Administering Angels

International response to the 1915 Serbian Typhus Epidemic

Administering Angels

Angela Bowen PotterIUPUI- WIMPS PresentationSeptember 30, 2014Kathleen BurkeScottish Women's HospitalAdministering Angels

Administering Angel

Angels of Mercy

Organized Women

http://www.nwhm.org/media/category/exhibits/progressiveera/strikes2.jpg5Typhus Epidemic 1915

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23861/23861-h/images/fig044.jpghttps://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQc1HaAfA0bEULRp4ookhk_UtoMyNp2rAutMWgUC32b78x1kxcQ

6Administering Angels In Action

International Humanitarian Response to TyphusFirst Missions3 Plans developedTyphus DefeatedRetreat of MissionsSerbia Typhus Epidemic 1915International Humanitarian Relief ProjectConference PaperDigital MapDigital Timeline

Serbia 1914

The Balkan Campaigns 1914

2nd Balkan CampaignDecember 1914 1st Balkan CampaignJuly 1914Allied View of Serbia

Serbian Red Cross

1914 Efforts

1914 British EffortsFlora SandesBritish Volunteer with Mrs. Grujic 9/1914

First SRF Assistance 11/1914

Serbian relief Fund

British Red Cross in SerbiaBRX in Skopje, 1915BRX in Skopje, 1915

American Red Cross

Typhus Raise its Ugly HeadDecember 1914

Typhus Cases January-march 1915

Typhus EpidemicNew Discoveries

Typhus

the gravity of the SituationJanuary 1915

Russian Images of Typhus

Scottish womens Hospitals: send us where we are most neededJanuary 1915Telegraph, January 1915

Fundraising, January 1915

Valjevo Sort the Living From the DeadEmily Simmons, ARC

French Missions

http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51xujEqYICL._SS500_.jpg

26Developing a Coordinated Plan?1. Skopje Plan- February 1915British Red Cross, Serbian Relief Fund and Serbian Civilian GovernmentMedical and Public Health Missions2. RAMC Plan- February 1915British Royal Army Medical Corps, British Government and Serbian MilitaryPublic Health & Education3. Paris Plan- March 1915French, American and British Red Crosses and governmentDivide Serbia into districts, with American and Brattish sectors

Skopje Plan- February 1915Dr. Katherine McPhail, SWH

British Red Cross, Serbian Relief Fund and Serbian Civilian GovernmentMedical and Public Health Missions

Berry Mission

RAMC Plan- February 1915British Royal Army Medical Corps, British Government and Serbian Military Public Health & Education

RAMC Plan- February 1915

Scottish Womens HospitalsDr. Elise Inglis

Serbian Relief FundMarch 1915Claire Stobart

First Field Flying Hospital

Serbian Sanitary Relief CommissionAmerican red Cross and Rockefeller Foundation

French meetingMarch, 30 1915

http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/memoir/Clearing/images/arch20.jpg35

March 30, 1915

April 1915

SWHSummer 1915

Public Health Education

Fall 1915Before

After

Fall 1915

November & December 1915- retreat

RetreatIn SerbiaRemembering the Epidemic

Remembering the EpidemicSWHSRF

ConclusionsEarly example of a large scale international humanitarian effort.Mission advanced the state of medical research and type of response to epidemics. Used later in the war. Missions developed a new format of combining medical missions with public health efforts.Response built broader commitments to the Serbian Front.Demonstrated that women could serve on the front lines as doctors and nurses.Analysis of the administration of the efforts show the role of World War I in the way relief administered. Shows the need of a lead agency to coordinate the effort. New Administering Angel?Ernest Bicknell

In Constantinople in 1919 with Rockefeller Administration48Administering Angel

Next Steps