Administration and SupervisionOf ECE Schools

Topic OutlineDefinition of ManagementManagement: art or science?Management and EducationGoals of Organizational BehaviorModels of Organizational BehaviorCharacteristics of OrganizationsSignificance of Administration and Supervision

Major Functions of SupervisionIntrospectionResearchTrainingGuidanceEvaluationStudying the teacher-learner situationImproving the teacher learner situationEvaluating the means, methods, and outcomes of supervision

SupervisionEmphasis on AdministrationEmphasis on CurriculumEmphasis on InstructionEmphasis on Human RelationsEmphasis on LeadershipEmphasis on Evaluation

Administration Dimension of SupervisionThe AdministratorAdminister process, programs and services, and personnelTask planning, setting, and prioritizing of goals, establishing standards and policies, budgeting, allocating resources, staffing, coordinating and monitoring performance, conducting meetings, and reporting

Interact with Communicate ..Purpose- provide effective instruction to their clientele

Administration of ProcessInitiates the planning of programs and strategiesLong-range: on in-depth needs assessment, based on clear goals and objectivesShort term: immediate needs of the incoming school year

Administration of Programs and Services-development of curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular programs.-student services (guidance, health, and medical, canteen, and athletics

Administration of Personnel-interview, hire, evaluate, and training,

Administration of Budgetprepare and administer the approved budgetsIs education and business poles apart?Capital BudgetPersonnel ServicesOperating Expenses

Emphasis on Instruction

ValuesClinical SupervisionTraditional SupervisionAimTo help improve instructionEvaluation InstructionBasisClassroom DataObservers ratingFocusLimited specific concernsBroad general concernsFrequencyBased on needBased on policyPhilosophyPromotes independencePromotes dependenceProcessCyclicalLinearResponsibilityShared between teacher and supervisorSupervisors responsibility

5 Phases of the Clinical Sup

What is management?Management is not carrying out a prescribed task in a prescribed way:Management is:Setting directions, aims, and objectivesPlanning how progress will be madeOrganizing available resourcesControlling the processSetting and improving organizational standards

Valuable PracticesLearning how to run a successful businessAutomating your facilitySound financial planningEstablishing effective marketing and public relations strategies to promote your servicesKnowing, implementing, and often exceeding licensing standards

Being aware of legal issuesDeveloping a work plan (assigning roles and responsibilities). Action plan

The Manager and his Roles (1) integrate its resources in the effective pursuit of its goals (2) be agents of effective change (3) maintain and develop its resources

ETHICS AND THE MANAGERThe manager is the leader and has potential powerbase

Whether the staff are happy or unhappy with their workTheir work priorityStandard which they observe and reflect

Mangement: Art or ScienceArtart is based on the fact that a man, receiving through his sense of hearing or sight another man's expression of feeling, is capable of experiencing the emotion which moved the man who expressed it. ScienceThe scientific nature of management is reflected in the fact that it is based on a more or else codified body of knowledge consisting of theories and principles that are subject to study and further experimentation.

Education and ManagementIt is argued that schools, with their deep rooted educational values and academic professionalism, are not the kind of organizations that ought to be managed by a linchpin head or even a senior manager or leadership group- they ought to be self-managing communities with access to power dispersed equally among the staff.

School as a Learning OrganizationSchools should be places where participants continually expand their capacities. Participants pursue common purposes with a collaborative commitment to routinely assessing the value of those purposes, modifying them when appropriate, and continually developing more effective and efficient ways to achieve those purposes.

Managing Schools by Filipino ValuesThe school administrator must be:MakataoMarunong makipagkapwa-tao- isa sa lahat-para sa lahat-pinakamahusay sa lahatMarunong makisamaMarunong magtrabaho at magpatrabaho

Management by Objectives

Maangement by ObjectivesPeter DrukerManagement by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources. It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion, etc. MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to meet objectives

MBO: Main PrinciplesThe principle behind Management by Objectives (MBO) is to make sure that everybody within the organization has a clear understanding of the aims, or objectives, of that organization, as well as awareness of their own roles and responsibilities in achieving those aims.

Where to use management by objectivesKnowledge based enterprises

Appropriate to build employees management and self-leadership and tap their creativity, tacit knowledge and initiative.

MBO: Key Result AreasMarketingInnovationHuman organizingFinancial resourcesPhysical resourcesProductivitySocial responsiblity And profit requirements

MBO: PrinciplesCascading organizational goals and objectivesSpecific goals for each memberParticipative decision makingExplicit time periodPerformance evaluation feedback

Organizational GoalsThere should not only be a clear sense of direction but also markers whereby we can assess progress from the broad to the more specific. Goals

Targets

Success Criterias

Milestones

Models of Organizational BehaviorThe Classical Model Emphasizes characteristics such as rationality, high job specialization, centralization, a command system, a tight hierarchy, strong vertical communication, tight control, rigid procedures and an autocratic approach. Rational Systems: A Machine ModelIndividuals can be programmed to be efficient machines. Workers are motivated by economics and by limited physiology, needed constant direction.

Rational Systems ModelFrederick Taylor Time and Motion studies.Henri Fayol- administrative behavior consist of Planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Luther Gulick- POSDCoRB - principle of homogeneity

Rational Systems: Concepts and PropositionsGoalsDivision of LaborSpecializationStandardizationFormalizationSpan of ControlHierarchyException PrincipleCoordination

Humanistic Modelrespect for the individual and other human values, job breadth, consultation, consensus, decentralization, loose project organization, flexible procedures, multidirectional communication, management by objectives and a participative approach.

Natural SystemsNatural Systemthe fundamental problem in organizations was developing and maintaining dynamic and harmonious relationships. Mary Parker FolletNatural-systems view focuses on similarities among social groups, thus driven primarily by the goal of basic survival-not goals of the institutions.Individuals are never simply hired hands but bring along with them their heads and hearts.

Concepts and PropositionsSurvivalIndividualNeedsSpecializationFormalization

Informal NormsHierarchySpan of ControlCommunicationInformal Organization

ComparisonRational SystemsStructure without peopleFormalStructural arrangementsOrganizational demandsNatural SystemPeople without organizationInformalSocial groups trying to adaptHuman needs

Open System: An IntegrationA reaction to the unrealistic assumption that an organizational behavior can be isolated from external forces. Organizations are not influenced only by the environment but also dependent on them. The opens systems model stresses reciprocal ties that bind and interrelate the organization with those elements that surround and penetrate it. Indeed, the environment is even seen to be the source of order itself.

Social SystemThe school is a system of social interaction; it is an organized whole comprising interacting personalities bound together in an organic relationship, interdependence of parts, clearly defined population, differentiation from its environment, a complex network of social relationships, and its own unique culture.

Social SystemsKey Elements of the Social Systems ModelStructureCulturePoliticsEnvironmentOutcomes

Systems Model: Management CyberneticsStafford BeerHas taken the metaphor of living organisms a stage further. Human physiological is applied to industrial organizations. It states that there are 5 tiers of the subsystems in the central human nervous system, which have their counterparts in the organization. The successful survival of the human is an evidence of the effectiveness of such a system. Diagnose in what respects they fall short and strengthening the subsystem that seem weekly developed.

Management Cyberneticsexamine the health or viability of an existing organizationevaluate the proposals for new organization structures; andclarify the purpose of committees or roles.

Management CyberneticsThe model can be used in three main ways:examine the health or viability of an existing organizationevaluate the proposals for new organization structures; andclarify the purpose of committees or roles.

Management Cybernetics

Decision Model

Contingency ModelOrganizations should be different from one another and from part to part.

Organizations left to themselves organization departments and individuals tend toward specialization, carving out a more distinctive niche for themselves.

Effective IntegrationEach unit or individual can report to a manager who is made accountable for synergizing the two rolesa third unit or individual seen by the other two as understanding their roles and standing as a midway between them, act as intermediarysome kind of training or image exchange can be undertaken to help each unit understand more accurately why the other units behaves as it does.Interdepartmental groups or task force to resolve issues between departments. Tis can be temporary or permanent

Elements of OrganizationsTechnologyStructurePeopleCulture

Interlocking SystemsTechnology

Social

Economic

Hallmarks of Effective SchoolsProfessional LeadershipShared vision & goalsLearning Environment Concentration on Learning and TeachingHigh ExpectationsPositive ReinforcementMonitoring Progress

Hallmarks of Effective SchoolsStudents Rights and ResponsibilitiesPurposeful TeachingA Learning OrganizationHome School Partnership

End of Module 1

*************************************************