Addressing Water Scarcity Through Recycling and Reuse
Transcript of Addressing Water Scarcity Through Recycling and Reuse
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TechnicalPaper
Find a contact near you by visiting www.ge.com/water and clicking on “Contact Us” .
©2008, General Electric Company. All rights reserved.
TP1161EN May-08
Addressing Water ScarcityThrough Recycling and Reuse:A Menu for Policymakers
Prepared by Baker & McKenzie LLP
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Education and Outreach.................................................................................................................................................................................2 Removing Barriers ..............................................................................................................................................................................................3 Incentives................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Mandates and Regulation ..............................................................................................................................................................................5 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Appendix – Matrix of Policy Examples and Additional Information............................................................................................7
Education and Outreach.........................................................................................................................................................................7 Remove Barriers..........................................................................................................................................................................................9 Incentives ....................................................................................................................................................................................................10 Mandates and Regulation ................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Acknowledgments: This white paper draws on information provided by individuals from around the world. FromGE Water & Process Technologies, they include: Jeff Fulgham, Jon Freedman, Sameer Agrawal, Roger Jacklin,Chris Morico. Patrick Regan, Shirley Shao and Paul Valeck. From Baker & McKenzie LLP, they include: BradGentry, Sasha Reyes, Alexandra Holt, and Borbala Brassoi in the US; Jonathan Cocker in Canada; J. Raul Felix-Saul and Alejandro Castaneda-Loya in Mexico; Ulrich Ellinghaus and Julia Pfeil in Germany; PierfrancescoFederici, Francesco Goisis, and Gianluca De Rosa in Italy; Xavier Junquera, Laia Colome, and GeraldineJackman in Spain; Andrew Beatty and Jennifer Crittenden in Australia; Chew Chin and Jason Cheng in
Singapore.
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1 The terms water reuse, water recycling, and reclamation are often used for the recapture and treatment of water from wastewatertreatment facilities. Generally, and in this paper, recycling, and reuse are used for water that has been discharged by a business orhome and treated to remove its contaminants. Reclamation is a broader term that includes recycled water, as well as water from avariety of other sources such as brackish groundwater or the sea. This paper does not discuss water conservation or waterefficiency programs that focus on using less water for a particular purpose
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Executive Summary
While governments in water scarce regions arelooking for ways to expand water recycling andreuse, they often have difficulty finding informationon the policy options from which they mightchoose. The purpose of this white paper is to
provide such a menu of policy options, drawing onexamples from around the world. While this is onlya representative sample and does not provide anexhaustive list of programs and policies, the majortypes of policies being used to increase waterrecycling and reuse include the following:
Education and Outreach
Recognition awards and certification programs
Information dissemination and educationaloutreach efforts
Reporting of water consumption, discharge, and
reuse data
Removing Barriers
Modifying local regulations that require that allwater meet potable standards
Revising plumbing codes to allow dual piping
Alleviating stringent permitting and inspectionrequirements for recycled water
Incentives
Direct subsidies
Reductions in payments to the governmentPayments for reintroduction of recovered water
Pricing mechanisms
Regulatory relief for recycled water users
Government procurement of water recycling/reuse equipment
Structuring of water rights to reduce the use ofpotable water
Mandates and Regulation
Requiring utilities to develop plans for recycled
waterRestricting potable water to human or foodrelated uses
Requiring the use of recycled water for certainlarge volume activities, e.g., irrigation
Requiring water recovery systems
This menu provides a valuable starting point forgovernments to evaluate the appropriate mix ofpolicies that will best fit their needs. For some, tools
applied elsewhere to one type of water use may beapplied to a different use. For others, informationwill be enough to spur action; while for still others,financial incentives or regulatory requirements willbe more effective.
For further information on how this policy menumight be applied to your needs, please visitwww.ge.com/water.
Introduction
Water recycling and reuse is most common in
communities that face limited water supplies. Manyof their responses combine aggressive waterconservation measures with water recyclinginitiatives to address current as well as future waterscarcity.1
The purpose of this white paper is to helpcommunities and other governmental authoritiesthink through their options for increasing recyclingand reuse of water in their area. The paper is builtaround a menu of policies that are being used indifferent locations, including efforts to:
• Provide more information on and recognition ofwater recycling and reuse efforts
• Reduce or remove regulatory or cost barriersthat prevent more water reuse or recycling
• Provide financial, regulatory or other incentivesfor water recycling and reuse
• Require more water recycling and reuse
This menu offers a spectrum of policy tools rangingfrom less intensive mechanisms, such as makinginformation available, to more proactive, regulatory
approaches that require water reuse. Examples ofhow these policies are being applied incommunities around the world are included below,as well as in a more detailed appendix at the end ofthis paper.
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Spain’s National Autonomous Communities
in cooperation with thenational government havelaunched a national public
awareness campaignadvertising rational water
use in newspapers andother media.
Like many communities with restricted water supplies
Singapore has a comprehensive education and outreachcampaign for both residents and businesses to promote itsrecycled water program known as NEWater. The campaign
includes media advertising, an audit program for commercialcustomers, and an education center.
The National Environmental Agency and the Public UtilitiesBoard of Singapore have at least three separate awards
recognizing individuals and businesses for their commitmentto water conservation and environmental sustainability.
The California EasternMunicipal Water District
( U.S. ) provides informationfor landscaping, industrial,
and agriculturalbusinesses, on applying to
use recycled water. A widevariety of uses arepermitted, including cropand landscape, irrigation,
construction sitemanagement and
industrial processes.
Clearly, each community has different water,economic, social, and other needs. As such, thismenu is best seen as a tool to help spark discussionof what set of policies might work best in anyparticular situation or for any particular group ofusers. Over 2500 GE Water & Process Technologiesfield based personnel are located in a community
near you. Contact your local GE representativethrough our website at www.ge.com/water.
Education and Outreach
One of the tools commonly used by governments,and especially local govern-ments, in promotingtheir programs is public edu-cation. The area ofwater recycling and reuse is no exception – localgovern-ments with water recycling programs makeeducation a key element of their efforts.
Education and outreach
is generally perceived ascritical to advancingwater recycling, not onlyto encourage its use, butalso to overcome anypublic concerns aboutthe safety and quality ofrecycled water. Thus,most communities with a water-recycling programhave active public education programs. Theseprograms are often supplemented by state andregional level government campaigns.
Local communities raise awareness through anumber of common techniques used bygovernments worldwide:
Recognition programs support private water reuseefforts by:
• Presenting awards to individuals and entitiesthat have voluntarily made significantcontributions to water recycling.
• Officially recognizing private water recyclingefforts in government publications and websites,in particular those efforts that are innovative orare role models for other water users.
• Developing government certification programsfor water recycling technologies.
Information dissemination and educationaloutreach are probably the most commonmechanisms used by local governments andtreatment districts in the promotion of theirrecycling and reuse programs. These education andoutreach programs raise awareness by publishingbrochures, posting information on governmentwebsites, and advertising on TV and in newspapersand other media. The messages conveyed by theseoutreach programs fall into several broadcategories:
• The condition of the community’s water supplyand the importance of water recycling to thefuture growth and stability of the community.
• The community’s water reuse programs andhow residents and businesses may participate.
• The allowable uses of recycled water or thesituations when its use is required.
• The treatment processes required for recycledwater and the methods for ensuring the safetyand quality of the treated water.
For example: The National Water Commission andthe various state and municipal water utilities inMexico have numerous education programsregarding recycled water use and technologiesincluding outreach to the general public andtraining for utility managers and engineers.
Technical assistance isanother form of publiceducation for the larger,more sophisticated waterusers such as industrialor institutional users.
Governments and watertreatment or wastewaterdistricts offer morespecialized informationand services for theseusers, including:
Water use audits intended to identifyconservation and water reuse opportunities.
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The New Jersey, U.S. Wastewater ReuseProgram produces
recycled waterguidelines entitled
“Reclaimed Water forBeneficial Reuse
Technical Manual.”
The Australian state of Victoria’s Environment and ResourcesEfficiency Plan requires all large users of water and energy,including shopping centers, hospitals, sporting facilities, anduniversities, as well as commercial and industrial sites, toaudit their water and energy use and register with thegovernment if they exceed certain thresholds.
Permitting requirements vary depending on the end use ofrecycled water in Arizona, U.S., as well as the level of
potential contaminants and the anticipated exposure tohumans. Industrial wastewater with a sewage component or
wastewater used for crops or food products requires apermit, while industrial waste water that is recycled or usedonly in industrial processes typically does not. For individualresidents, a general use permit allows the use of 400 gallons
per day of grey water for irrigation in single family homeswith no notification requirements. Other types of reuse
require a notice of intent but may still operate under thegeneral use permit.
In Spain national law provides
for regulation of recycledwater, including i) permitted
and prohibited uses; ii) qualitystandards; and iii) treatmentplant operating conditions.
The BritishColumbia, Canada
plumbing codeexplicitly permits
grey and black
Technical manuals thatdetail the water recyclingtechnologies available tolarge users and thetreatment standards thatmust be met beforeeffluent may be reused.
Construction and development guidelines forrecycled water systems.
• Recycled water permit application guidelines.
For example: The EU has developed industry-specific reference documents on pollution-prevention measures (Best Available Techniques orBAT), which include recommended water recyclingand reuse techniques. BAT reference documentsare available for over 30 industry types andpractices, including iron and steel production,refineries, and intensive livestock farming. The BAT
reference documents assist permitting authoritiesand industry in determining compliance with BAT,which is one of the conditions for obtaining anenvironmental permit under the EU IntegratedPollution Prevention Control Directive.
Reporting of water consumption, discharge, andreuse by large water users is used primarily by localgovernments to track their water recyclingprogress. However, reporting requirements havethe additional benefit of educating users about theirown efforts and allowing the government to identify
entities that could be encouraged (or required) toreplace potable water with recycled water.
Removing Barriers
Barriers to water recycling and water recyclingsystems come in many forms: technological,financial, and regulatory. In fact, regulationsintended to protect the public or programsproviding services to the community may have theunintended effect of discouraging or evenpreventing voluntary water reuse.
One of the biggest barriers to water recycling is amunicipal, state, or regional water code that doesnot recognize the use of recycled water. Local
regulations requiring that all water used in thecommunity meet potable water standards hindersor prevents water reuse.
As a result, the first steps toward water recyclingare to set specific qualitystandards for recycled waterand to provide guidance on theuse of the reclaimed water.
Other local requirements thatmay present barriers to water
reuse by making it more difficult or expensiveinclude:
• Building and plumbing codes that prohibit theinstallation of the dual piping necessary forrecycled water or grey water use.
• Regulations that impose stringent permittingand inspection requirements for recycled waterregardless of the use or risk of human exposure.For example, imposing the same set ofstandards on a water reuse system in anindustrial chemical manufacturing facility as forresidential lawn irrigation.
• Actions that encourage (or do not discourage)potable water use, such as subsidizing theconstruction of potable water systems or notimposing full cost pricing on potable water use.
• Incentives forinvestments intechnologies
that consumelarge amountsof water.
Depending on their authority and the structure oftheir state or national legal schemes, not allcommunities will initiate the regulatory changesnecessary to allow the use of recycled water. Manycommunities are constrained by state or federalrequirements that they must follow. However,communities do have control over their local
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The Emilia RomagnaRegion in Italy offers
grants for theadoption of water
reuse and water reusetechnologies in the
petrochemical sector.
Two EU sources – LIFE and Eco-Innovation – provide fundingfor environmental projects including water reuse.
Recent water reuse projects funded under LIFE include: a
pilot project for effluent reuse in the textile industry (ENEA,the Italian National Agency for Energy, New Technology and
the Environment), a demonstration project on waterrecycling for photo film and photo paper production (FujiPhoto Film BV), and development of a new wastewater
recycling system for the commercial laundry industry (Textil-Service Klingelmeyer GmbH & Co. KG).
One of the four areas prioritized by Eco-Innovation in 2008 isthe building and construction sector, including new water-
saving systems such as grey water use.
Mexican incometax regulations
provide foraccelerated
depreciation ofassets used forwater recycling
and reuse.
St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S. imposes a per-gallon chargefor the use of potable water
and a flat per-acre fee for the
use of recycled water inirrigation.
building and development codes as well as theirlocal funding, all of which can play a significant rolein encouraging or discouraging water recycling andreuse.
Incentives
Incentives used by communities to encouragewater recycling most commonly take the form ofeconomic incentives that make recycled watercheaper than potable water. Another approach is totie water usage to conservation programs andexempt recycled water users from many of thecommunity’s conservation requirements. Still othersinvolve property rights and payments for the reuseof recycled water, pricing schemes that use higherrates for potable water, subsidies or grants forwater recycling and reuse technologies, andprograms for government procurement of water
recycling infrastructure. Examples of these types offinancial and regulatory incentives include thefollowing:
Direct subsidies, generally in the form of grants forthe installation of water reuse technologies andother capital expenditures.
For example:
• The Singapore PublicUtilities Board will fund upto 50% of the cost ofrecycled water feasibilitystudies and the capitalcost of recycling facilities. It will also paycompanies an incentive fee for every cubicmeter of water saved up to a cap.
• New South Wales, Australia offers rebates forthe installation of rainwater tanks at residencesand schools.
• Tucson, Arizona, U.S. made loans to two schooldistricts for the capital costs associated withreclaimed water. The City also fundedinstallation of dual piping in a neighborhood thatwas an early adopter of recycled watertechnologies.
•
California, U.S. provides grants for facilities’planning studies to determine the feasibility ofusing recycled water.
Reductions in payments to governments in theform of tax deductions or reduced lease paymentsfor investments in water recycling technologies.
For example:
In Singapore, the water conservation tax doesnot apply to recycled water and potable waterusage fees are higher than for recycled water.
In Spain environmentalinvestments are entitled to acorporate tax deduction ofup to 10%.
The purchase of effluenttreatment or conveyanceequipment is exempt fromsales and use taxes in NewJersey, U.S., as well as being eligible for acorporate business tax credit.
Payments for the reintroduction of recovered waterinto the raw water source: programs under which
the water supply or wastewater treatment districtcompensates water users who recover and reinjecttreated water into its original source.
For example: The Metropolitan Water District ofSouthern California (U.S.) pays local water agenciesa fee for every gallon of water that is recycled,recovered, or returned to the groundwater supply.
Pricing that imposeshigher charges for theuse of potable water.
For example:• The EU Water
Framework Directive requires that, by 2010,Member States must ensure that their waterpricing policies are structured to provideincentives for water efficiency.
• The Balearic Islands in Spain are consideringmodifying their water pricing structure topenalize high volume consumers.
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Reclaimed water in St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S., as in many
other communities, is not subject to the same restrictions onuse as is potable water. For example, during water shortages,
lawn irrigation is limited to one day per week for mosthouseholds – while users of recycled water have no
limitations on lawn watering.
In Florida, U.S. regional
water management districtsmust assess their waterresources and designate
areas where water is or willbe in short supply within the
next 20 years. In these areas,recycled water is required
for certain types of uses suchas golf courses and farms.The water management
districts also must providefunding for the developmentof recycled water systems.
California, U.S. requires itsDepartment of General
Services and Department ofTransportation to installpiping appropriate for
recycled water use in any oftheir landscape irrigation
projects if they are notifiedby a recycled water producer
that recycled water will beprovided for those projectswithin 10 ears
• San Antonio, Texas and Tucson, Arizona (U.S.) have lower charges for recycled water. InTucson, recycled water pricing is set to recoverapproximately 80% of cost, with users ofpotable water paying the difference.
• In New York, New York, U.S., buildings withrecycled water systems pay $1.52 per 100 cubicfeet of water vs. $2.02 per 100 cubic feet.
Regulatory relief by eliminating certainrequirements for users of recycled water.
For example: landscape areas irrigated withrecycled water are exempt from the approvalrequirements of the Cerritos, California, U.S. WaterConservation in Landscaping Ordinance.
Additional incentives for water recycling and reuseinclude government procurement of waterrecycling and reuse equipment, requirements thatgovernment buildings and operations maximizetheir recycling and reuse of water, and structuringof water rights to reduce use of potable water.
Mandates and Regulation
Water recycling and reuse programs are not limitedto encouraging the use of recycled water througheducation, incentives, and the elimination ofbarriers to reuse, although these are often the firststeps for many communities. Those communitiesfacing severe water restrictions due to naturalwater scarcity, population growth, or resourceoveruse frequently adopt laws requiring the use ofrecycled water. A number of communities havetaken these actions on their own, while others areresponding to state or regional mandates.
There are two common approaches to mandatingthe use of recycled water: (a) requirementstargeting the supply of recycled water by regionalor local wastewater treatment or water supplydistricts; and (b) requirements affecting the use ofrecycled water by residents or businesses.
Wastewater Treatment and Water Supply Utilities
In most communities,recycled water isprovided by thecommunity’s wastewatertreatment district orutility as these
organizations are bestpositioned to deliver highquality recycled water.Not only do the districtshave a large volume ofwastewater, they oftenare the only ones with thecapacity to carry out the level of treatmentnecessary to meet water quality standards.
Communities may require treatment districts todevelop plans for recycled water, to encourage the
use of recycled water among their customers, oreven to provide recycled water to certain types ofusers. Some local governments couple the
wastewater treatmentutility mandates withrestrictions on the localwater supply utility.These regulationstypically restrict the useof potable water,forcing water users torely on recycled water
and creating morecustomers for the localwater reuse program.
For example:
• Applicants for national water licenses in Mexico must include treatment and reuse options intheir applications.
• Hesse, Germany requires its public watersystems to encourage water recycling amongusers.
• California, U.S. indirectly mandates waterrecycling by its local water districts by definingthe use of potable water for certain uses suchas golf course irrigation as a waste ofresources. Thus communities such as SantaBarbara, California prevent the use of potablewater on golf courses when reclaimed water isavailable so as to comply with the Statemandate against wasting resources.
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The government of New SouthWales, Australia has developed aBuilding Sustainability Index that
requires water reuse andconservation in new homes. First
required as part of the developmentprocess for single family homes in
Sydney, use of the Index requires a40% improvement in waterefficiency. Similarly, Western
Australia is proposing mandatorywater efficiency measures for all
new homes including plumbing thatallows for the use of recycled water
in toilets and grey water use onlawns and gardens.
British Columbia, Canada requires new and existing
public buildings be retrofittedto operate two water systems
providing for reuse of greywater for toilets and certain
other functions.
Residents and Businesses
Ensuring that wastewater treatmentdistricts are prepared to supplyrecycled water is a prerequisite toany community’s program, but acommunity must also ensure that
there are users for the recycledwater. Thus the second category ofregulation targets water usersthemselves, either mandating theuse of recycled water or prohibitingparticular uses of potable waterthereby forcing water reuse. Some ofthe most common requirements are:
• Restricting potable water tohuman or food related uses.
• Requiring the use of recycled water for certain
large volume activities such as landscape andagricultural irrigation.
• Using local permitting and development codesto require the provision of the infrastructurenecessary for recycled or grey water reuse,such as the installation of dual piping systemsand other systems in new buildings ordevelopments that allow the use of recycledwater now or in the future.
• Requiring water recovery systems for highvolume water users and dischargers such as
car washes.For example:
• New suburbancommunities inSydney, Australiamust install dualpiping systemsallowing for the delivery of recycled water to160,000 homes.
• Singapore requires water recovery systems at
locations where vehicles are washed, includingconstruction sites.
• Applicants for water usagecertification in New Jersey,U.S. must demonstrate thatthey will be using the lowestappropriate quality water inorder to receive approval fromthe state.
• Edmonton, Canada andPetro-Canada workedtogether to supply thecompany with recycled waterwhen new water regulationsforbid increases in fresh waterwithdrawals Petro-Canadaneeded for its operations.
Conclusion
More and more communities are facing acute
water scarcity issues. Many are choosing waterrecycling and reuse as one part of their response.
The major types of policies for encouraging waterrecycling and reuse described in this paper –education, barrier removal, incentives, andmandates – provide a menu of options forcommunities to address their unique waterresource needs. As illustrated by the examplesprovided above and in the appendix, choosing fromthis menu depends on various factors of anyparticular community, including: time horizon forprogram implementation; governmental structuresand processes to promulgate and implement suchprograms; resources, including both funding andexpertise; and degree of “buy-in” from relevantstakeholders and policymakers.
While the needs and circumstances of differentcommunities vary greatly, the menu presented inthis white paper should provide comfort that othersare adopting policies to promote water recyclingand reuse around the world.
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Appendix – Matrix of Policy Examples and Additional Information
Location Program Description
Education and Outreach
Australia
Federal Guidelines for Water
Recycling
The Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and
Environmental Risks (Phase 1) and Augmentation of Drinking WaterSupplies (Phase 2) were recently released for public comment. Theguidelines are intended to support recycling of water that hastraditionally been discarded.
These guidelines will inform the development of regulations and addressthe public health and environmental concerns associated with greywater and recycled water reuse.
Victoria Environment andResources EfficiencyPlan
www.epa.vic.gov.au/bus/erep/default.asp
A new program designed to encourage energy and water efficiency;expected to deliver $85m in net savings to large organizations acrossthe state. The Environment and Resources Efficiency Plan requires alllarge users of water and energy, including shopping centers, hospitals,sporting facilities, and universities, as well as commercial and industrial
sites, to audit their resource use.These users need to register with the Environment Protection Authority if they trigger certain thresholds. About 250-300 large sites in Victoria willneed to register by March 31 2008. Action to reduce water, energy, andwaste will be required if the cost to the organization can be recoveredwithin three years or less.
Canada
Toronto Water Departmentwww.toronto.ca/water/index.htm
Water EfficiencyCoordinators
Coordinators work with industry and residents to provide ideas andresources.
Mexico
National WaterCommission(“CONAGUA”).
Water Culture Program State and Municipal water utility systems and CONAGUA developprograms on water reuse for the general public. CONAGUA provides upto 50% of the costs associated with the local implementation of theseprograms.
Mexican Center fortraining on watermanagement andtreatment.(“CMCAS”).
Recycled WaterProgram
CMCAS train technicians, managers, and engineers of local and stateutility systems on the best practices and the use of new technologyincluding water recycling and reuse.
Most municipal
and state watersystems
Recycling Programs Most water utility systems provide training on water conservation and
water reuse alternatives. However, water recycling itself is generallylimited to systems that have already developed the requiredinfrastructure most notably those areas of water scarcity (in theNorthern part of Mexico).
Singapore
Public UtilitiesBoard
Watermark Awardwww.pub.gov.sg/home/index.aspx
Award given by Board in recognition of water usage and conservation.
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Location Program Description
NationalEnvironmentalAgency
Lee Kuan Yew WaterPrize
Award recognizing outstanding contributions towards solving theworld’s water problems.
NationalEnvironmental
Agency
Singapore Green Plan Award to individuals and entities that are role models of environmentalprotection and sustainability including water recycling.
NationalEnvironmentalAgency
Public Education andInformation
http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=40
Outreach programs include:
TV/Internet/Newspaper tipsWater audit program for commercial usersNEWater Visitor Centre, to advocate to the public about recycledwater
Encouraging companies to replace potable water with recycledwater
Spain
NationalAutonomousCommunities
Public awarenesscampaigns
http://www.mma.es/
(See the Training andEnvironmentalEducation, Media, andthe A.G.U.A. programs)
Campaigns referring to rational use have been launched in newspapersand other media by the Ministry of Environment and Departments ofEnvironment of the 17 Autonomous Communities.
United States
USEPA Water EfficiencyLeaders Award
Annual award and recognition program. Recognizes public and privateentities for water conservation and recycling efforts.
All Generally all municipalities with reclamation/reuse programs havesome type of public education program including brochures and webbased information on how to access the community’s recycled waterprogram. They also recognize various recycled water projects/users in
these materials and on their web siteCalifornia(Northern) EasternMunicipal WaterDistrict
Recycled WaterProgramwww.emwd.org
Provides information for landscaping, industrial, and agriculturalbusinesses on applying to use recycled water. A wide variety of uses arepermitted, including crop and landscape irrigation, construction sitemanagement, and industrial processes.
New Jersey Wastewater ReuseProgramwww.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/reuseff.htm
The NJDEP Division of Water Quality maintains a website on the state’sWastewater Reuse Program, which contains useful information,including detailed guidelines entitled “Reclaimed Water for BeneficialReuse Technical Manual,” (www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/techmans/reuseman.pdf ) among other materials and links.
Austin WaterUtility, WaterConservationDivision, Texas
Water EfficientEquipment and Design,a Guide for Non-ResidentialConstruction andDevelopment
www.ci.austin.tx.us/watercon/downloads/EquipmentGuide.pdf
The Guide provides information on equipment and design practices thatlead to additional water savings above regulatory requirements. It istargeted at new commercial and institutional construction projects,including major renovations of existing facilities.
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Location Program Description
Remove Barriers
Canada
British Columbia British Columbia, 2006BC Building Codewww.housing.gov.bc.ca/building/code
BC Plumbing Code permits grey and black water systems.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment approved the treatment of sewagewastewater for surface and subsurface irrigation of golf courses.
Italy
Federal Federal laws set purification standards for recycled water and limit theuse of recycled water to:
IrrigationStreet washing, building heating and cooling and other “urban uses”
Industrial uses (no contact with food or cosmetics)
Spain
National Reuse of recycled water National law provides basic regulation of recycled water, including:
(i) permitted and prohibited uses; (ii) quality standards (depends on theuse); (iii) conditions to run treatment plants; (iv) conditions to userecycled water.
Permitted uses include: urban irrigation, irrigation of gardens, parks, andgolf courses, agricultural irrigation, industrial vehicles washing andindustrial uses. Reuse of water is not allowed for drinking purposes, thefood industry, hospitals, refrigeration towers in most cases, ornamentaluse, and other uses that may entail risk for human health or danger tothe environment.
United States
Arizona Recycled WaterPermitting
www.azdeq.com
The State environmental agency provides different levels of permittingdepending on the end use of the recycled water, the level of potentialcontaminants, and the exposure to humans. For example:
Industrial wastewater with a sewage component or which is used forcrops or food products requires a permit while industrial wastewaterthat is recycled or used only in industrial processes typically does not.
A general permit allows 400 gallons per day of gray water use forirrigation in single family homes with no notification requirements. Othertypes of reuse require notification but may still operate under thegeneral permit.
California Barriers to reuse:
Industrial plants that use recycled water are subject to CaliforniaDepartment of Health Services inspections and tests that areotherwise not required.
Using recycled water in a building for toilet flushing requires dualplumbing to keep the recycled and potable water separate. HealthDepartment and building code requirements prevent the retrofittingof buildings, so the use of recycled water is often limited to newconstruction or irrigation.
Santa Clara ValleyWater District,California
Provides a general permit for certain users of reclaimed water, allowingthem to submit notification only.
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Location Program Description
City of Cerritos,California
www.ci.cerritos.ca.us/citygov/publicworks/recycledwater.html
Water Conservation inLandscaping Ordinance
www.codepublishing.com/ca/cerritos.html
Landscaped areas irrigated with reclaimed water are exempt from therequirements of the Water Conservation in Landscaping Ordinance,including the requirement for approval of landscape plans for newdevelopments and periodical audits.
Clark CountyWaterReclamationDistrict, Nevadawww.cleanwaterteam.com/waterreclamation.html
Reclaimed waterprogram
therightwater.com
(A member agency ofthe Southern NevadaWater Authority)
Reclaimed water is available on a case-by-case basis for a variety ofapplications, including: irrigation of golf courses and landscaped areasat public facilities; use as a coolant in generators at power generationstations; and dust control
Note: Reclaimed water is availability-based in the District, and notlegislation- or program-driven.
Oregon Revision of recycledwater use regulations
Oregon Administrative
Ruleswww.deq.state.or.us/regulations/rules.htm
The state of Oregon amended its recycled water use rules to:
Expand the list of beneficial purposes for which recycled water maybe used;
Remove potential regulatory barriers and language that undulystigmatizes recycled water;Clarify the requirements for a recycled water use plan;Clarify the requirements for coordination with the human resourcesand water resources departments;Allow for innovative and improved treatment technologies; andUpdate the bacteria rule language pertaining to effluent limitationsfor recycled water.
Incentives
AustraliaFederal National Urban Water
and Desalination PlanOne election policy of the newly elected government is the introductionof a National Urban Water and Desalination Plan which would involveeither a tax credit or a grant. The tax credit structure under discussion isas follows:
A 10% Water Tax Credit:Capped at $100 million a project – will support up to $10 billionworth of eligible up-front capital costs for approved desalination,water recycling, and storm water capture projects.Would provide support at the level of 10 per cent of eligible up-frontcapital costs, and would be on top of existing depreciationallowances.Where the project proponent of a water infrastructure project is agovernment-owned business that does not pay income tax, supportwill be in the form of a cash payment.
Grants for approved desalination, water recycling, and major storm
water capture projects developed by the private sector, localgovernments, and State and Territory Governments.
New South Wales
www.nsw.gov.au/water.asp
Rebates for rainwatertanks
www.sydneywater.com.au/EnsuringTheFuture/WaterSchool/RebateSchools.cfm
Offers rebates of up to $650 for installing a rainwater tank at an existinghome. In addition, schools can take advantage of the Rainwater Tanksin Schools Rebate Program, which offers a rebate of up to $2,500 toschools that install a rainwater tank. The rebate is available to allprimary and secondary schools, public and private, connected to theSydney water system and helps reduce the cost of purchasing andinstalling a rainwater tank.
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Location Program Description
Italy
Emilia RomagnaRegion
Regional waterguidelines and PrivateIncentives
Regional guidelines for water conservation, water management, andreuse include:
Financial incentives for installing water reuse devices for agriculturalpurposes.Local strategies including public education and promotion of the use
of recycled water.Grant funds for water reuse in the petrochemical industry.Economic incentives are granted to private companies forconstructing new facilities and implementing new technologieswhich improve water reuse and water saving. The incentives rangefrom 30%-40% of the costs based on the size of the company.
Mexico
CONAGUA Evaluation of newconcession titles
Applicants of new concession titles for the use of national waters mustinclude the treatment and reuse of water and the volume that could bereclaimed in their application.
CONAGUA, localgovernments, and
water utilitysystems.
Joint investment in theinfrastructure required
for the reuse of water.
Water utility companies may jointly invest/finance the infrastructurerequired for the reuse of water.
SHCP Tax Incentives Income tax regulations permit the accelerated depreciation of assetsused for the reuse of water.
Singapore
Taxation Water fees include a water conservation tax of 30% to 45% of the watertariff. The water conservation tax is waived for recycled water.
Water Pricing Recycled water may be used for non-potable purposes and the tariff islower than for potable water use.
Public UtilitiesBoard
www.pub.gov.sg/home/index.aspx
Water Efficiency Fund
www.pub.gov.sg/conservation/water_effciency_fund.aspx?l1=3&l2=32
Co-funds cost of recycled water use feasibility studies. Provides up to50% of capital cost of water recycling facilities. Also will fund a company
for every cubic meter of water saved up to a cap.
Spain
National Environmental taxdeductions
Environmental investments are entitled to a corporate tax deduction ofup to 10% on investments in fixed tangible assets used to protect theenvironment. Water reuse is not specifically mentioned but wouldappear to be consistent with the intent of the deduction.
National National HydrologicPlan
Allows and encourages water reuse. Establishes an urban watermanagement model which includes the use of recycled water for:
Irrigation of gardens, parks, and golf courses
Agricultural irrigationIndustrial vehicle washing and other industrial uses
National /AutonomousCommunities
“Getting the pricesright” – Water prices
The price of water has increased as a result of the new EU FrameworkDirective. Member States, such as Spain, are required to ensure that theprice charged to water consumers, for the abstraction and distributionof fresh water, and the collection and treatment of waste water, reflectsthe true costs.
Balearic Islands Water pricing Currently reviewing water pricing structure and may modify to penalizehigh volume consumers.
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Location Program Description
United States
Tucson, Arizona
www.tucsonaz.gov/water/index.htm
www.wateruse.org
Water pricingwww.tucsonaz.gov/water/rates.htm
Additional information
available on reclaimedwater, waterconservation, includinggrey water use.
Reclaimed water is cheaper than potable water.
Reclaimed water rate is recovers 73-85% of service costs with theremaining percentage paid by potable water users.Potable water fees increase as the volume used increases while
reclaimed water is a flat fee.Made to two school districts for capital costs associated with reclaimedwater. Funded installation of dual piping in a neighborhood which wasan early adaptor (not an ongoing program –an example of governmentfunding of pilot programs).
California StateWater ResourcesControl Board
Water RecyclingFunding Program
www.waterboards.ca.gov/recycling/fundingsources.html
Promotes the reuse of treated municipal wastewater by providingtechnical and financial assistance. Eligible projects must beeconomically feasible; result in a statewide public benefit; and achieverecycled water targets (state-wide goal of recycling is 1,000,000 acre-feet/year by 2010).
The current level of funding is about $59 million (from various state bondissues) for construction loans and grants, planning grants, andresearch. Of this total, $47.6 million is available for construction, $10million for planning, and $1.3 million for research.
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/recycling/fundingsources.html
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/recycling/docs/strategicplan2007.pdf
California StateWater ResourcesControl Board
Water RecyclingConstruction Program
www.waterboards.ca.gov/recycling/construction.html
Grants are provided for facilities planning studies to determine thefeasibility of using recycled water. The grant will cover 50 percent ofeligible costs up to $75,000. Only public agencies are eligible to receive afacilities planning grant.
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/recycling/docs/guidelines2004.pdf
MetropolitanWater District ofSouthern California
Local ResourcesProgram
See applicationguidelines(www.mwdh2o.com/mwdh2o/pages/business/BDE_LRPApplicationPackage.pdf )
The program provides a sliding-scale incentive, paying local wateragencies up to $250 for every acre-foot of water that is recycled,recovered, or returned to the groundwater supply.
MetropolitanWater District ofSouthern California
Water SavingsPerformance Program,Process Improvements
www.bewaterwise.com/rebates_industrial.html
(in collaboration withother Southern CAWater Agencies, seemap of memberagencies, including theMunicipal Water Districtof Orange County)
Provides financial assistance to public, commercial, industrial, andinstitutional entities for documented water savings that meet theminimum qualifying criteria. Qualifying process improvements includeinstallation of equipment to capture, treat, and reuse water that wouldotherwise be discharged to the sewer.
Based on the project cost and water savings, the program pays thelesser of:
$3.00/1,000 gal of actual water saved for a 1 year monitoring period;or100% of the project’s water-related process improvement costs.
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Location Program Description
San Jose andSanta Clara ValleyWater District,California
Water EfficientTechnologies Program(WET)
www.slowtheflow.com/whatswet.html
WET offers rebates of up to $50,000 (or 50% of the project cost,whichever is less) to commercial, industrial, and institutional businessesfor the implementation of process and equipment changes whichreduce the company’s wastewater discharge. Sample projects include:reclamation and reuse of rinse waters; and reuse of process water infume scrubbers.
Rebates are based on wastewater flow reduction. Eligible projects mustreduce wastewater flows to the sanitary sewer system by at least 100ccf (hundred cubic feet) per year. (1 ccf is equal to 748 gal.).
Los Angeles,CaliforniaDepartment ofWater and Power
Water pricing
www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp001149.pdf
Charges for recycled water service are set by contract. The City hasentered into contracts for delivery of recycled water in which the chargewas 80% of the charge for potable water.
Denver Water,Colorado
Commercial, Industrial& Institutional IncentiveProgram
www.denverwater.org/cons_xeriscape/
conservation/Commercial_IndustIncentivePrgm.html
Commercial and industrial water users may receive $4,500 (up to$40,000) per acre-foot of water saved over a one-year period resultingfrom the installation of new water-saving equipment or introduction ofwater reuse applications including process water reclamation systems.Projects must meet a minimum savings requirement of 300,000 gal/year
in order to qualify.
Denver Water,Colorado
Commercial, Industrial& Institutional Rebates
www.denverwater.org/cons_xeriscape/conservation/Commercial_IndustIncentivePrgm.html
The program offers various rebates for commercial customers includingthe Single-Pass Cooling Rebate of $450 for commercial customers usingsingle-pass or once-through cooling systems (e.g. air compressors, X-rayprocessing, or hydraulic equipment) that install a closed-loop systemthat recycles cooling water, or replaces single pass water cooledequipment with air-cooled options.
Florida
South Florida
WaterManagementDistrict
Alternative WaterSupply FundingProgram
Provides grants to cities, community development districts, and otherwater users of up to 40% of project construction costs for alternativewater supplies including reclaimed water. (All of Florida’s five watermanagement districts provide construction grants for waterreclamation activities.)
St Petersburg,Florida
www.cms.stpete.org
Reclaimed waterprogram
http://cms.stpete.org/default.asp?page=1528
Restrictions on wateruse:http://cms.stpete.org/default.asp?page=1426
Reclaimed water is available for agriculture and golf course irrigation aswell as residential lawn irrigation. Reclaimed water is not subject to thesame use restrictions as potable water during drought or the dry seasonwhen, the use of potable water for lawn irrigation is restricted to 1day/week while reclaimed water lawn irrigation is not restricted(residents are asked to limit watering to 3 days/week on a voluntarybasis). Jupiter, Collier County, and Cape Coral, Florida and San Antonio,Texas similarly all have less restrictive rules for reclaimed water.
Charges for potable water are per-gallon while reclaimed water is a flatfee based on the size of the property. (The City is looking to change this
due to overuse of reclaimed water.) San Antonio, Texas also charges lessfor recycled water.
Las Vegas,Nevada
Water WasteRegulations andManmade Lakes andManmade WaterFeatures Regulationswww.lvvwd.com/html/ws_waste_ordinances.html
May not use water from the public water district for coolingrefrigerators, ice plants, ice machines, cooling plants, air-conditioningmachines, engines, etc. However, the use of water for the above coolingpurposes is not prohibited if it is collected, recooled, and reused, and isnot permitted to flow into a sewer or cesspool or onto the ground.
Potable or shallow aquifer groundwater may not be used for thepurpose of filling or refilling a manmade lake; or a manmade decorativefeature, unless the water is recirculated.
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Location Program Description
New Jersey
www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/
Corporate Business Taxcredit concerning thereuse of treatedeffluent in industrialfacilities
www.njleg.state.nj.us/2000/Bills/PL01/321_.PDF
A one-time tax credit against the Corporate Business Tax for thepurchase of effluent treatment or conveyance equipment is availablefor industrial facilities (up to 50% of the cost).
Treatment equipment includes any equipment that is used exclusively totreat effluent from a primary wastewater treatment facility, for reuse inan industrial process. Conveyance equipment includes equipment usedto transport effluent to the facility in which the treatment equipment isinstalled, and also to transport the product of that further treatment tothe site of the reuse.
New Jersey Exemption from Salesand Use Tax forrecycling, effluenttreatment, andconveyance equipment
www.njleg.state.nj.us/2000/Bills/PL01/322_.PDF
Treatment or conveyance equipment that is purchased to allow reuse ofwastewater effluent from an industrial operation is exempt from theState’s Sales and Use Tax. The definitions of “treatment equipment” and“conveyance equipment” are the same as for the purposes of theCorporate Business Tax credit program above.
New Jersey The New JerseyEnvironmentalInfrastructure FinancingProgram
www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/mface.htm#finance
Revolving loan program which provides zero percent interest rate loansto local government units for up to half the allowable project costs anda market rate loan for the remaining allowable costs. Eligiblewastewater projects include facilities for the treatment and beneficialreuse of sewage and water treatment system sludge.
Note: generally, state revolving loan programs are severely underfundedand do not allow for expenditures on “green infrastructure.”
New York City,New York
Comprehensive WaterReuse Program, NewYork City Water BoardWater and WastewaterRate Schedule
http://nyc.gov/html/dep/html/ways_to_save_water/index.shtml
www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/waterrates.pdf
Residential, commercial, and mixed-use buildings with a ComprehensiveWater Reuse System (CWRS) are provided rate incentives. CWRSincludes both black water and grey water systems. The water rate for aCWRS building is $1.52/100 cubic feet vs. $2.02/100 cubic feet for otherbuildings.
Town of Cary,North Carolina
townofcary.org/depts/pwdept/reclaimhome.htm
Bulk Water Program
www.townofcary.org/depts/pio/bwindex.htm
Non-potable, reclaimed water is available at no charge to approvedcustomers who have completed a training course. Customers must takeat least 250 gallons and are responsible for hauling the waterthemselves.
Water rates are lower for reclaimed water and the town’s outdoorwatering restrictions do not apply to reclaimed water.
Texas Water-related
Exemptions from StateSales and Use Tax
http://secure.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=T&app=9&p_dir=N&p_rloc=19776&p_tloc=&p_ploc=1& pg=6&p
Equipment, services, or supplies used solely for water recycling and
reuse are exempt from sales and use tax.
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Location Program Description
Texas Property TaxExemptions RegardingCertain WaterConservation Initiatives
www.window.state.tx.us/taxinfo/proptax/
tc06/ch11b5.htm#11.32
Local governments may exempt from taxation part or all of theassessed value of property on which approved water conservationinitiatives have been implemented.
Austin, Texas Water Use Manage-ment Ordinance
http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/watercon/summer.htm
Water conservation regulations contained in the ordinance do not applyto reclaimed water.
Austin, Texas Water ConservationProgram, CommercialIncentive
www.ci.austin.tx.us/watercon/systemaudits.htm
The Commercial Incentive Program offers rebates up to $40,000 toindustrial, commercial, and institutional water users towards the cost ofinstalling new equipment and processes that conserve water at existingfacilities. The City also offers rebates for specific items such as efficientlandscape irrigation equipment.
Eligible projects include the reuse of high quality rinse water, and
combined process or storm water reuse for landscape irrigation.
San Antonio, Texas Large-Scale RetrofitRebate Program, SanAntonio Water System(SAWS)www.saws.org/conservation/commercial/retrofit.shtml
The program offers rebates of up to 50% of the cost of water-savingequipment rebates to commercial, industrial, and institutional waterusers for implementing water saving processes or installing watersaving equipment. The amount of the rebate is determined by watersavings, the life of the equipment and the installed cost.
Eligible equipment include process water reclamation systems and airconditioning condensate capture and reuse.
Mandates and Regulation
Australia
All States Water Restrictions Water restrictions are currently in place in all major cities of Australia inresponse to the severe drought. There are different stages, starting atStage 1, for the least restrictive, going up to as far as Stage 8. Waterinspectors patrol streets in several cities, and impose fines or turn offwater systems. Compliance with these restrictions has forcedAustralians to adopt innovative water recycling and reuse actions.
States (Victoria/Queensland/NSW/Western Australia)& Commonwealth(Murray-DarlingBasin)
Water Trading In many parts of Australia, rural water use is managed through wateraccess entitlements and water allocations. A water access entitlement,such as a water license, refers to an ongoing entitlement to exclusivelyaccess a share of water. A water allocation refers to the specific volumeof water that is allocated to water access entitlements in a given season.
Water trading is the process of buying, selling, leasing, or otherwiseexchanging water access entitlements (permanent trade) or waterallocations (temporary trade). Australian water markets are stilldeveloping and have, so far, been dominated by temporary transfers,partly owing to the lack of secure water entitlements.
Reference materials: The Department of the Prime Minister and CabinetNational Water Initiative Water Trading Study, June 2006, providesdetailed information on water trading in Australia.www.environment.gov.au/water/publications/action/pubs/nwi-wts-full-report.pdf Further information on the State schemes can be found atwww.agriculture.gov.au/browse/resources/water/trading .
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Location Program Description
New South Wales BASIX – BuildingSustainability Indexwww.basix.nsw.gov.au/information/index.jsp
www.build.qld.gov.au/smart_housing/news/updates/2004/aug/page6.asp
www.basix.nsw.gov.au/information/whats_new.jsp
The Building Sustainability Index encourages recycling water, rainwatertanks, and water conservation to improve the water efficiency of all newhomes by 40 per cent better than existing housing stock. Since July2004, the BASIX assessment has become a mandatory part of thedevelopment approval process for new housing in New South Wales.The Index started in Sydney in 2004 and then was rolled out to the rest
of New South Wales.www.sydneywater.com.au/SavingWater/RecyclingandReuse/RecyclingAndReuseInAction/FutureProjects.cfm
New South Wales Recycled waterinitiatives in newsuburbs
State Governments are increasingly requiring “new” suburbs to adoptdual reticulation systems. For example:
Western Sydney Recycled Water InitiativeRouse Hill Recycled Water AreaHoxton Park Recycled Water Scheme
Victoria Environment and
Resources EfficiencyPlan
See Education and Outreach
Western Australia 5 Star Plus buildinginitiativewww.5starplus.wa.gov.au/
The 5 Star Plus building initiative seeks to mandate water efficiencymeasures on all new houses starting in 2008, including:
plumbing to toilets to allow for alternative water supply at a laterdateplumbing drainage to allow easy recycling of grey water at a laterdate for use on lawns and gardensan alternative water supply for appropriate non-potable use inhouses with high water demand
Western Australia Recycled water target Victoria is one of a number of States which has set a recycled watertarget – 92% reuse of treated waste water by 2011 and 100% beneficial
use of all recycled water supplies thereafter.Canada
Alberta Energy and Utilities Board has imposed water reuse obligations onproposed projects in the oil sands. 100% reuse obligation.
Victoria CapitalRegional District,British Columbia
BC Municipal SewageRegulation
Requires new and existing public buildings be retrofitted to operate twowater systems providing for reuse of grey water for toilets and certainother functions.
European Union For information regarding European Union regulations and directivesregarding:
Water Protection and Management:http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s15005.htm
Water Framework Directive:http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28002b.htm
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Page 17
Location Program Description
Germany
Hesse State water laws Public water supply systems must take measures to reduce potablewater consumption. The Hesse State Water Law requires operators ofpublic water supply systems to encourage the following measures:
Reduce supply systems water losses to an unavoidable minimum.Exploit process water and runoff rain water.
Direct high water demand businesses to use process and surfacewater.Encourage efficient use of water by appropriate structuring of pricing.Advise water users on measures to save water.
Public authorities may request the operators of supply systems reporton which measures they take to improve the efficient use of water.
Italy
Lombardy Region Rain water collection and storage systems are required for newbuildings and renovation of old buildings.
Mexico
CONAGUA National Water Lawand National WaterProgram.
CONAGUA is required to develop the incentives for the development ofthe infrastructure for the reuse of water.
Singapore
National Handbook onApplication for WaterSupply
www.redas.com/einformation/pu/handbook/pub/000515.htm
The Handbook serves as a single source for water supply matters,containing mandatory requirements and non-mandatoryrecommendations:
Water recovery systems for washing of vehicles at construction sitesand other premises where washing of vehicles are required;Setting up a water recycling system, where possible, to reclaimprocessed water for reuse in the production process and other non-potable purposes such as cooling, irrigation, etc.; and
Recycling facilities shall be incorporated into any bath which has acapacity, measured to the overflow level of the bath, exceeding 250liters.
Public UtilitiesRegulation
The regulations prohibit:
The installation of any cooling system which is of once-throughdesign;Any cooling system in which the cooling water is not recycled; orAny bath having a capacity, measured to the overflow level of thebath, exceeding 250 liters which does not incorporate recyclingfacilities or has a drain plug for direct discharge of water.
United States
California The Water Recycling
Act of 2006www.owue.water.ca.gov/recycle/laws/AB371-2006.pdf
The Act requires the State Dept. of General Services and Dept. of
Transportation to install piping appropriate for recycled water use in anyof their landscape irrigation projects if they are notified by a recycledwater producer that recycled water will be provided for those projectswithin 10 years.
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Location Program Description
California Water Recycling inLandscaping Act of2000
www.owue.water.ca.gov/recycle/laws/SB2095-2000.pdf
Requires any local or private entity that produces recycled water anddetermines that within 10 years it will provide recycled water within theboundaries of a local agency, to notify the local agency of that fact.Within 180 days of receipt of notification from a recycled waterproducer, the local agency shall adopt and enforce a recycled waterordinance.
The local ordinance shall at least
state at least that it is the policy of the local agency that recycledwater determined to be available shall be used for non-potable uses;
designate the areas that can or may use recycled water;establish general rules; andestablish, among others, that the use of the recycled water isdetermined to be available in new industrial, commercialsubdivisions located within the designated recycled water use areas.These provisions shall require a separate plumbing system to servenon-potable uses.
California Water Code
www.leginfo.ca.gov/
cgi-bin/calawquery?codesection=wat&codebody=&hits=20
www.owue.water.ca.gov/recycle/laws/laws.cfm
The use of potable domestic water for certain specific non-potable uses,including, but not limited to, golf courses, parks, industrial, and irrigation
uses, is a waste or an unreasonable use of the water, if recycled water isavailable which meets certain conditions. The state thus indirectlymandates the regional water boards to promulgate rules thatencourage or mandate the use of recycled water.
http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=wat&group=13001-14000&file=13550-13557
Santa Barbara,California
Water EfficientLandscape andReclaimed Water UseRegulations
www.santabarbaraca.gov/Documents/
Municipal_Code/03_Individual_Titles/SBMC_TITLE_14_Water_and_Sewers.pdf
The regulations declare that it is the policy of the City of Santa Barbarathat reclaimed water be used wherever it is available.
Pursuant to the State Water Code, the City of Santa Barbara requiresthat a person or public agency not use water suitable for potabledomestic use for the irrigation of greenbelt areas when reclaimed wateris available.
Florida Water Reuse Program,Department ofEnvironmentalProtection:
www.dep.state.fl.us/water/reuse/index.htm
www.dep.state.fl.us/water/reuse/
apprules.htm
State law requires water management districts to assess their waterresources and designate water resource caution areas where the watersupply is limited or will face critical shortages within the next 20 years.Recycled water is required for certain types of users such as golfcourses and farms unless they can show that using reclaimed water isnot feasible. Districts must provide funding for development ofalternative water supply systems. The State has established a WaterProtection and Sustainability trust Fund to help fund conservation and
reclamation projects.
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Location Program Description
Las Vegas ValleyWater District
Las Vegas Valley WaterDistrict Services Rules,2008
www.lvvwd.com/assets/pdf/serv_rules_fulldoc.pdf
(A member agency ofthe Southern NevadaWater Authority)
All large-scale turf and landscape irrigators (e.g. golf courses, landscapeareas) and appropriate non-residential users must use non-potablewater (recycled/reclaimed) when and where it is available.
Note: Recycled water is not generally available.
New Jersey Department ofEnvironmentalProtection, WaterSupply Allocation Ruleswww.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/NJAC7_19.pdf
www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/techmans/
reuseman.pdf
The permittee of a water supply allocation permit or temporarydewatering permit is required to investigate the feasibility of waterreuse if the diverted water is used for non-potable purposes.
New Jersey Agricultural,Aquacultural, andHorticultural
Water UsageCertification
www.nj.gov/dep/ watersupply/NJAC7_20A.pdf
The applicant for a water usage certification must demonstrate that thewater used is the lowest quality water that is appropriate for theintended use.
For non-edible agricultural, aquacultural, or horticultural products, andwhere feasible, the Department may require the use of reclaimed waterfor irrigation or other purposes.
San Antonio, Texas Water Conservationand Reuse Ordinance
www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid=11508&sid=43
The Ordinance creates the following mandates in connection with waterreuse:
Cooling towers not utilizing recycled water must operate a minimumof four cycles of concentration.Vehicle wash facilities using conveyorized, touchless and/or rolloverin-bay technology must reuse a minimum of 50% of water fromprevious vehicle rinses in subsequent washes.Golf courses, other than those utilizing recycled water for irrigation,must comply with residential irrigation requirements on areas otherthan tee boxes, fairways, and greens.
Gray water, treated wastewater, and water reuse are exempted fromsome provisions of the Drought Management Plan.