Adjective
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Transcript of Adjective
Supervisor : Pham Thu Huong
Presenters : Nguyen Thi Cuc (509701011) Dang Thi Diu (509701016)
Class : 509701A1
ADJECTIVES
I. Definition
II. Position III. Syntactic function of adj
OUTLINE
IV. Postpositive V. Head of noun phrase .
VI. Verbless adjective clauseVII.Syntactic subclassification of adj.VIII.Semantic sub-classification of Adj
Adjective is the part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Ex1: A black bird is flying in the sky. (the adj “ Black “ describes the noun “ bird” )
1. Before a noun : young man, beautiful girl.. 2. After the verb : BE , BECOME, SEEM,
STAY, LOOK,…Ex :-Your ideas are interesting. -Books are becoming expensive. -She looks happy. -The weather wills stay dry. 3. With some verbs after the object: Ex: My sister keeps her room tidy. 4 . The+ adj the young, the rich , the poor 5. After a noun (certain phrases): the people present/knight errant………
Syntactic function of adjective
Attributive Predicative
- Adjectives are attributives when they premodify nouns.
- Appearing between the determiner and the head of the noun phrase :
Ex: She has read an interesting story. What is her main argument.
Attributive
a. Intensifying Adjs b. Limiter Adjs c. Denominal Adjs
Words have heightening or lowering
effect on the N they modify.
2 subclasses: emphasizes
amplifiers.
Emphasizers have a general heightening effect.
Emphasizers are attributive only.
- Examples include: a certain winner pure fabrication an outright lie a real hero
When they are inherent, they are central adjectives.
Ex: a happy house the house is happy
When they are non-inherent, they are attributive only.
Ex: a perfect stupid not “ the stupid is perfect”
Limiter adjectives particularize the reference of the noun.
Ex: The chief reason the principal causeThe only occasion the particular place
Some of these have homonyms. - Ex:“a certain person” ( a limiter “a particular
person”)“a certain winner” (an intensifier” a sure
name”)
Some examples of amplifiers that are attributive only:
A close friend A very end His entire salary A strong opponent Utter folly A great supporter
Several intensifiers have homonyms that are central adjectives.
Ex: those are real flowers those flowers are real ( “not artificial”)
- Some adjective derived from Ns are attributive only.
Ex: criminal law ~ ( law concerning crime)
medical school ~(a school for students of medicine)
Subject complement
Object complement
Predicative :
Subject complement
Object complement
-They can be complement to a subject which is a finite clause or non-finite clause.
- They expresses the result of the process denoted by the verb.
-Whether she will resign is uncertain
( finite clause )
Ex : Learning English is difficult
( non-finite clause )
Ex :He pulled his belt tight ( As a result , his belt was then tight )
- He pulled the window open ( As a result ,the window was then open )
Postposition is obligatory for a few adjectives, which have a different sense when they occur attributively or predicatively.
The most common are probably’ elect ‘ ('soon to take office') and ‘proper ‘ ('as strictly defined'), as in: Ex : the president elect
the City of London proper.
It’s commonly found together with superlative, attributive adj
Eg: the best hotel available.
If the noun phrase is generic and indefinite , coordinated Adj or Adj with a clause element added can be postposed ,
Ex: Soldier timid or cowardly don’t fight well. A man usually honest will sometimes cheat.
Adjective can often function as heads of noun phrases.
Adjectives have personal referenceEx :The extremely old need a great deal of
attention. We will nurse your sick and feed your
hungry. The young in spirit enjoy life. The rich will help only the humble poor The wise look to the wiser foe advice. The old who resist change can expert
violence.
Some adjective can function as Noun –phrase heads when they have abstract reference.
+ These take singular concord +A few are modifiable by adverbs –
include : in particular ,superlatives
Ex : -The oldest ( the oldest man ) died last night. - She ventures into the unknown. -The very best ( the best thing) is coming.
-An adjective ( alone or as head of an adjective phrase ) can function as a verbless clause.
Ex : ( By then ) happy, she sang a song. She, (by then ) happy, sang a song. She sang a song , (by then) happy.
+ The implied subject is usually the subject of the sentence.
Ex: The boy is talking with his girl friend , who is my friend.
+ If clause contains Additional clause constituent, its implied subject can be other than the subject of the sentence.
Ex : Long and untidy, his hair played in the breeze.
+ The implied Subject of the adj clause can be the whole of the superordinate clause :
Ex: Strange ,it was he who initiated divorce proceeding.
Verbless adjective clause
Contingent adjective clause
Exclamatory adjective sentence
They expresses the circumstance or condition under what is said in the superordinate clause applies.
Ex: Confident, they make active students. (= When)
The implied subject of the contingent adjective clause is normally the subject of the superordinate clause, but it can be the objects.
Ex : She can drink it warm. He must sing it when happy,
-An adj as head of an adj phrase or as its
sole realization can be exclamation.
-Ex:- How beautiful of you!
- Great !
- Wonderful 1
EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE SENTENCE
Adjective can be subclassified they according to whether they can function:
Both attribute and predicative Attributive only
Predicative only
These ere the majority and constitute the central adj:
Ex: An beautiful girl The girl is beautiful
2.Attributive only- Function: do not characterize the referent of
noun directly.- Ex: “my old dog” (“ old” refer to time) “my dog is old” (“old” refer to age)
Adj that are restricted to predicative position are most like verb and adverb
They tend to refer to a condition rather than to characterize. (most common referring to heath or lack of heath)
Ex: faint ( nhot nhat, bat tinh), ill, well, unwell
A larger group comprises adj that can or must take complementation
Ex: afraid (that, of, about) Conscious ( that, of) Fond (of) Loath (to)
Semantic sub-classification
1. Stative/Dynamic2. Gradable/Non-gradable
3. Inherent/Non-inherent
1.1- Stative. Denote a state or condition, which may
generally be considered lasting.
EX: big, red, small …
Can’t be used in an imperative.
Ex: Be big/red/small
- Can’t be used in possesses constructions.
Ex: He is being big.
Denote attributes which are under the control of the one who possesses them
Ex: braveCan be used in an imperative.
Ex: Be brave!Can be used in progressive constructions.
Ex: We’re being very patient with you
- Describe qualities that can vary in intensity or grade.
( hot, very hot, hotter)
Can be used with intensifiers (a little, extremely, fairly, very…)
- Have comparative and superlative forms (big, bigger , the biggest)
Non-gradable adjs are used alone.EX: The dog was dead.
All dynamic adjs are gradable.
Most stative adjs (tall, old) are gradable, some are non-gradable (technical adjs: atomic, hydrochloric
Most adjective are inherent.
Adj that characterize the referent of the N directly are termed INHERENT, those that do not are termed NON-INHERENT.
EX: + A new student = A new friend (INHERENT)
+ An old friend (NON-INHERENT)
The order of adjectives
Determiners
Observation
Size and shape
Age
At, the , two
Beautiful, interesting,…
wealthy, large, round
Young, old , new, ancient,…
The order of adjectives
Color
Origin
Material
Qualifier
Red, black, pink…..
France, American, Canadian,….
woolen, metallic, wooden,….
Rocking chair, hunting cabin,…
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