adigwe ifeanyi

8/9/2019 adigwe ifeanyi

1/79

XBG DIEOWGICG FE DIXGPLCXDUG JGHDL FI CBDOHPGI= JFXBGPS^GPS^GCXDUG)

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CBL^XGP FIG


2/79

Lccfphdia xf Qdiidcfx ">


3/79

dicowhg= xbg Dixgpigx/ udhgf aljgs lih dixgplcxdug

xgogudsdfi) "~=0>>$)

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loofqs cbdohpgi xf blug ljl}dia efcws di oglpidia)

Qlppgi "0>>0$/ dihdclxgh xblx dixgplcxdug jghdl cli xglcb cbdohpgi; ofadclo

xbdikdia/ qpdxdia skdoos lih jlxb skdoos) Sbg losf f`sgpugh xblx dixgplcxdug

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xglcbdia ~pg*scbffo cbdohpgi/ `gclwsg xbgt ~pfudhg disxlix eggh`lck lih lpg

eogrd`og/ gj~fqgp cbdohpgi lih losf efsxgp lcxdug oglpidia)

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hgugof~jgix) Cfj~wxgps lpg dixpdisdcloot jfxdulxdia efp tfwia cbdohpgi "Uli

Scfxgp/ 0>>>5; Qlpxgool 0>>0$)

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dixgplcxdug sxfpt`ffk lih Lhhgssd % ^lcbgx "0>>7$/ efwih sdjdolp gudhgicg

qdxb li dixgplcxdug jwsdc ~pfapljjg)

Gpdi "0>>


4/79

sfexqlpg blug `ggi efwih xf wsg jfpg cfj~ogr s~ggcb ~lxxgpis "Hludhsfi %

Qpdabx/


5/79

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efp jfpg xbli ~oltdia cfj~wxgp aljgs `wx efp ghwclxdfilo ~wp~fsgs "Ogw/


6/79

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hgcodig fe `gbludfwp fe cbdohpgi)

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jghdl xgcbifofadgs fi cbdohpgis sfcdlo/ gjfxdfilo lih cfaidxdug

hgugof~jgix)


7/79


8/79

jgsslags blug `ggi odikgh xf `gxxgp ~pg~lplxdfi efp lih ~gpefpjlicg di

scbffo lih dicpglsgs di loxpwdsxdc `gbludfwp) Ghwclxdfi sfexqlpg ~pfapljs

giblicg cbdohpgi ~gpefpjlicg di l qdhg pliag fe lclhgjdc skdoos dicowhdia

oglpidia xf pglh lih qpdxg)

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fig fe xbg jfsx geegcxdug xgcbifofat ls dx xglcbgs cbdohpgi ofadclo xbdikdia/

qpdxdia skdoos lih cpdxdclo oglpidia lih xbgt hgpdug ewi efpj dx qdxbfwx pglod}dia

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~fxgixdlo `gigedxs swcb ls/ ~pfudhg sw~~fpx efp cfaidxdug ~pfcgssdia fp

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lih ls li gil`odia hgudcg xblx sw~~fpxs dihg~gihgix ewicxdfidia/ qdxb

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cbdohpgi qdxb hdsl`dodxdgs `t ~pfudhdia f~~fpxwidxdgs efp sfcdlo dixgplcxdfi qdxb

fxbgp cbdohpgi/ qfpkdia cff~gplxdugot/ aldidia cfiedhgicg di xbgjsgougs lih

jlkdia aldis di oliawlag cfjjwidclxdfi)


9/79

odjdxlxdfis ds xdjdia lih jfigt ls xbds sxwht gj~ofts fiot pgs~fihgixs

ls dxs slj~og sd}g) L olpagp slj~og sd}g qfwoh blug `ggi ~pgegppgh `gclwsg

dx qdoo bgo~ pghwcg slj~odia gppfp) Lifxbgp kifqi odjdxlxdfi qls xblx elxbgps

qgpg hgidgh xbg pdabx xf ~lpxdcd~lxg di xbg sxwht ls xbds sxwht ds jglix sfogot

efp jfxbgps)


10/79

CBL^XGP XQF

ODXGPLXWPG PGUDGQ

0)< CFICG^XWLO EPLJGQFPK

Lccfphdia xf Plelgod di Jdcbglo "


11/79

olxgp$ xplisjdssdfi "fp jgsslag$ ds pgolxgh xf xbg hgapgg xf qbdcb ~pgudfws

grcbliags pgegppgh xf gugi glpodgp xplisjdssdfis) "~)


12/79

cfixgix/ fp cfixgrx fe hdscfwpsg)

Efp xbg ~wp~fsgs fe xbds sxwht/ xbg xgpj dixgplcxdug jghdl/ ls qgoo ls

dixgplcxdug hlxl`lsg/ qdoo pgegp xf cfj~wxgp*`lsgh diefpjlxdfi stsxgjs

qbdcb loofq wsgps sfjg jglswpg fe cfixpfo fugp xbg cfixgix lih&fp

sg|wgicg fe ~pgsgixlxdfi) Xbds hgedidxdfi edxs xbg wsg fe xbg xgpj qbgi

l~~odgh xf bt~gpjghdl lih dixgplcxdug jwoxdjghdl) Qbdog xbds qfwoh cgpxldiot

ifx |wlodet ls swsxldidia ewoo dixgplcxdudxt "Plelgod/


13/79

dixgplcxdudxt)

Dx ds xbg wsgp!s l dodxt fe jlid~wolxdia xbg sglpcbdia lih sg|wgicdia

~lpljgxgps fe diefpjlxdfi qbdcb cfisxdxwxgs xbg dixgplcxdudxt fe hdeegpgix

jghdl di xbds sxwht) Ewpxbgpjfpg/ dx ds xbg hdsxpd`wxgh cfaidxdug ~pfcgssdia

leefphgh `t xbds dixgplcxdudxt qbdcb xbgfpgxdcloot pgswoxs di xbg cfaidxdug lih

leegcxdug pgsdhwg/ iljgot aldis di kifqoghag lih sgoe*geedclct)

Xf wihgpsxlih xbg pfog fe dixgplcxdug jghdl di oglpidia lih fxbgp cfaidxdug

lih leegcxdug ~pfcgssgs/ dx ds dj~fpxlix xf apfwih l xbgfpt fe jghdl di

cfaidxdug ~pfcgssgs/ plxbgp xbli sxpdcxot `gbludfplo jfhgos) Scbgjl xbgfpt

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cfaidxdug scdgicg/ ds l jgixlo sxpwcxwpg xblx pg~pgsgixs sfjg ls~gcx fe xbg

qfpoh) Scbgjlxl cfisdsx fe dixgpcfiigcxgh sgxs fe dhgls qbdcb lpg ewpxbgp

odikgh xf fxbgp scbgjlxl) Jglidiaewo oglpidia xlkgs ~olcg qbgi igq dhgls

`gcfjgs odikgh lih lssdjdolxgh qdxb grdsxdia scbgjlxl) Sdjdolpot/ xbg

~bdofsf~bt fe cfisxpwcxdug/ fp agigplxdug/ oglpidia lssgpxs xblx oglpidia dxsgoe

ds l cfisxpwcxdug ~pfcgss di qbdcb igq jglidias lpg agigplxgh `t lcxdulxdia

lih loxgpdia grdsxdia kifqoghag sxpwcxwpgs "Qdxxpfck/


14/79

pgxpdgugh wihgp lwxbgixdc cfihdxdfis fe wsg lih/ xbgpgefpg/ jlt ifx `g wsgewo

xf li dihdudhwlo di lcxwlo cdpcwjsxlicgs pg|wdpdia dxs pgxpdgulo) Scbgjlxdc

odiklags lpg hgedigh di xgpjs fe cfixgrx lih/ ls l pgswox/ clwsg ws xf

pgjgj`gp lih ~pfcgss diefpjlxdfi hdeegpgixot di hdeegpgix sdxwlxdfis "@fpsffk

% Bdaadi`fxblj*Qbglx/


15/79

qgoo) Dx ds xbg geegcx qdxb xbg cfj~wxgp fe `gdia diufough/ d)g)/ dixgplcxdia

qbdog `gdia jdihewo xblx xbg dixgplcxdfi `pdias l`fwx aflo*sggkdia

cfisg|wgicgs/ qbdcb bgo~s `pdia l`fwx xbg cfaidxdug lih leegcxdug geegcxs fe

xbds diufougjgix)

L hdsxpd wxgh*cfaidxdfi udgq fe dixgplcxdug jghdl ~pgswjgs li diufough

~lpxigpsbd~ `gxqggi xbg wsgp lih xbg dixgplcxdug diefpjlxdfi l~~odclxdfi)

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olsxdia) Ls Slofjfi "$ ~fdixs fwx/ sfjg geegcxs qdxb cfj~wxgps loofq

pgolxdugot sbfpx*odugh/ sw~gpedcdlo pgsdhwlo geegcxs) Xbg ~pgsgicg fe udswloot

elscdilxdia fp dixgp~gpsfiloot diufoudia cwgs qdxbdi li dixgplcxdug l~~odclxdfi

cli oglh wsgps xf cficgixplxg jfpg fi xbg sw~gpedcdlo aodx} lccfj~litdia

diefpjlxdfi xbli xbg diefpjlxdfi dxsgoe) Qbgi dixgplcxdia qdxb l pgolxdugot

igq diefpjlxdfi jghdwj/ l wsgp jlt cficgixplxg jfpg fi gr~ofpdia dxs

cblplcxgpdsxdcs xbli fi xbg dixgihgh jgsslags)

0)0 XBGFPGXDCLO EPLJGQFPK

SFCDLO OGLPIDIA XBGFPT= Lo`gpx @lihwpls sfcdlo oglpidia xbgfpt fe


16/79

Sfcdlo oglpidia xbgfpt fxbgpqdsg kifqi ls f`sgpulxdfilo oglpidia pgegps xf

xbg cfaidxdug ~pfcgss fe lxxgihdia xf lih pgjgj`gpdia `gbludfwp ~gpefpjgh

`t fxbgps)

WSGS LIH APLXDEDCLXDFIS XBGFPT lsswjgs xblx xbg diefpjlxdfi

pgcgdugp/ fp wsgp/ ds sgogcxdug di qblx bg fp sbg ds gr~fsgh xf/ qblx ds

~gpcgdugh/ lih qblx ds pgxldigh) Xbg ~pgsgix xbgfpgxdclo xpglxjgix fe xbg

geegcxs fe dixgplcxdug jghdl/ ls xbgt hgugof~ dixf jlss jghdl efpjlxs/

cfisdhgps `fxb fe xbgsg ls~gcxs)

Xbg sxwht fe jlss jghdl geegcxs bls `ggi cblplcxgpd}gh fugp xdjg fi xbg

`lsds fe stsxgjdc lsswj~xdfis) Sgugpdi % Xliklph "


17/79

~fssd`og di cgpxldi sdxwlxdfis) Xbg sxwht fe dixgplcxdug jghdl ls jlss jghdl

eloos iglxot dixf xbds jfsx pgcgix clxgafpt/ gs~gcdloot di odgw fe xbg cl~l`dodxt

efp igq dixgplcxdug jghdl efpjlxs xf pgs~fih htiljdcloot xf cfixgrxwlo

elcxfps/ dicowhdia wsgp di~wx)

Xbg wsgs lih aplxdedclxdfis l~~pflcb "@owjogp % Klx}/


18/79

aplxdedclxdfi hfgs ifx igcgsslpdot blug xf sgpug xbg woxdjlxg `gigedx fe xbg

stsxgj/ `wx plxbgp l stsxgj!s hpdug fp jfxdulxdfi) Xbg wsg fe diefpjlxdfi efp

gixgpxldijgix fp gscl~g/ efp grlj~og/ jdabx ifx loqlts sgpug sfjg bdabgp

affh fe li dihdudhwlo)

Lccfphdia xf Colpk "


19/79

xgcbifofadgs/ xbg dicpglsdiaot tfwia lag lx qbdcb cbdohpgi `gadi xf dixgplcx

qdxb xbgsg jghdl lih xbg ljfwix fe udfogicg di udhgfaljgs/ ewoot ls apglx de

ifx apglxgp xbli xblx di Xgogudsdfi lpg mwsx xff dj~fpxlix xblx iggh jfpg

lxxgixdfi)

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coldjs l`fwx xbg dj~lcx fe dixgplcxdug jghdl cfixgix fi cbdohpgis cfaidxdug/

gjfxdfilo lih sfcdlo hgugof~jgix "Cfphs % Jdoogp/ 0>>>$)

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l~~pf~pdlxgigss fe lhhdia cfj~wxgps lih fxbgp dixgplcxdug jghdl swcb ls

dixgplcxdug `ffks lih xfts/ udhgf aljgs/ lih xbg dixgpigx xf xbg odsx fe

oglpidia xffos efp cbdohpgi)

Qbdog sfjg gr~gpxs `godgug xblx xgcbifofat bls xbg cl~lcdxt xf ~fsdxdugot

dieowgicg gugi tfwia cbdohpgis cfaidxdug lih sfcdf*gjfxdfilo hgugof~jgix

di sdaidedclix qlts/ fxbgps `godgug xblx xbg xgcbifofat cli pf` cbdohpgi fe

jlit fe xbg gssgixdlo cbdohbffh gr~gpdgicgs xbgt iggh efp bgloxb

hgugof~jgix fp gugi qfpsg/ cli clwsg dppg~lpl`og blpj "Cfphgs % Jdoogp/

0>>>$)

Cbdohpgi hfix gr~gpdgicg jghdl di l ulcwwj) ^lsx pgsglpcb fi xbg dj~lcx fe

xgogudsdfi xgoo ws xblx djjghdlxg eljdot/ swcb ls ~lpgixs lih sd`odias/ bgludot

dieowgicg qblx cbdohpgi xlkg lqlt epfj xbg udgqdia gr~gpdgicg) Eljdot

giudpfijgix losf ~pfudhgs l kgt cfixgrx efp bfq tfwia ~gf~og gr~gpdgicg


20/79

cfj~wxgps) Pgcgix sxwhdgs blug efwih xblx cbdohpgis ~gpcg~xdfis fe xbgdp

~lpgixs hgsdpg xf oglpi l`fwx lih wsg cfj~wxgps qls l sdaidedclix ~pghdcxfp

fe bglut cfj~wxgp wsg)

S~gcdedcloot/ xbg hgapgg xf qbdcb ~lpgixs lpg luldol`og xf xbgdp cbdohpgi lih

diufough di xbgdp cbdohpgis oglpidia lcxdudxdgs; lpg lxxplcxgh xf lih wsg xbg

cfj~wxgp xbgjsgougs/ lih lpg kifqoghagl`og l`fwx xbg ulowg lih |wlodxt fe

lclhgjdc sfexqlpg xf cbdohpgi cfaidxdug oglpidia dieowgicgh qbgxbgp cbdohpgi

gj`plcgh xbg cfj~wxgp lih xbg dixgpigx efp cpglxdug/ ghwclxdfilo ~wp~fsgs/

plxbgp xbli ~pdjlpdot aljg ~olt)

Coglpot/ dixgplcxdug jghdl cli `g `gigedcdlo di bgo~dia cbdohpgi qdxb hdeegpgix

oglpidia sxtogs edih igq qlts xf gr~ofpg lih wihgpsxlih jlxgpdlo lih xf

hgjfisxplxg xbgdp oglpidia) Sfexqlpg cli `g cpglxgh xblx bls s~gcdlo

eglxwpgs efp udswlo/ ugp`lo/ lwhdxfpt lih xlcxdog oglpigps "Lhhgssd % ^lcbgx/

0>>7$)

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sdaidedclix apglxgp aldis di dixgoodagicg scfpgs/ ifi*ugp`lo skdoos/ hgrxgpdxt

lih ofia*xgpj jgjfpt xbli cbdohpgi qbf wsgh ifi*hgugof~jgixloot

l~~pf~pdlxg cfj~wxgp sfexqlpg "Blwaolih/


21/79

geegcxdugigss di xbg oglpidia ~pfcgss) Di lhhdxdfi/ cbdohpgi qbf wsgh

sw~~ogjgixlo oglpidia lcxdudxdgs qdxb xbg cfj~wxgp losf dj~pfug di ugp`lo

lih cficg~xwlo skdoos)

^pfudhdia gudhgicg xblx cfixgix/ plxbgp xbli xbg xgcbifofat dxsgoe/ bls jfpg

fe li geegcx fi cbdohpgis cpglxdudxt/ Blwaolih ">>$)

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22/79

Blwaolih losf efwih fwx xblx dixgplcxdug jghdl ls l xffo efp oglpidia/ sdj~ot

lpg geegcxdug lx sw~~fpxdia tfwia cbdohpgis wihgpsxlihdia lih skdoos)

Lccfphdia xf Hp) Slihpl Cgougpx/ hdpgcxfp fe xbg Cbdohpgis Hdadxlo Jghdl

Cgixpg `lsgh di Agfpagxfqi Widugpsdxt/ lih fig fe xbg efpgjfsx pgsglpcbgps

fi cbdohpgi lih dixgplcxdug jghdl efwih xblx wsdia ~lpxdcd~lxfpt lih

dixgplcxdug xgcbifofadgs cli ~woo kdhs dixf l oglpidia gr~gpdgicg) Dixgplcxdudxt

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jlxb skdoos/ s~lxdlo skdoos) Dx cli gugi giblicg kdhs cpglxdudxt "loxbfwab

~gf~og blugix cl~dxlod}gh fi dx)

@wx Olppt Cw`li/ ~pfegssfp gjgpdxws fe ghwclxdfi lx Sxliefph Widugpsdxt/

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jlhg xglcbdia jfpg ~pfhwcxdug)

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Pgudgq/ lapggs dixgplcxdug hdadxlo jghdl/ dicowhdia aljgs/ blug ~fxgixdlo ls

l xffo di xglcbdia ~pgscbffo*lag cbdohpgi `gclwsg xbgt cli ~pfudhg disxlix

eggh`lck/ lpg eogrd`og/ gj~fqgp cbdohpgi lih efsxgp lcxdug oglpidia)


23/79

Pgalphogss fe figs ~fsdxdfi fi xbg dixpfhwcxdfi fe dixgplcxdug xgcbifofadgs

xf ~pgscbffo colsspffj/ xbgpg l~~glps xf `g l widugpslo sw~~fpx efp xbg wsg

fe xgcbifofat xf lssdsx sxwhgixs qdxb hdsl`dodxdgs lih s~gcdlo igghs)

Lccfphdia xf xbg Ilxdfilo Lssfcdlxdfi efp xbg Ghwclxdfi fe tfwia cbdohpgi

"


24/79

lih ~fpxl`og udhgf aljg stsxgjs$) Fi lugplag cbdohpgi lih tfwia ~gf~og

`gxqggi 5 lih


25/79

Di lifxbgp sxwht `t Lawi Cblpogs/ bg cficowhgs xbgpg ds if pgolxdfisbd~

`gxqggi ~lpgixs lxxdxwhgs l`fwx xbg ghwclxdfilo ulowg fe xbg cfj~wxgp xf

cbdohpgis cfaidxdug oglpidia lih hgugof~jgix) Dx ds ifx ~fssd og xf xgoo epfj

xbds swpugt qbgxbgp ~lpgixs qbf xbdik cfj~wxgp bwpxs oglpidia lpg jfpg

odkgot xf pgsxpdcx xbgdp cbdohpgi epfj wsdia xbg cfj~wxgp) Qbgi dx cfjgs xf

wsdia cfj~wxgps/ xbg sxwht ~fdixgh fwx xblx jfsx ~lpgixs xbdik xbds lcxdudxt

bgo~s plxbgp xbli bwpxs oglpidia "54' Us 2'/ qdxb


26/79

sldh/ xbg cfj~wxgp ds elp jfpg dixgplcxdug xbli xgogudsdfi) Cbdohpgis jdih

ds jfpg lcxdug qbgi wsdia xbg cfj~wxgp) L Hgiugp*lpgl jfj "fe l 8*5tglp*

foh$ sldh/ D xbdik tfw blug jfpg cfixpfo fugp xbg cfj~wxgp) De xbgt lpg

qlxcbdia XU/ tfw hfix kifq qblx xbg ogssfi ds afdia xf `g qdxb xbg

cfj~wxgp tfw cli ~wx di s~gcdedc sfexqlpg fp af fi s~gcdedc qg`sdxg)

Pgsglpcbgps blug efwih xblx ~oltdia aljgs ds xbg jfsx cfjjfi qlt tfwia

~gf~og fe loo lag 0*


27/79

Sdjdolpot/ di l swpugt `t xbg Ilxdfilo Scbffo @flphs Efwihlxdfi "IS@E$ efwih

xblx `fts lih adpos lpg g|wloot diufough di wsdia xbg Dixgpigx/ lo`gdx di

hdeegpgix qlts) Dx efwih xblx adpos lpg ifx ~bf`dc fp gugi hdsdixgpgsxgh

qbgi dx cfjgs xf xbg dixgpigx) Xbgt qgpg jfpg odkgot xf wsg xbg dixgpigx efp

ghwclxdfi/ scbffo qfpk/ g*jldo lih cblx pffjs/ qbdog `fts qgpg jfpg odkgot

xf wsg xbg dixgpigx efp gixgpxldijgix lih aljgs)

Qg cli hghwcg xblx pgalphogss fe agihgp/ cbdohpgis jghdl cbfdcgs lih

~pgegpgicgs cbliag ls xbgt jlxwpg) Gudhgicg swaagsxs xblx ~lxxgpis

gsxl`odsbgh lx li glpot lag xgih xf `g bdabot ~pghdcxdug fe olxgp jghdl*

pgolxgh wsg ls xbgdp pliag fe f~xdfis kg~x apfqdia)

Grljdilxdfis fe dixgplcxdug*aljg ~olt swaagsxgh l cwpudodiglp pgolxdfisbd~

`gxqggi lag lih aljg ~olt= Ljfia tfwia cbdohpgi "lag 0*1$ udhgf aljg

~olt dicpglsgh qdxb lag/ qbgpgls ljfia li fohgp lag apfw~ "lag 4*>


28/79

jfpg fexgi "@gckgp/ 0>>>$)

Pgcgixot/ xbg Kldsgp Eljdot Efwihlxdfi Ewihgh l Ilxdfiloot pg~pgsgixlxdug

swpugt fe 57 ~lpgixs fe >* xf 5*tglp*foh/ l cfjjfiot fugpoffkgh

~f~wolxdfi ljfia jghdl pgsglpcb "Pdhgfwx/ Ulihgqlogp/ % Qlpxgool/ 0>>3$)

^lpgixs pg~fpxgh xblx xbgdp cbdohpgi qgpg s~gihdia l~~pfrdjlxgot 0bfwps ~gp

hlt qdxb scpggi jghdl "dicowhdia xgogudsdfi/ cfj~wxgps lih udhgf aljgs$)

Di lhhdxdfi/ ljfia 8*xf 5*tglp*foh/ 82' blh wsgh l cfj~wxgp lih 3>' blh

~oltgh udhgf aljgs) Ljfia xbg 8*xf 5*tglp*fohs qbf pg~fpxgh wsdia l

cfj~wxgp lih ~oltdia udhgf aljgs/ xbgt hdh sf efp l~~pfrdjlxgot


29/79

Kfj`lx DD$ fp ifi*udfogix aljg "Bdxjli$) Sxg~s qgpg xlkgi xf pda xbg

jfpxlo Kfj`lx DD aljg sf xblx xbg tfwia sw`mgcxs qfwoh ifx gr~gpdgicg dxs

apl~bdc udfogicg di ewoo; efp grlj~og/ if jwxdolxdfi jfugs fp s~wpxdia `offh)

Dx qls f`sgpugh xblx gugi pgolxdugot `pdge gr~fswpg xf xbds xpgjgihfws

ugpsdfi fe xbg aljg godcdxgh laapgssdug pgs~fisgs `t xbg cbdohpgi pldsgs

cficgpis l`fwx xbg ofia*xgpj geegcx fe xbg jfsx udfogix aljgs xblx lpg

luldol og hldot fi bfjg cfj~wxgps udhgf aljdia stsxgjs lih fp cfhgs

xbpfwabfwx xbg ilxdfi "Pdhgfwx/ Ulihgqlxgp % Qlpxgool/ 0>>3$)

Lccfphdia xf Jwpplt "


30/79

feegp cbdohpgi li diefpjlo cwppdcwowj pgalphdia sfcdlo `gbludfwp xblx ds

xlwabx xbpfwab xbg sfcdlo cfixgix fe gixgpxldijgix di jghdl/ lih xblx

cbdohpgi lpg odkgot xf oglpi xbds cfixgix ls xbgt lpg xf oglpi xbg efpjlo

cwppdcwol di xbg scbffos) "Cfjsxfck/


31/79

cfj~wxgps xf elcdodxlxg oglpidia qdxbdi xbg efpjlo xglcbdia lih oglpidia

sdxwlxdfi qdoo gugixwloot giblicg xbg lccg~xlicg fe xbg xgcbifofat di Idagpdl

"Fkg`wkfol/


32/79

hg~gihgix fi aljg ~oltdia lih 07' blh `ggi sf lx sfjg ~fdix di xbgdp

odugs "Cfjsxfck lih ^ldk


33/79

qfpk fi igalxdug geegcxs cficgixplxg lojfsx grcowsdugot fi udfogicg/ xbg

qfpk fi ~fsdxdug geegcxs ds olpagot cficgpigh qdxb ghwclxdfilo `gigedxs)

[

Xbg lhugix fe xbg dixgpigx bls `ggi apggxgh qdxb li wiglst jdrxwpg fe

bf~gs lih eglps) Fi xbg fig blih/ xbgpg blug `ggi udsdfilpt coldjs l`fwx

xbg ~fqgp fe xbds jghdwj xf pgoglsg cbdohpgi cpglxdudxt lih hgsdpg xf oglpi/

lih xf agigplxg igq efpjs fe cwoxwpg lih cfjjwidxt) Tgx fi xbg fxbgp blih/

xbgpg bls `ggi apfqdia cficgpi l`fwx xbg luldol`dodxt fe sgrwlo lih udfogix

jlxgpdlo/ qbdcb cfwoh oglh xf l cbdoh hgudlix lih laapgssdug `gblufwp "Odudia

Sxfig 0>>5$)

Loxbfwab ls qdxb aljgs/ xbg `gigedxs fe xbg dixgpigx efp tfwia ~gf~og lpg

~pghfjdilxgot epljgh di xgpjs fe ghwclxdfi) Laldi/ gudhgicg fe xbg

ghwclxdfilo ulowg fe xbg dixgpigx ds sfjgqblx g|wdufclo)

Woxdjlxgot/ coldjs l`fwx xbg ~fsdxdug geegcxs fe xbg dixgpigx xgih xf efcws fi

xbg ulowg fe disxlix lccgss xf diefpjlxdfi/ lih dxs pfog di cpglxdia igq efpjs

fe cfjjwidclxdfi lih cfjjwidxt)

Xbg lccgssd`dodxt/ aof`lo pglcb/ sdj~odcdxt lih eogrd`dodxt fe xbg jghdwj lih

dihggh xbg ulsx grxgix fe jlxgpdlo xblx dx `pdias xfagxbgp hfgs feegp

sdaidedclix f~~fpxwidxdgs efp sw~~fpxdia oglpidia/ efp ~wpswdia gixgpxldijgix

lih ogdswpg dixgpgsxs/ lih efp cpglxdia igq hgjfcplxdc efpjs fe

cfjjwidclxdfi lih cwoxwplo gr~pgssdfi "Odudiasxfig/ 0>>5$)

Xbg grxgpilo epljgqfpk efp cbdohpgis wsg fe dixgplcxdug ~pfhwcxs ilxwploot

dicowhgs xbgdp ~lpgixs/ qbfsg lxxdxwhgs lih f~didfis dieowgicg xbg qlt di

33


34/79

qbdcb cbdohpgi lih tfwia ~gf~og aldi lccgss xf lih wsg xbg ~pfhwcxs)

Loxbfwab xbds l~~odgs xf xbg lcxwlo lc|wdsdxdfi fe xbg ~pfhwcxs ~lpgix sggj xf

blug dieowgicg qbgi dx cfjgs xf xbg wsg fe xbg ~pfhwcx ~gp sg)

Bfqgugp/ ~lpgixs/ jfsx gs~gcdloot jfxbgps hf grgpcdsg cfisdhgpl`og

dieowgicg fi xdjg cfiswj~xdfi/ ~lpxdcwolpot di xbg clsg fe tfwiagp cbdohpgi)

Sdjdolpot/ jfsx lhwoxs udgq xbg dixgpigx ls li f~~fpxwidxt efp cbdohpgi lih

tfwia ~gf~og xf sglpcb efp diefpjlxdfi xblx cli xglcb xbgj sfjgxbdia

"Qlpxgool/ F Kggeg % Sclixodia 0>>>$)

Xbds ds fig fe xbg pglsfis qbt cbdohpgi lih tfwia ~gf~og gdxbgp blug lccgss

xf xbg eljdot cfj~wxgp lih dixgpigx cfiigcxdfi fp blug l cfj~wxgp fe xbgdp

fqi di xbgdp pffjs)

Lccfphdia xf Odudia Sxfig "0>>5$/ cbdohpgi lih tfwia ~gf~og hf ifx/

bfqgugp/ sblpg xbgdp ~lpgixs f~didfis fe qblx cfisxdxwxgs pgogulix lih

dixgpgsxdia diefpjlxdfi))) cbdohpgi cfisdhgp diefpjlxdfi xbg jfsx ulowl`og

wsg fe xbg dixgpigx "~)0$)

Odudia Sxfig ifxgh xblx tfwia ~gf~ogs cficg~xdfi fe diefpjlxdfi jlt ifx `g

xblx fe lhwoxs cficgpi qdxb xbgdp ghwclxdfilo ~pfapgss) Jfxbgps bf~g lih

gr~gcx xbgdp cbdohpgi xf wsg xbg dixgpigx xf sglpcb efp diefpjlxdfi qdxb l

oglpidia cfixgix xf sw~~ogjgix xbg xglcbdia lx scbffos)

Jlit jfxbgps sgg xbg dixgpigx lih xbg cfj~wxgp ls l~~pf~pdlxg ~pfhwcxs/

lih jfsx jfxbgps cfisdhgp xbgj hgegisd og ls xbgt cli `g wsgh efp

oglpidia)


35/79

Xbgpg cli `g if hfw`x xblx xbg lcxwlo wsg fe xbg ~pfhwcxs ds olpagot hgedigh

`t xbg cbdohpgi xbgjsgougs/ ls xbgdp ~olt cwoxwpg lih gugpthlt odugs qdxb

fxbgp cbdohpgi xlkg cgixplo sxlag fi dixgplcxdug jghdl ~pfhwcxs/ `gclwsg dx ds

sldh xf `g wsgewo xf xbg cbdohpgis sfcdlo lih cfaidxdug hgugof~jgix)

Agigploot s~glkdia/ fohgp cbdohpgi lih xggilagps losf wsg dixgplcxdug jghdl

~pfhwcxs xf l apglxgp grxgix xbli xbgdp ~lpgixs/ cbdohpgi lih tfwia ~gf~og

jfpg fexgi bgo~ xbgdp ~lpgixs qdxb ~pf`ogjs xf hf qdxb xbg cfj~wxgp) Xbds

sggjs xf dihdclxg xblx jlit ~lpgixs hf ifx blug xbg xgcbifofadclo disdabx

xblx qfwoh loofq xbgj xf gulowlxg lih cfixpfo xbgdp cbdohpgis wsg)

Xbg wsg fe cfj~wxgps xbgpgefpg/ cliifx d)g fugpgj~blsd}gh di xbg colsspffj

sgxxdia) Xbg cfj~wxgp Ldhgh Disxpwcxdfi)

Xbg wsg fe cfj~wxgp ls li ghwclxdfilo jghdwj ds kifqi ls cfj~wxgp Ldhgh

Disxpwcxdfi "CLD$) Xbg cfj~wxgp bls `ggi geegcxdugot sxdjwolxdia xbg dixgpgsx

fe sxwhgixs xfqlphs cfaidxdug oglpidia "Xldqf/


36/79

Di xbds ugdi/ Folhgjmd "


37/79

CBL^XGP XBPGG

PGSGLPCB JGXBFHFOFAT

3)< DIXPFHWCXDFI

Xbds cbl~xgp efcwsgs fi xbg pgsglpcb jgxbfh/ hgsdai/ ~f~wolxdfi slj~og/

Lpgl fe sxwht/ slj~odia xgcbid|wgs/ Disxpwjgix efp hlxl cfoogcxdfi/ sfwpcgs

fe hlxl/ hlxl cfoogcxdfi ~pfcghwpg/ ulodhdxt fe xbg disxpwjgix/ Pgodl`dodxt fe

xbg disxpwjgix jgxbfh fe hlxl lilotsds) Xbg pgsglpcb jgxbfh fe xbds sxwht ds

swpugt)

Xbg swpugt jgxbfh lccfphdia xf Fswlol di Xgmwjltg "0>>3$ efcwsgs fi

~gf~og/ xbg udxlo elcxs fe ~gf~og/ xbgdp `godges/ f~didfis lxxdxwhgs/ jfxdulxdfi

lih `gbludfwp)

@lcksxfpj lih Bwpsb pgleedpjgh Fswlols lssgpxdfi di Xgmwjltg"0>>3$/

qbgi xbgt f`sgpugh xblx xbg swpugt jgxbfh gil`ogs xbg pgsglpcbgp xf jlkg

agigplod}lxdfis l`fwx xbg `gbludfwp fe l apglx `fht fe ~gf~og pg|wdpdia

jglswpgjgixs lofia `pflh s~gcxpwj fe f~didfis/ lxxdxwhgs/ eggodias/ `godges/

dhgls/ diefpjlxdfi lih wihgpsxlihdia)

Qdjjgp lih Hfjdidck di Xgmwjltg "0>>3$ dihdclxgh xblx xbg hgscpd~xdug

swpugt jgxbfh lxxgj~xs xf ~dcxwpg fp hfcwjgix cwppgix cfihdxdfis fp

31


38/79

lxxdxwhgs*d)g xf hgscpd`g qblx grdsxs lx xbg jfjgix) Xbds jgxbfh ds lhf~xgh/

gj~oftdia xbg |wgsxdfiildpg `gclwsg fe xbds |wlodxt/ qbdcb jlkgs dx jfsx

pgogulix lih jfsx l~~pf~pdlxg efp cfihwcxdia l sxwht xblx diufoug lskdia

sfjg |wgsxdfis epfj l olpag pgs~fihgixs)

Xbg l~~pf~pdlxgigss fe swpugt jgxbfh xf xbds sxwht ds ewpxbgp cfiedpjgh `t

@l``dg di Xgmwjltg "0>>3$ qbgi bg f`sgpugh xblx swpugt jgxbfh ds affh efp

hgscpd~xdug pgsglpcb hgsdai qbdcb di elcx ds qblx xbds sxwht dixgihs)

Xbds pgsglpcb qfpk qls clppdgh fwx ls l edgoh swpugt wsdia @lhlapt ofclo

afugpijgix lpgl) Xbds lpgl cfj~pdsgs fe @lhlapt cgixplo/ @lhlapt qgsx lih

@lhlapt ifpxb)

Xbds ofclxdfi qls cbfsgi `t xbg pgsglpcbgp xf diugsxdalxg xbg dieowgicg fe

dixgplcxdug jghdl fi cbdohpgi= jfxbgps ~gps~gcxdug `gclwsg fe xbg bdab

dieowr fe dixgpigx cfiigcxdudxt di xblx lpgl lih losf xf fugpcfjg xbg `lppdgp

fe xdjg lih jfigt)

3)0 HGSDAI

Xbg swpugt jgxbfh qls lhf~xgh `t xbg pgsglpcbgp xf diugsxdalxg= dieowgicg

fe dixgplcxdug jghdl fi cbdohpgi Swpugt pgsglpcb efcws fi ~gf~og/ xbgdp

`godges wicfugpdia hlxl/ jfxdulxdfi lih `gbludfwp) Swpugt hf jfpg xbli

jgpg cfugpdia hlxl xbgt dixgp~pgxg/ stixbgsds lih dixgaplxg xbgsg hlxl lih

~fdix xf dj~odclxdfis lih dixgppgolxdfisbd~)

Agigploot/ swpugt jgxbfh hfgs ifx fiot gil og xbg pgsglpcbgp xf jlkg

agigplo lcxdfis l`fwx xbg cblplcxgpdsxdcs fe/ fp ~pghdcxdfis `wx losf xbg


39/79


40/79

fe xbg blx*lih*hplq jgxbfh) Xbg ~pfcghwpg fe wsdia xbds jgxbfh diufougs

qpdxdia xbg dhgixdedclxdfi iwj`gp fe glcb sxpggx fi glcb fe xbg pgadfis lx

@lhlapt ofclo afugpijgix lih lhf~xgh cfiugidgix slj~odia jgxbfh efp

lhjdidsxgpdia xbg |wgsxdfiildpg xf xbg pgs~fihgixs)

3)5 DISXPWJGIX EFP HLXL CFOOGCXDFI

Xbg hlxl cfoogcxdfi disxpwjgix efp xbds sxwht ds |wgsxdfiildpg) Xbg

|wgsxdfiildpg qdoo `g `fxb f~gi lih cofsg*gihgh |wgsxdfis xf sggk jfxbgps

pgs~fisg/ f~didfis lih ~gpcg~xdfis fe xbg pfog fe dixgplcxdug jghdl di xbgdp

cbdohpgis odugs)

Xbg \wgsxdfiildpg adugs xbg pgsglpcbgp f~~fpxwidxt xf gsxl`odsb pl~~fpx qdxb

xbg pgs~fihgixs/ qbdcb cfwoh jlkg xbg pgs~fihgixs xf f~gi*w~ lih sw~~ot

loo xbg pg|wdpgh diefpjlxdfi) Dx losf adugs li f~~fpxwidxt xf gr~oldi xbg

jglidia fe dxgjs xblx lpg ifx coglp lih jlt ifx `g wihgpsxffh `t xbg

pgs~fihgixs) Odkgqdsg/ dx slugs xdjg lih jfigt gs~gcdloot qbgpg l affh

iwj`gp fe pgs~fihgixs lpg luldol`og di lojfsx fig ~lpxdcwolp ~olcg) Dx

awlplixggs ls jwcb ls ~fssd og/ xbg widefpjdxt fe pgs~fisg epfj xbg

pgs~fisg epfj xbg pgs~fihgixs lih giblicgs hlxl ~pfcgssdia)

3)1 ULODHDXT FE XBG DISXPWJGIX

Xbg pgsglpcb disxpwjgix "\wgsxdfiildpg$ qls hgsdaigh xf s~gcdedcloot

jglswpg pgs~fihgixs ^gpcg~xdfis/ f~didfis lih `godges di fphgp xf ~pfudhg

lisqgps xf pgsglpcb |wgsxdfis/ qbdcb qfwoh di xwpi ~pfudhg sfowxdfi xf xbg


41/79

~pf`ogj fe sxwht) Xbg |wgsxdfiildpg qls hgsdaigh di swcb l qlt xf agigplxg

pgs~fisgs xblx qfwoh hdpgcxot lhhpgss pgsglpcb |wgsxdfis di li lxxgj~x xf

adug s~gcdedc lisqgps xf xbg pgsglpcb |wgsxdfis)

Di lhhdxdfi/ ls xbg f`mgcxdug fe xbg sxwht qls xf kifq xbg ~gpcg~xdfi fe

jfxbgps di xbg pfog fe dixgplcxdug jghdl di xbgdp cbdohpgis odug di @lhlapt

ofclo afugpijgix lpgl/ xbds sxwht ~wxs di ~olcg li l~~pf~pdlxg pgsglpcb

hgsdai/ pgsglpcb xgcbid|wg lih pgsglpcb ~pfcghwpg qbdog dx sfwabx xf

~pfudhg lisqgps xf loo pgsglpcb |wgsxdfis lih woxdjlxgot/ xbg ~pf`ogj fe

sxwht)

3)2 PGODL@DODXT FE XBG DISXPWJGIX

Xbg sxwht lhf~xgh ~pgcdsdfi lih lccwplct di dxs jglswpgjgix d)g jglswpdia

clpgewoot qblx ds sgx fwx xf jglswpg lih qdoo xbgpgefpg cfisdsxgixot tdgoh ugpt

sdjdolp pgs~fisgs xf |wgsxdfis hplexgh di xbg pgsglpcb disxpwjgix xf lhhpgss

pgsglpcb |wgsxdfis/ losf qbgi xbg pgsglpcb ds clppdgh fwx laldi lih laldi

lhf~xdia sdjdolp xgcbid|wg lih ~f~wolxdfi fe sxwht)

Xbg cl~lcdxt fe xbg pgsglpcb hgsdai ls qgoo ls pgsglpcb disxpwjgix xf tdgoh

xbg sljg pgs~fisgs lih woxdjlxgot sdjdolp cficowsdfis/ qbgi xbg sljg

~pfcghwpg/ xgcbid|wg lih ~f~wolxdfi fe sxwht ds lhf~xgh adugs xbds sxwht dxs

pgodl`dodxt)

3)4 JGXBFH FE HLXL LILOTSDS

Hgscpd~xdug xt~g fe lilotsds ds gj~oftgh sdicg dx adugs li fugpudgq fe xbg

8


42/79

hgscpd~xdfi fe f`sgpugh ~bgifjgil qdxb xbg wsg fe epg|wgict/ ~gpcgixlags

lih jglswpgjgix fe cgixplo xgihgict) Xbds xt~g fe lilotsds ds swdxl`og efp

swjjlpd}dia sgxs fe iwjgpdclo hlxl swcb ls scfpgs fi ~gpcg~xdfi/ sclogs lih

|wgsxdfiildpgs) Xbds xt~g fe hlxl lilotsds ds swdxl`og efp fiot pgsglpcb

|wgsxdfis lih ifx wsgewo efp xgsxdia bt~fxbgsds)


43/79

CBL^XGP EFWP

8)< DIXPFHWCXDFI

Xbds cbl~xgp hglos grxgisdugot qdxb xbg lilotsds lih xbg dixgp~pgxlxdfi fe

hlxl f`xldigh fi xbg dieowgicg fe dixgplcxdug jghdl fi cbdohpgi= jfxbgps

~gps~gcxdug qdxb pgs~gcx xf @lhlapt Ofclo Afugpijgix/ Olafs/ Idagpdl

xbpfwab |wgsxdfiildpg)

Xbg dixgp~pgxlxdfi fe xbgsg pgs~fisgs qgpg mwhdcdfwsot wsgh xf lhhpgss xbg

pgsglpcb |wgsxdfis lssgpxgh di cbl~xgp fig fe xbds sxwht) Xbg hlxl qgpg

~pgsgixgh di xl`ogs lih ~gpcgixlags hdsxpd`wxdfi fe xbg epg|wgict cfwixs lih

xbg jgli qls wsgh ls xbg sw`mgcx fe lilotsds) Losf/ xbg |wgsxdfiildpg qls

`fxb f~gi lih cofsgh gihgh |wgsxdfiildpgs; xbg f~gigh pgs~fisgs sfwabx

xbg udgqs fe jfxbgps qdxb pgs~gcx xf xbg dieowgicg fe dixgplcxdug jghdl fi

cbdohpgi)

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hdsxpd`wxgh qgpg lilot}gh lih dixgp~pgxgh di xbg xl`ogs `gofq)

Xbg edihdias fe xbds sxwht sbloo `g ~pgsgixgh di xl`wolp lilotsds lih sdj~og

83


44/79

~gpcgixlag fe hlxl qdoo `g gj~oftgh) Xbg edpsx ~lpx lilotsds fi hgjfapl~bt/

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|wgsxdfiildpgs)

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8)0 HLXL LILOTSDS LIH DIXGP^PGXLXDFI

XL@OG


45/79

XL@OG 0= HDSXPD@WXDFI FE PGS^FIHGIXS AFDIA @T XBG XDJG

S^GIX QDXB CBDOHPGI FI QGGKHLTS

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IF 7< 35

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87


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xbgdp bfwsgbfoh/ qbdog 35' fe pgs~fihgixs cliifx `flsx fe l cfj~wxgp di

xbgdp bfwsgbfoh

XL@OG 8= HDSXPD@WXDFI FE PGS^FIHGIXS AFDIA @T XBG XDJG

XBGDP CBDOHPGI S^GIX ^OLTDIA UDHGF ALJG


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47/79

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fp cbgckjlxgh)

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xbgpg`t ~pfjfxdia hgudlix `gbludfwp di cbdohpgi)

81


48/79

XL@OG 5= HDSXPD@WXDFI FE PGS^FIHGIXS AFDIA @T XBG XDJG XBGT

JFIDXFP XBGDP CBDOHPGI QBGIGUGP XBGT WSG XBG DIXGPIGX FP

XBG CFJ^WXGP LS L SFWPCG FE DIEFPJLXDFI


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l`fug losf pguglogh xblx dixgplcxdug jghdl cli giblicg fp lcx ls l xffo efp

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52/79


53/79

Xbg pgswox fe hlxl lilot}gh di xl`og 4 gr~fsgh xblx udfogix aljgs cli

lcxdulxg xbg diilxg laapgssdug xpldxs di cbdohpgi "dxgj < lih qbdcb ds |wgsxdfi


54/79

cbdohpgi qlxcb fp lpg gr~fsgh xf jfsx gs~gcdloot di xbgdp efpjlxdug tglps)

8)3 EDIHDIAS LIH HDSCWSSDFIS

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~gpbl~s xbg udhgf aljg bfwsgs)

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pgs~fihgixs cli `flsx fe


55/79


56/79

aljgs/ dicowhdia xbfsg diufoudia hdadxlo lih dixgplcxdug jghdl) Di grlcxot xbg

sljg qlt ls cbdohpgi cli s~gih l ofia xdjg oglpidia s~gcdedc ~btsdclo skdoos/

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giblicdia ~olt lih oglpidia efp cbdohpgi) Dx ds ugpt dj~fpxlix xf wihgpsxlih

xbg igghs fe cbdohpgi lih cplex udsdfilpt dixgplcxdug stsxgjs hgsdaigh xf

giblicg ghwclxdfi lih gixgpxldijgix)

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skdoos) Sbg losf f`sgpugh xblx dixgplcxdug jghdl cli giblicg cbdohpgis

cpglxdudxt/ cfaidxdug hgugof~jgix/ sfcdlo lih gjfxdfilo hgugof~jgix)

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cbdohpgi lih losf efsxgp lcxdug oglpidia) Xbds edihdias losf sw~~fpxgh `t

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dixgplcxdug sxfpt`ffk/ xbgsg edihdias w~bfoh xbds sxwht di xblx dixgplcxdug cli

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edihdias fe xbds sxwht qbgi xbgt lhufclxg sdjdolp gudhgicg qdxb li

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dixgplcxdug jghdl ls l xffo xblx cli `g `gigedcdlo di bgo~dia cbdohpgi qdxb

hdeegpgix oglpidia sxtogs edih igq qlts xf gr~ofpg lih wihgpsxlih jlxgpdlo


57/79

lih xf hgjfisxplxg xbgdp oglpidia)

^dlagx di Cbgfk gx lo "0>>2$ cfiedpjgh xblx ghwclxfps blug ulowgh xbg

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cfiedhgicg lih dis~dplxdfi)

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diefpjlxdfi xf pglo*odeg ~pf`ogjs)

Dx qls gsxl odsbgh epfj xbg edihdias xblx lx oglsx 1>' fe xbg xfxlo

71


58/79

pgs~fihgixs coldj xblx hwpdia xbg efpjlxdug tglps gialagjgix qdxb udhgf

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dicodigh xf lxxgj~x xf djdxlxg xbg hliagpfws sxwixs xbgt sgg)

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di cblplcxgp `wdohdia fe cbdohpgi6 Dx qls gudhgix epfj xbg edihdias xblx

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59/79

dhgixdxdgs di hdeegpgix qlts) Jwcb fe xbg bt~g swppfwihdia dixgplcxdug

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fi di*scbffo lcbdgugjgix/ Lxxgqgoo % @lxxog "


60/79

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61/79

edihdias/ sdicg jfxbgps lcxdugot sgogcx cbdohpgi jghdl `lsgh fi sfcdlo fp

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5


62/79

cfaidxdug sxplxgadgs "Clougpx/ 8 $)

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