ADOLESCENCE:

Physical and cognitive development

Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development

PubertyPuberty

Signs of Maturation and Puberty Puberty: the period in the life cycle when

sexual and reproductive maturation becomes evident.

Hormonal Changes During Hormonal Changes During PubertyPuberty

Pituitary gland stimulates other glands to produce estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males.

Biological Change and Cognitive Processes Capacity for formal operational thought

Biological Change and Social Biological Change and Social RelationsRelations

More aggression in males (variable). More depression in females (variable).

Ethological Theory Ethological Theory

Belsky, Steinberg and Draper Some young mothers are responding to a

pattern in human evolution that induces individuals who grow up under stressful circumstances to bear children early and often; to ensure survival.

The Adolescent Growth SpurtThe Adolescent Growth Spurt

Rapid increase in height and weight. 12 for girls; 14 for boys

Physical Growth is Asynchronous Dissimilarity in the growth rates of different

parts of the body

Maturation in GirlsMaturation in Girls

Menarche: the first menstrual period. Onset is earlier in industrialized nations.

Significance of menarche Identity as women Conflict between mother and daughter

Maturation in BoysMaturation in Boys

Physical changes Additional weight and size in the form of

increased muscle mass

Early or Late MaturationEarly or Late Maturation

Boys: Late maturing feelings of inadequacy, negative self-concept and rejection Berkeley Study: feelings persist through middle

age. Girls: Various psychological effects

Physically: Stout physiques early Thinner physiques later

Self-Image and AppearanceSelf-Image and Appearance

Weight: steady increase in the percentage of overweight children and adolescents since 1970 .

Stigma associated with obesity in U.S.

Health Issues in AdolescenceHealth Issues in Adolescence

Nutrition and Eating DisordersNutrition and Eating Disorders

Anorexia: primarily affects females who have become obsessed with looking thin and terrified of becoming fat.

Obesity: many ways to define (BMI, BIA) 14% of U.S. adolescents considered

significantly overweight.

ObesityObesity

Excess accumulation of body fat Body fat vs. lean body mass

Health ConsequencesHealth Consequences

Ill health in adulthood High blood pressure, heart disease,

respiratory disease, diabetes, orthopedic disorders, gall bladder problems, breast and colon cancer and high cost health care

Obese Adolescents in the U.S.Obese Adolescents in the U.S. 25% How Can We Prevent or Reduce Obesity?

Psychological awareness Healthy eating and exercise habits

Smoking and Chewing TobaccoSmoking and Chewing Tobacco

PRIDE Decline in smoking since 1990 Increased risks premature death

Alcohol and Other Substance Alcohol and Other Substance AbuseAbuse

Substance Abuse: the harmful use of drugs or alcohol lasting over a prolonged period, that puts self or others in hazardous situations.

Chance of becoming drug addicts or alcoholics; crimes to support addictions

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIVand HIV

Adolescents account for 3 million cases. Use of condoms has increased. Adolescents’ mistaken sense of

invulnerability HIV and AIDS AIDS: 6th leading cause of death in

persons between 15 and 24.

Teenage PregnancyTeenage Pregnancy

Drop in rate between 15-17 years in the last decade

U.S. rate still higher than inother developed countries

Stress, Anxiety, Depression and Stress, Anxiety, Depression and SuicideSuicide

Suicide attempts are alarmingly high.

Body Art and TattooingBody Art and Tattooing

Differentiate themselves Commemorate event Express intimacy Entertainment

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Formal OperationsFormal Operations

Piaget Final and highest stage in the development

of cognitive functioning from infancy to adulthood

Ability to think about own thinking Ability to imagine many possibilities

inherent in a situation

Adolescent EgocentricityAdolescent Egocentricity

Personal Fable Imaginary Audience

Educational IssuesEducational Issues

Effective Classroom Instruction Academic Standing and Global

Comparisons Use of Computer Technology

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

The Adolescent as a Moral Philosopher Combination between postconventional moral

thought and formal operations The Development of Political Thinking

Increase in abstract thinking