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ADJECTIVES

NOTA: We usually use no more than three adjectives preceding a noun. Biasanya kita tidak

menggunakan lebih dari tiga adjectives untuk menerangkan sesuatu nouns dalam ayat itu.

Opinion Dimension Shape Age Color Origin Material

1. Opinion/ Pandangan / Pendapat

Contoh: an interestingbook, a boringlecture

2. Dimension / Dimensi / Saiz

Contoh: a big apple, a thin wallet

3.Shape / Bentuk

Contoh: a squarebox, an ovalmask, a roundball

4. Age / Umur / Usia

Contoh: a newcar, a modernbuilding, an ancientruin

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5. Colour / Warna

Contoh: a pinkhat, a bluebook, a blackcoat

6. Origin/ Asal

Contoh: some Italianshoes, a Peraktown, a Malaysian car

7. Material / Bahan

Contoh: a woodenbox, a woolensweater, a plasticto

Adjectives

1. Adjectives are words that tell us more about people, animals, placesand things.Examples

a. Samy is a tallboy. (talltells us about Samy)b. That thickbook is very heavy. (thicktells us about the book)c. Wildanimals are kept in cages in the zoo. (wildtells us about the animals)d. Dollah's grandfather is busy. (busytells us about Dollah's grandfather)

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2. We can also use adjectives to compare people, animals, places and things. There are threedegrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.

The positiveform of the adjective is used when no comparison is made.

Examples

a. She is a smartgirl.b. He is a fastrunner.c. The cat is a quietanimal.

The positiveform is also used when comparing two persons or things that are similar or equal.

Examples

a. We are as slow asthe other group.b. She is as kind asher father.c. Thomas is as hungry ashis uncle

The comparativeform is used when two unequal persons, places or things are compared.The comparative form of many adjectives is formed by adding-erto the adjective followed by the word'than'.

Examples

a. He is older thanmy father.b. I amtaller thanmy sister.c. They areyounger thanI am.

The comparativeform of some adjectives is formed using 'more + adjective + than'.

Examples

a. This problem is more difficult thanthat.b. My book is more interesting thanyours.c. She ismore hardworking than her brother.

The superlativeform is used when three or more persons, places or things are compared.The superlativeform of many adjectives is formed by adding estto the adjective. We mustuse thebefore the adjective.

Examples

a. This is the shortest way to the post office.b. The 'Kancil' isthe smallestcar in Malaysia.c. Malek is the strongestboy in his class.

The superlativeform of some adjectives is formed by adding mostbefore the adjective.

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Examples

a. Harlina is the most beautiful girl in my village.b. Tan isthe most hard-working boy in the school.c. Chun Chong is the most disobedientpupil in class.

Note: The spelling of some adjectives changes completely when they are used in the

comparative and superlative degrees.LIST OF ADJECTIVES IN THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Positive Comparative Superlative

active

badbeautiful

big

black

bright

cleanclever

confused

cruel

darkdifficult

dirtyfascinatingfamous

far

fast

fat

fiercegenerous

good

graceful

greathandsome

hard-working

happy

more active

worsemore beautiful

bigger

blacker

brighter

cleanercleverer

more confused

crueler

darkermore difficult

dirtiermore fascinatingmore famous

farther/further

faster

fatter

fiercermore generous

better

more graceful

greatermore handsome

more hard-working

happier

the most active

the worstthe most beautiful

the biggest

the blackest

the brightest

the cleanestthe cleverest

the most confused

the cruellest

the darkestthe most difficult

the dirtiestthe most fascinatingthe most famous

the farthest/furthest

the fastest

the fattest

the fiercestthe most generous

the best

the most graceful

the greatestthe most handsome

the most hard-working

the happiest

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heavy

important

kind

latelight

littlelong

old

poor

proud

quietresponsible

rich

sadsharp

short

simple

slowsmall

strangestrong

tall

thinugly

weak

wise

young

heavier

more important

kinder

laterlighter

lesslonger

older

poorerprouder

quieter

more responsible

richer

sadder

sharpershorter

more simple

slowersmaller

strangerstronger

taller

thinneruglier

weaker

wiser

younger

the heaviest

the most important

the kindest

the latestthe lightest

the leastthe longest

the oldest

the poorest

the proudest

the quietestthe most responsible

the richest

the saddest

the sharpest

the shortest

the most simplethe slowest

the smallest

the strangestthe strongest

the tallestthe thinnest

the ugliest

the weakestthe wisest

the youngest

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Nouns

Determines

Determinersare used to tell us the amount or number of nouns.

Some determiners are used for countable nouns and others for uncountables nouns.

Certain determiners can be used for both countable and uncountable nouns.

1. Determiners for countable nounsA few, several, many, a small number of, a large number of

Examples

a. There area few boxes of chocolates in the cupboard.b. There are severalpupils in the classroom.c. He bought manybooks for his nephews.d. Only a small number ofworkers were at the meeting.e. A large number of people came for the show.

2. Determiners for uncountable nounsA little, much, a small amount of, a large amount of, less

Examples

a. There is onlya littlewater left.b. She did not put muchsugar in the coffee.c. We havea small amount of curry left.d. They want a large amount ofpaper.e. There is lesssalt in this food.

3. Determiners for both countableanduncountable nounsA lot of, plenty of, any, some, more

Examples

a. We needa lot of food at the party. (food = uncountable noun)b. There were a lot ofsoldiers at the show. (soldiers = countable noun)c. We have plenty ofwater in the well. (water = uncountable noun)d. They have plenty ofstorybooks to read. (storybooks = countable noun)e. There isn't anyoil left in the pan. (oil = uncountable noun)

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f. There aren't anychairs left in the room. (chairs = countable noun)g. Harith has somebutter left on his plate. (butter = uncountable noun)h. I need somegirls to help me. (girls = countable noun)i. Mary wants moresand for the playground. (sand = uncountable noun)j. There are moreplates in the cupboard. (plates = countable noun)

Nouns

Nounsare words that refer to people, animals, places and things.

Common nounsare names given to people, animals, places and things.

Examples

a. peopleman, boy, girl, husband, uncle, niece, king, princessb. animalscat, tiger, ant, eagle, shark, monkey, turtlec. placesschool, field, cinema, house, zood. thingsumbrella, knife, cup, table, book

Proper nounsare names given to people and places.

Examples

a. peopleRashid, Helen, Hui Woon.b. placesBukit Jalil Sports Complex, K.L. Tower, London Bridge, Eiffel Towerc. countries and citiesThe United Kingdom, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

Countable nounsare nouns that can be counted.

Examples

one boy twenty oranges six horses twelve candles

Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted.

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Examples

sand oil hair air water rice

Prepositions

Prepositions are words that we use before nouns or pronouns.

There are prepositions of directions, time, placeand position.

I. Prepositions of direction

Daud is walking upthe stairs. Adrian is running downthe stairs.

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The bird flew in throughthe window. Tim jumped overthe fence.

They walked alongthe row of houses. She has returned fromtown.

I am walking toschool. Richard came intothe room.

My brother is taking offhis shirt, The taxi went pastthe mosque.

The boys ran acrossthe road. They are running roundthe tree.

II. Prepositions of time

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In

Examples

a. Jalil wasborn in198

6.

b. Theholidays

will

be inDecem

ber.

c. We leaveforPenang ina

week's time.

d. We go toschool inth

e morning.

AtExamples

a. We willmeet my

father atni

ght.

b. The classbegan atth

ree o'clock.

c. Atwhattime is he

leaving?

On

Examples

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a. Malaysia gained independence on31 August 1957.b. He goes swimming onTuesday.c. Onwhat day is Deepavali?

During

Examples

a. We will visit our grandfather duringthe holidays.b. It is cool duringthe night.c. We had a quiz duringour History class yesterday.

ForExamples

a. The football team trained fora month.b. We lived in Subang Jaya forthree years.c. They will be in America fora fortnight.

SinceExamples

a. He has been studying in Australia since2002.b. Farouk has not written to me sinceJanuary.c. There was been no rain sincelast month.d. We have not played football sinceSalim left ourkampung.

III. Prepositions of time

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The book is onthe chair. The ball is underthe table.

The fan is abovethe boy. The cat is betweenthe three and the car.

The boy is besidethe car. Haiqal sits nexttoHarjit in class.

The walking stick is againstthe wall.The teacher is standing amonghis

pupils.

There is a kitten inthe box. The spoon is nearthe bowl.