthould bo disc?-'edWa$h cont.minated cloth-lig with soa.D and water and dry b•eforerouse f-%owrer and eyewash facilities t s $ould be accessible

BIOLOGICAL NO ApPlI cable elthodsPERSONAiL 'ARFA Procecures applicabl, to total Owt O. ,St can

meavk,'e eatoos%.ro. t"e low -a00- oissure mninimnizes loss dirI nQ

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL Page 4 .of 4MSDS NUMBER: M1204 11-G6-86*

-PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 45LV

IX. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

SIGNAL WORD: WARNINGI

STATEMENT OF HAZARDS:MAY CAUSE IRRITATION

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS:Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.Wash thoroughly after handling.Do not take internally.KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.See the Material Safety Data Sheet for more detailed information on

safe handling.

FIRST AID:IN CASE OF CONTACT:

For eyes: I mmodiately flush with plenty or water for at least 15minutes, holding eyelids apart to ensure flushing of entire eyesurface. If irritation persists, seek medical attention.

For skin: Wash with plenty of soap and water; remove contaminatedclothing. If irritation persists, seek medical attention.

IF INHALED: Under fire conditions, get person out of contaminatedarea to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, resuscitate andadminister oxygen, if readily available. Seek medical attentionimmediately.

IF SWALLOWED: NEVER give anything by mouth to an unconsciousperson. If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If vomitingoccurs spontaneously, keep airway clear. Seek medical attentionimmediately.

IN CASE OF FIRE: Use pressure-demand, self-contained breathingapparatus as this product, at high temperatures, releases hydrogenchloride (HCI) gas.

IN CASE OF SPILL OR LEAK: Observe handling precautions. Leaksshould be stopped. Spills should be contained, then cleaned upusing vacuum truck or absorbent material and removed to approvedwaste disposal area.

TSQRAGE AND DISFQSAL

STORAGE: To prevent deterioration, with subsequent discoloration andpossible decomposition with liberation of hydrogen chloride gas.:torage temperatures for this prodL'ct should not exceed 66'C.

DISPOSAL: Package, store, transport and dispose of all clean-upmiterials and any contaminated equipment in accordance with allapplicable federal, state. and local health and environmentalregulations. Shipments of waste materials may be subject tomanifesting requirements per applicable regulations. Appropriatedisposal will depend on the nature of the waste material and shouldbe performed by competent and properly permitted contractorsEnsure that all responsible federal. state. and local agenciesreceive proper notification of disoos.al.

DO NOT SWALLOW. FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY. READ TECHNICAL DATABULLETIN AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET ON THIS PRODUCT SEFORE USING

FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY LABEL 051386MI204

52

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICALMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MSDS NUMBER: M6566

MSDS DATE: 11-07-86

PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 57-60

24 HOUR EMERGENCY PHONE: (716) 278-7021

1. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

1 HEALTH HAZARD, 1 FIRE HAZARD, & 0 REACTIVJTY rating based on NIOSH"Identification System for Occupationall', Hazardous Materials" (1974)

MANUFACTURER'S NAME AND ADDRESS. Occidental Chemical Customer ServiceCenter, 545 East John Carpenter Freeway. Suite 1020.Irving. Texas 75062 (Telep.ione 1-800-752-5151)

CHEMICAL NAME: Chlorinated Paraffin CAS NUMBER: 61788-76-9

SYNONYMS/COMMON NAMES: Liquid Chlorinated Paraffin

CHEMICAL FORMULA: C 1 3H 2 2 C1 6 (Typical)

DOT PROPER SHIPPING NAME: NA

DOT HAZARD CLASS: NA

DOT 1.D. NUMBER. NA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE. NA

II. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

MATERIAL OR COMPONENT HAZARD DATA CAS NUMBER %Chlorinated Paraffin PEL = None Established 61788-76-9 100

TLV - None Establisi-ied

(See Section V)The material in this product is listed in the TSCA Inventory.

Not listed as carcinogenic by IARC. NTP. OSHA. ACGIH. See Section V.

III. PHYSICAL DATA

BO ILING POINT @ 768 rrmn Hg. N/A VAPOi•TENS!TY (Air~t). N/A

MELTING POINT. N/A % VOLATILES BY VOL.. N/A

EVAPORATION RATE (BuAcv1). N/A DENSITY AT 209C. N/A

SOLUBILITY IN H 2 C % BY WT. Negligible VAPOR PRESSURE. N/A

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H2OI) 1.33 @ 250C/250C

LIGHT STABILITY. Discolors in sunltght

APPEARANCE AND ODOR Clear-to-light antmer liquid with a slight odor

13H. NA

C l- A ,tIeI• •lTl~lll¥# •1 :tlI l S.'-'c N,.t.. Pl .*r s'. %l l l~ekiW sl .ii ' •(e-t* I # ItlI C•ll••~l

% &cl l 'sm N ta .. thet vtu Veo. c..#ht COORP*C -o,;Iots Inotu'o . .It

4"MOANTe 0,046. ~ .s*.Ie P't'. .hl:o -*I 0ý*'40Stb4 -*6 z'Soa4l~ ty re.-Csts.I ofto.~! .1 t'ý* 1.6 *4(41604 , t e * ;of W~ A"G-3Wl* '40 : &ARAhTY OP aVAA'siV Isft~oS l O uPUOE -AA1 'i&O( AGkfl!%' D1Oief am"Ce SAILory 04 OT?19W-41 10ýt .. td-s.t..-to fto &A-1-211-16c *0 1 too -*."1 *-e C6.6d'o-4 of 20~ hsasttv ohe 41C.440 of"? *j 0.,' .V " 618 0-I. *C2.t'c.'iast

044-4c toc otft 'a.* h.*,th.A po.'te... -. 1 bo hoyp I *Wce to -01 .4 ' C 'het'C' 14414- 6*1 ks he- A SR V1 4 * *tf&."V5; th t.'e "tte0 ''R oulC No Avelost-ONS Is, 1 00 -t' '*0464 olthe * OF\' I4J Shll, to £G-stl' *,

'5O 4At.A to -$044 6" "'St-4 04W~e .t ss 4*1 rovv SIA gR ists. 'Iac*4 14-t 5

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL Page 2 of 4MSDS NUMBER: M6566 11-07-86PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 57-60

IV. FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATAFLASH POINT: None under 204*C AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE. N/AFLAMMABLE LIMITS IN AIR. % BY VOLUME- UPPER: Nonflarmiable

LOWER: NonflammableEXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Fires involving this product are unlikely, but

should one occur. It may be controlled by carbon dioxide, drychemicals, foam, or water fog.

SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: Pressure-demand, self-containedbreathing apparatus should be provided for fire fighters inbuildings or confined areas where this product is stored. Thisproduct at high temperatures, releases hydrngen chloride gas.Storage containers exposed to fire should be kept cool with waterspray In order to prevent pressure build-up.

UNUSUAL. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD: This product is nonflammable andnonexplosive under normal conditions of use. Over-pressurizationof containers will also occur if exposec to excessive heat. Thispjroduct flows freely when hot and should, therefore, be treated asan oil when exposed in a fire.

V. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

HEALTH HAZARD DATA: Chlorinated paraff ins are a class of compoundsthat are similarly manufactured, but vary in molecular structure bycarbon chain length and degree of chlorination.

The Natiotal Toxicology Program (NrP) has reported that in recentstudies a C12. 59% chlorinated paraffin in combination withcorn oi' caused tumors when force fed at very high doses to ratsand mice over long periods of time. The NTP also reported thatZ C24, 43% chlorinated paraffin under the same conditions causedan Increase in tumors only in male mice.

ROUTES OF E)POSURE

INHALATION. Under no"mal use conditions, this product iS nontoxic.however, under significant decomposition conditions.mild-to-moderate irritation of the uLpper respiratory tract canoccur due to evolution of hydrogen chloride gas.

SKIN CONTACT. May produce mild irritation which is readilyreversible. Not known to be a sensitizer.

SKIN ABSORPTION. Not readily absorbed through skin.EYE CONTACT. May produce mild transient irritation.INGESTION. Not expected to produce toxic effects when ingested.

EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE

ACUTE May produce mild. reversible skin and eye IrritationCHRONIC The toxicity profile would suggest a slight hazard to those

chronically exposed to this produCt The liver is the probabletarget organ. should massive systemic poisoning occur.

-ERGENLY AND F IRST A ID PJREB

EYES OBJECT IS TO FLUSH MATERIAL OUT. THEN SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTIOtNIMMEDIATELY flush eVes with large amount5 of water for at least Isminutes. holding lids apart to ensure flushing of the entire eyesurface Seek medical attention

SKIN Wash contamrinated areas with soap and water. Do not usesolvents foo" cleaning

INHALATION Under fire conditions, get person out of contaminatedareia to fresh air If breathing has stopped. resuscitate anda0rintster oxygen. if readily available. Seek medical attentioninmecd tate 1 y

INGESTION NEVER give anything by mouth to an unconscious person Ifswallowed. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING If vomiting occurssoontaneously, keeo airway clear Seek medical atte-ttionimrned tately

NOTES TO PHYSICIAN No skin 5ensistizal iOn is agsociated with thehandling of this produc t

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL Page 3 of 4MSDS NUMBER: M6566 1 I-0'7-86PRODUCT NAME; CHLOROWAX 57-60

VI. REACTIVITY DATA

CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY: Elevated temperatures andstrong alkalies will promote the decomposition of this product.The thermal decomposition is a time/temperature relationship. Atnormal room temperatures, decomposition is virtually nil. Attemperatures above 315*C, decomposition is rapid with resultantdiscolorati-on and h~drogen chloride release. This decompositiondoes not present any fire or explosive hazard.

INCOMPATIBILITY: This product will deteriorate with subsequentdarkening and eventual decomposition when exposed to elevatedtemperatures or strong alkalies. The presence of iron or zinc inany form will catalyze this deterioration.

HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: Under fire conditions, thisproduct will decompose to give off hydrogen chloride gas and tracesof fragmented short-chain hydrocarbons. Under these conditions.sufficient hydrogen chloride Is given off to necessitate the use ofself-contained breathing apparatus. Held at 175*C for 4 hours.this product will give off a maximum of 0.5 weight percent hydrogenchloride.

CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: Not known topolymerize.

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURES

SPILLS OR RELEASES: If material is spilled or released to theatmosphere, steps should be taKen to contain liquids and preventdischarges to streams or sewer systems; and control or stop theloss of volatile materials to the atmosphere. Spills or releasesshould be reported, if required to the appropriate local, state andfederal regulatory agencies.

DISPOSAL OR STORAGE: Clean-up action should be caref-lly planned andexecuted. Shipment. storage, and/or disposal of waste materialsare regulated and action to handle spilled or released materialsmust meet the applicable rules. If any question exists, theappropriate agencies should be contacted to assure proper actionbeing taken.

Vil. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

"ENTILATION REQUIREMENTS. No special ventilation required undernormal use. Use local exhaust ventilation where the product isheated or mist. spray, dust or vapor may be generated.

SPECIFIC PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

RESPIRATORY. Respiratory protection is not required under normaluse. Use NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection followingmanufacturer's reccnmeridations where mist. spray. dust or vapor maybe generated and where the Product is heated

EYE Face shield and goggles or chernical goggles should be wornw~here mist, spray or dust may be generated or where the product isheated.

GLOVES lmpervi:)us gloves should be worn. Cotton gloves have beenrecomnended.

OTHER CLOTHING ANO EQUIPMENT Standard work clothing Standard workshoea. Shoes that can not be decontaminated should be discardedWash contaminated clothnon with Soap and water and dry beforereuse. Shower and eyewash facilities should be accessible

- NLUQRI NQ EXPOSURE

BIOLOGICAL No applicable methods.

PERSONAL/AREA. Procedures applicable to total dust or mist canmeasure exposure. tthe low vapor pressu.re minimizes loss duringsampling

55

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL Page 4 of 4MSDS NUMBER: M6566 11-07-86PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 57-60

IX. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

SIGNAL WORD: WARNINGI

STATEMENT OF HAZARDS:MAY CAUSE IRRITATION

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT-:&-Avoid contact with eyes, skin, ard clothing.Wash thoroughly after handling.Do not take internally.KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.See the Material Safety Data Sheet for more detailed information on

safe handling.

FIRST AID:IN CASE OF CONTACT:

For eyes: Immediately flush with plenty or water for at least 15minutes. holding eyelids apart to ensure flushing of entire eyesurface. If irritation persists, seek medical attention.

For skin: Wash with plenty of soap and water; remove contaminatedclothing. If irritation persists, seek medical attention.

IF INHALED: Under fire conditions, get person ou: of contaminatedarea to fresh air. If breathing has stopped. resuscitate andadminister oxygen, if readily available. Seek medical attentionimmediately.

IF SWALLOWED: NEVER give anything by mouth to an unconsciousperson. If swallowed. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If vomitingoccurs spontaneously, keep airway clear. Seek medical attentioni mmed Iately.

IN CASE OF FIRE: Use pressure-demand. self-contained breathingapparatus as this product, at high temperatures, releases hydrogenchloride (HCl) gas.

IN CASE OF SPILL OR LEAK: Observe handling precautions. Leaksshould be stopped. Spills should be contained, then cleaned upusing vacuum truck or absorbent material and removed to approvedwaste disposal area.

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

STORAGE TO prevent deterioration, with subsequent discoloration andpossible decomposition with liberation of hydrogen chloride gas.storage temperatures for this product should not exceed 68"C.

DISPOSAL Package, store, transport and dispose of all clean-upmaterials and any contaminated equipment in accordance with allapplicable federal, state. and local health and environmentalregulations. Shipments of waste materials may be subject tomanifesting requirements per applicable regulations. Appropriatedisposal will 1dernd on the nature of the waste material and shouldbe performed by competent and properly permitted contractors.EnSure that all responsible federal, state. and local agenciesreceive proper notiftcation of disposal.

00 NOT SWALLOW FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY READ TECHNICAL DATABULLETIN AND MATERIAL SAFETY DAIA SHEET ON THIS PRODUCT BEFORE USING.

FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY LABEL. 061186M6566

56

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICALMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

MSDS NUMBER. M1290

MSDS DATE: 11-06-86

PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 70-20024 HOUR EMERGENCY PHONE: (716) 278-7021

I. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

I HEALTH HAZARD, I FIRE HAZARD. & 0 REACTIVITY rating based on NIOSH"Identification System for Occupationally Hazardous Materials" (1974)

MANUFACTURER'S NAME AND ADDRESS. Occidental Chemical Customer ServiceCenter, 545 East John Carpenter Freeway. Suite 1020.Irving, Texas 75062 (Telephone 1-800-752-5151)

CHEMICAL NAME. Chlorinated Paraffin CAS NUMBER. 61788-76-9

SYNONYMS/COMMON NAMES: Liquid Chlorinated Paraffin

CHEMICAL FORMULA: CIIH1 4 C1 I (Typical)

DOT PROPER SHIPPING NAME. NA

DOT HAZARD CLASS. NA

DOT I.D NUMBER: NA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE. NA

II. HAZARDOUS INGREIENTS

MATERIAL OR COMPONENT HAZARD DATA CAS NUMBER %Chlorinated Paraffin PEL = None Established 61788-76-9 100

TLV = None Established(See Section V)

The material in this product is listed in the TSCA Inventory.Not listed as carcinogenic by IARC. NTP. OSHA. ACGIP'. See Section V.

III. PHYSICAL DATA

BOILING POINT 0@ 760 mm Hg. NJ/A VAPOR DENSITY (AiraI). N/A

MELTING POINT Po4..r Point. 16'C % VOLATILES BY VOL.. N/A

VAPOR PRESSURE. N/A DENSITY AT 20"C N/A

EVAPORATION RATE (BuAcu-). N/A VISCOSITY. 200 SUS 0 900C

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H20-1) 1.46 0 25"C/25*C

SOLUBILITY IN H2 0 % BY WT Negligible

LIGHT STABILITY Discolors in sunlight

APPEARANCE AND ODOR Light amlnt>er. very viscous liquid with slightodor

pH. NA

CAI: 'Cke-.tl A4 l'*lSo't# ft.-W4 ko )05 041~5 *4*e.'4B'

TI -l & AM-~ rx'ot%4~4 1,-l. W8:4 cv-01 0I - cvs'., E0o.,q' U-1

to bS e makl'oU 4tfe~ ~ * t.'.tt'.,.t 64 V*4 OW~.1*0t.; 4 1.. ?c 'a, tot's b ... 6'sO* sm'1* VI WetSII 18

C4'e'-I"C0 '1tttt, ~eS. 60S.& owt4 ,-l - " bet QN14^'jI' d to 4vti4-o-S 6g*,C..jW %"41 h'-1 A' t I'. v4 co.-C. o'S Wt

4CIA *O10 vto 1* 6 ". 't*U'.t tl." WI t"4 tIte-4' -so 1.~l 1 *,l4 . 16a ý.4004" 44 6^ "Wý %0*-". 6^9 Qe C40-0-%," 0

.... e.I. I ''0 * -4 ~4 ~I* W' -04490 0* 1*0406114 sit "W's 57

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL Page 2 of 4MSDS NUMBER: M1290 11-06-86PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 70-200

IV. FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATAFLASH POINT: None under 204*C AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE. N/AFLAMMABLE LIMITS IN AIR. % BY VOLUME- UPPER: Nonflammable

LOWER: NonflammableEXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Fires involving this product are unlikely, but

should one occur, ii: may be controlled by carbon dioxide, drychemicals. foam, or water fog.

SPECIAL F-IRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: Pressure-demand, self-containedbreathing apparatus should be provided for fire fighters inbuildings or confined areas where this product Is stored. Thisproduc,, at high temperatures, releases hydrogen chloride gas.Storaget containers exposed to fire should be kept cool with waterspray '.n order to prevent pressure build-up.

UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD: This product is nonflammable andnonexplosive under normal conditions of use. Over-pressurizationof containers will also occur If exposed to excessive heat. Thisproduct flows freely when hot and should, therefore, be treated asan oil when exposed in a iire.

V. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATIONHEALTH HAZARD DATA. Chlorinated paraffins are a class of compounds

that are similarly mantifactured, but vary in molecular structure bycarbon chain length and degree of chlorination.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has reported that in recentstudies a C 1 2. 59% chlorinated paraffin in combination withcorn oll caused tumors when force fed at very high doses to ratsand mice over long periods of time. The NTP also reported thata C2 4, 43% chlorinated paraffin under the same conditions causedan increase in tumors only in male mice.

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

INHALATION. Under normal use conditions, this Product is nontoxic,however, under significant decoimiposition conditions.mild-to-moderate irritation of the upper respiratory tract canOccur due to evolution of hydroigen chloride gas.

SKIN CONTACT. May produce mild irritation which is readilyreversible Not known to be a sensitizer.

SKIN ABSORPTION. Not readily absorbed through skin.EYE CONTACT. May produce mild transient irritation.INGESTION. Not expected to produce toxic effects when ingested.

EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE

ACUTE. May produce mild, reversible skin and eye irritationCHRONIC. The toxicity profile would suggest a slight hazard to those

chronically exposed to this Product The liver is the probabletarget organ, should massive systemic poisoning occur

EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PRO EDURES

EYES OBJECT IS TO FLUSH MATERIAL OUT. THEN SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTIONIMMEDIATELY flush eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15minutes. holding 1 liý apart to ensure flushing of the ent ire eyesurface Seek medical attent ion

SKIN Wash contaminated areas with soap and water Do not useSolvents for cleaning

INHALATION Under fire conditions. get person Cut of contaminatedarea to f'-Sh air If breathing has stopped. resuscitate andarmuins-ster oxygen, if readily available. Seek medical attentionimmedlately

INGESTION. NEVER give anything !Dy mouth to an unconscious person Ifswallowed. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING If vomiting occursSpontanesously. kee airway clear Seek medical attentionimmed iately

NiTES TO PHYSICIAN No skin sensitization is associated with tl-.ehandling of this PrOduct

58

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL Page 3 of 4,MSDS NUMBER: M1290 Pagee-o

PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 70-200 11-06-86

V1. REACTIVITY DATA

CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY: Elevated temperatures andstrong alkalies will promote the decomposition of this product.The thermal decomposition is a time/temperature relationship. Atnormal room temperatures, decomposition is virtually nil. Attemperatures above 315 0 C, decomposition is rapid with resultantdiscoloration and hydrogen chloride release. This decompositiondoes not present any fire or explosive hazard.

INCOMPATIBILITY: This product will deteriorate with subsequentdarkening and eventual decomposition when exposed to elevatedtemperatures or strong alkalies. The presence of iron or zinc inany form will catalyze this deterioration.

HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: Under fire conditions, thisproduct will decompose to give off hydrogen chloride gas and tracesof fragmented short-chain hydrocarbons. Under these conditions.sufficient hydrogen chloride is given off to necessitate the use ofself-contained breathing apparatus. Held at 175*C for 4 hours.this product will give off a maximum of 0.5 weight percent hydrogenchloride.

CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: Not known topolymerize.

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURES

SPILLS OR RELEASES: If material is spilled or released to theatmosphere, steps should be taken to contain liquids and preventdischarges to streams or sewer systems; and control or stop theloss of volatile materials to the atmosphere. Spills or releasesshould be reported. if required to the appropriate local, state andfederal regulvtory agencies.

DISPOSAL OR STORAGE. Clean-up action should be carefully planned andexecuted. Shipment, storage, and/or disposal of waste materialsare regulated and action to handle spilled or released materialsmust meet the 4opllcable rules. If any question exists, the"aporopriate agencies should be contacted to assure proper actionbeing taken.

Viii. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROL MEASURES

VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS. No special ventilation required undernormal use. Use local exhaust ventilation where the product isheated or mist. spray. dust or vapor may be generated

SPECIFIC PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

R=-SPIRATORY Respiratory protection is not required under normaluse. Use NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection followingmanufacturer's recofafvendat ions where mist. npray. dust or vapor maybe generated and where the product is heated

EYE. Face shield and goggles or chemncal goggles should be wornwhere mist. spray or dust may be generated or where the product isheated,

GLOVES I[mervious gloves -should be worn Cotton gloves have beenrecommendedd.

OTHKFR CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT. Standard work Clothing Standard workshoes Shoes that can not be decontaminated should be discardedWash contaminatsd clothing with soap and water and dry beforeroiuse. Shower and eyewash facilities should be accessible

6IOLOGICAL No applicable uathds

PERSONAL/AREA. Procedures applicabtle to total dust or mist canmeasure exmosure, the low vapor pressure minimizes loss duringsamo I i mg.

59

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL Page 4 of 4MSDS NUMBER: M1290 11-e6-85PRODUCT NAME: CHLOROWAX 70-200

IX. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONSSIGNAL WORD: WARNINGi

STATEMENT OF HAZARDS:MAY CAUSE IRRITATION

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS:Avoid contact with eyes. skin. and clothing.Wash thoroughly after handling.Do not take internally.KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.See the Material Safety Data Sheet for more detailed information on

safe handling.

FIRST AID:IN CASE OF CONTACT:

For eyes: Immediately flush with plenty or water for at least 15minutes. holding eyelids apart to ensture flushing of entire eyesurface. If irritation persists, seek medical attention.

For skin: Wash with plenty of soap and water; remove contaminatedclothing. If irritation persists. seek medical attention.

IF INHALED: Under fire conditions, get person out of contaminatedarea to fresh air. If breathing has stopped. resuscitate andadminister oxygen, if readily available. Seek medical attentionImmediately.

IF SWALLOWED: NEVER give anything by mouth to an unconsciousperson. If swalloweJ. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If vomitingoccurs spontaneously, keep airway clear. Seek medical attentionirmmed iate ly.

IN CASE OF FIRE: Use pressure-demand. self-contained breathingapparatus as this product, at high temporatures, releases hydrogenchloride (HCl) gas.

IN CASE OF SPILL OR LEAK. Observe handling precautions. Leaksshould be stopped. Spills should be contained, then cleaned upuSing vacuum truck or absorbent material and removed to approvedwaste disposal area.

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

STORAGE. To prevent deterioration, with subsequent discoloration andpossible decompositton with liberation of hydrogen chloride gas.storage temperatures for' this product should not exceed 66C.

DISPOSAL. Package. store. transport and dispose of all clean-uomaterials an4i any contamrinated equiplment in accordance with allapplicable federal. state. and local health and environmentalregulations. Shipments of waste materials may be subject tomanifesting reQuirements per applicable regulat ions Appropriatedisposal will depend on the nature of the waste material and shouldbe Performed by competent and properly Permitted contractorsEnsure that all responsible federal, state. and local agenciesreceive proper rot if icat ton of dliposal

00 NO3T SWALLOW FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY READ TECHNICAL DATABULLETIN AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET ON THIS PRODUJCT BEFORE USING

FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY LABEL 051386U 1290

60

DISTRIBUTION LIST

CommanderArmament Research, Development and Engineering CenterU.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical CommandATTN: SMCAR-IMI-I (5)

SMCAR-AEE (3)SMCAR-AEE-WE (10)

Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000

CommanderU.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical CommandATTN: AMSMC-GCLPicatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000

AdministratorDefense Technical Information CenterATTN: Accessions Division (12)Cameron StationAlexandria, VA 22304-6145

DirectorU.S. Army Materiel Systems Analysis ActivityATTN: AMXSY-MPAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066

CommanderChemical Research, Development and Engineering CenterU.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical CommandATTN: SMCAR-MSIAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423

CommanderChemical Research, Development and Engineering CenterUS. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical CommandATTN: SMCAR-RSP-AAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 201010-5423

61

DirectorBallistic Research LaboratoryATTN: AMXBR-OD-ST

AMCBR-TBD, Philip M. HoweAMCBR-TB-E, Robert B. FreySLCBR-TB-EE, Larry Vande KieftAMCBR-TB-EE, J. Starkenbert

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066

ChiefBenet Weapons Laboratory, CCACArmament Research, Development and Engineering CenterU.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical CommandATTN: SMCAR-CCB-TLWatervliet, NY 12189-5000

CommanderU.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical CommandATTN: SMCAR-ESP-LRock Island, IL 61299-6000

DirectorU.S. Army TRADOC Systems Analysis ActivityATTN: ATAA-SLWhite Sands Missile Range. NM 88002

CommanderNaval Surface Weapons CenterATTN: Code R 12. S. Coffey

S. NesbitH. SanduskyP. Taylor

Code R 121. M. StoszCode R122, L. RoslundTechnical Library

Silver Spring. MD 20902-5000

62

CommanderNaval Weapons CenterATTN: Code 389, Thomas Boggs

Code 388, C. F. PriveCode 3835, K. L. GrahmCode 3264, R. J. CramerTechnical Library

China Lake, CA 93555

Center for Explosives Technology and ResearchATTN: Per-Anders Person

Andrew Block-BoltenTaylor B. JoynerMarc A. MeyersEdward M. RoyTechnical Library

New Mexico TechSocorro, NM 87801

Sandia National LaboratoriesATTN: Div 2525, R. W. Bickes, Jr.

Technical LibraryP.O. Box 5800Albuquerque, NM 94550

Sandia National LaboratoriesATTN: Div 8357. A. W. Carling

C. F. MeliusP.O. Box 969Livermore. CA 94550

Los Alamos National LaboratoryATTN: CHM-1 MS G740. N. R. Greiner

MS P952. R. P. EnglekeM--8. MS J960. J. B. RarmsayTechnical Library

Los Alamos, NM 87545

63

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryATTN: L-324, R. R. McGuire

L-386, E. L. LeeM. FingerL. Green

Technical LibraryLivermore, CA 94550

Hercules, Inc.Sunflower Army Ammunition PlantATTN: D. William GearhartBox 549Desoto, KS 66018

CommanderEglin Air Force BaseATTN: AFATL-DLJE, Gary ParsonEglin Air Force Base, FL 32542-5000

Joseph Hershkowitz306 Passaic AvenueWest Cardwell, NJ 07006

Mr. Wallace E. Voreck, Jr.44 E. Shore TrailSparta, NJ 07871

Irving B. AkstIdos Corporation1032 Duncan StreetParna. TX 79065

Thermex Energy Corporation13601 Preston Road. Suite 900WATTN- 0. MachacekDallas. TX 7',240

64

CommanderU.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical CommandATTN: SMCAR-LEM, Bill FortuneRock Island, IL 61299-6000

CommanderLouisiana Army Ammunition PlantATTN: SMCLA-CO, LTC Gary F. Andrews

S. J. ShowsWilliam SanfordT. F. Davidson

P.O. Box 30058Shreveport, LA 71130-5000

Rodolf W. Velicky10 John Henry Dr.Montville, NJ 07045

Oxidental Chemical Co.545 East John Carpenter FreewaySuite 1020ATTN: Mr. Richard PetersIrving, TX 75062

65