Admin Outline Swapnots
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I. THE CONSTI TUTIONAL POSITI ON OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES a. What Is An Agency? • What Is Administrative Law? Most broadly defined as legal control of government. Most narrowly it consists of those legal principles that define the authority and structure of administrative agencies, specify the procedural formalities that agencies use, determine the validity of administrat ive decisions, and outline the role of reviewing courts and other organs of government in their relation to administr ative agencies. o Three Bodies of Administrative Law: (1) constitutiona l law, (2) statutory law, including Administrative Procedure act (APA), and (3) federal common law embodied in judicial decisions that don’t have clear constitutional or statutory source. • What is An Agency? Agency means each authority of the US government, excluding the three branches of government (congress, judiciary, executive). Examples FTC, EPA, FCC, Library of Congress, Secret Service , PTO. Any government power that’s not one of the three branches of government is an agency. o APA § 551(1) “Agency means each authority of the Government of the US, whether or not it is within or subject to review by another agency, but does not include (A) congress, or (B) the courts of the US.” • APA says any kind of authority except congress and the courts. It doesn’t except the president. • Agency’s Connection To Three Branches of Government Where do agencies fit in to this structure? o Article 1 “All Legislative Powers shall be vested in Congress, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives” o Article 2 “ Executive Power shall be vested in a President ” o Article 3 “Judicial Power shall be vested in one Supreme Court , and such inferior courts ad Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.” • Was It Framer’s Intent To Give Legislative, Executive and Judicial Power To Create Agencies? o No - Legislative + Executive Have No Power To Create Agencies Alito argues that Legislative + Executive Branches Don’t Have Power To Create Inferior Tribunals (Agencies) because if framers intended to allow them to create agencies, then would have explicitly included it in text the power to create subordinate bodies as it did with for judicial branch in article 3. o Yes – while constitution doesn’t spell out that the branches can create agencie s, there is assumption for legislative and executiv es that they can. It is up to congress to create agencies for judiciary, judiciary doesn’t have power. constitution doesn’t forbid creation of agencies • Article 1 - Necessary + Proper Clause Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 " The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof ." Contemplates congress having subordinates that are actually in branch themselves. For example congress can make law saying we’re going to make agencies because contemplates congress making laws providing for themselves support personnel. • Article 2 – Section 2 “The President may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices” o Clearly there is assumption that executive will need executive departments to get things done. Also has procedure for confirming appointments of inferior Administrative Law - Bierschbach 1
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