Adolescence - Weebly
Transcript of Adolescence - Weebly
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Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood.
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Adolescence
Many psychologists once believed that our traits
were set during childhood. Today
psychologists believe that development is a
lifelong process. Adolescence is defined
as a life between childhood and adulthood.
AP Photo/ Jeff C
hiu
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Puberty
• The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Click above to see all you ever need to know about puberty.
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Is adolescence getting longer or shorter?
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Physical Development
Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual
maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males
(13 years). Thus height in females increases before
males.
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Brain Development Un&l puberty, neurons increase their connec&ons. However, at adolescence, selec&ve pruning of the neurons begins. Unused neuronal connec&ons are lost to make other pathways more efficient.
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Frontal Cortex During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduc&on. The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s development. Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness.
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Cognitive Development Adolescents’ ability to reason gives them a new level of social awareness. In par&cular, they may think about the following:
1. Their own thinking. 2. What others are thinking. 3. What others are thinking about them. 4. How ideals can be reached. They cri&cize society, parents, and even
themselves.
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Developing Reasoning Power According to Piaget, adolescents can handle abstract problems, i.e., they can perform formal opera*ons. Adolescents can judge good from evil, truth and jus&ce, and think about God in deeper terms.
William
Thomas C
ain/ GeMy Im
ages
AP/W
ide World Photos
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Cognitive Development
• Have the ability to reason but…….
• The reasoning is self-focused. Assume that their experiences are unique. • Experience formal operational thought
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Maturation
• Physical growth, regardless of the environment.
• Although the timing of our growth may be different, the sequence is almost always the same.
Click to see movie of Captain Marvel and his matura&on.
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Puberty Sequence is way more
predictable than the timing.
How might timing differences effect an adolescent socially?
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When does puberty start? The Landmarks
• First ejaculation for boys
• Menarche for girls
Do we remember these things?
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Primary Sexual Characteristics • Body
structures that make reproduction possible.
Penis
Testes
Ovaries Vagina
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics • Non-
reproductive sexual characteristics.
Widening of the Hips
Deeper Voice Breast Development
Body Hair
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Identity • One’s sense of self. • The idea that an
adolescent’s job is to find oneself by testing various roles.
• Comes from Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial development.
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Forming an Identity
In Western cultures, many adolescents try out different selves before seMling into a consistent
and comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to forming close relationships.
Leland Bobble/ GeMy Im
ages
MaMhias C
lamer/ G
eMy Images
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Parent and Peer Influence
Although teens become independent of their parents as they grow
older, they nevertheless relate to their parents on
a number of things, including religiosity and
career choices. Peer approval and
relationships are also very important.
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Developing Morality Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?” He found stages of moral development.
AP Photo/ D
ave Martin
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Moral Development
Three Stage Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg!!!
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Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of Morality
• Preconventional Morality • Conventional Morality • Postconventional Morality
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Moral Thinking 1. Preconven&onal Morality: Before
age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.
2. Conven&onal Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.
3. Postconven&onal Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-‐upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.
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Pre-conventional Morality • Morality based on
rewards and punishments.
• If you are rewarded then it is OK.
• If you are punished, the act must be wrong.
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Conventional Morality • Look at morality
based on how others see you.
• If your peers , or society, thinks it is wrong, then so do you.
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Post-Conventional Morality • Based on self-
defined ethical principles.
• Your own personal set of ethics.
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Criticisms of Kohlberg • Carol Gilligan pointed
out that Kohlberg only tested boys.
• Boys tend to have more absolute value of morality.
• Girls tend top look at situational factors.
Heinz Example of Morality
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Erik Erikson • Thought our personality
was influenced by our experiences with others.
• Stages of Psychosocial Development.
• Each stage centers on a social conflict.
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Trust v. Mistrust • Can a baby trust the
world to fulfill its needs?
• The trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives.
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Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt • Toddlers begin to
control their bodies (toilet training).
• Control Temper Tantrums
• Big word is “NO” • Can they learn
control or will they doubt themselves?
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Initiative V. Guilt • Word turns from “NO” to “WHY?”
• Want to understand the world and ask questions.
• Is there curiosity encouraged or scolded?
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Industry v. Inferiority • School begins • We are for the first
time evaluated by a formal system and our peers.
• Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments?
• Can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of our lives…inferiority complex.
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Identity v. Role Confusion • In our teenage years
we try out different roles.
• Who am I? • What group do I fit
in with? • If I do not find
myself I may develop an identity crisis.
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Intimacy v. Isolation • Have to balance
work and relationships.
• What are my priorities?
• I’m looking to spend the rest of my life with a person.
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Generativity v. Stagnation • Is everything going
as planned? • Am I happy with
what I created? • Mid –life crisis!!!
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Integrity v. Despair • Look back on life. • Was my life
meaningful or do I have regret?