November 2021

Asian Development Bank Institute Three-Year Rolling Work Program, 2022–2024 and Budget for 2022 Distribution of this document is restricted until it has been approved by the Board of Directors. Following such approval, ADB will disclose the document to the public in accordance with ADB’s Access to Information Policy.

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank ADBI – Asian Development Bank Institute APAEA APEC

––

Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations BMGF – Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation CAREC – Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation CBT – capacity building and training CCAF COVID-19

– –

Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance coronavirus disease

CRB – crop residue burning DMC – developing member country ERCD – Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department ESG – environment, social, and governance fintech – financial technology GHG – greenhouse gas G20 – Group of Twenty HTHT – high-tech high touch HVP – high-value agricultural product ICRIER IMF IT

– ––

Indian Council for International Research International Monetary Fund information technology

KDI – Korea Development Institute OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PRC – People’s Republic of China SME – small and medium-sized enterprise SIDS – small island developing state SDG – Sustainable Development Goal T20 – Think 20 TTCSP – Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program US USPTO UN

– – –

United States United States Patent and Trade Office United Nations

NOTE

In this report, “$” refers to United States dollars.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Dean Tetsushi Sonobe, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) Deputy Dean Seungju Baek, ADBI Director Hiroshi Takami, Administration, Management, and Coordination (AMC), ADBI Team members David Hendrickson, Communications Specialist, AMC, ADBI Yohana Kho, Senior Administrative Officer, AMC, ADBI

Adam Majoe, Publications and Brand Consultant, ADBI Peter Morgan, Senior Consulting Economist, Vice Chair, Research, ADBI Shiro Oda, Senior Administrative Officer, AMC, ADBI Arlyn Orong, Senior Strategy and Policy Assistant, Strategy, Policy, and Partnerships Department, ADB Pitchaya Sirivunnabood, Capacity Building and Training Economist, ADBI

CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE’S VISION 1

III. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTION 1

IV. ROLLING WORK PROGRAM FOR 2022–2024 3

Research 3 Capacity Building and Training 10 Integrated Programming 16 Outreach and Knowledge Dissemination 16

V. STAFFING AND BUDGET FRAMEWORK 19

Staffing 19 Budget Framework 20 Capital Expenditure Budget 23

VI. RECOMMENDATION 23

APPENDIXES 1. Asian Development Bank Institute Activities in 2021 24 2. Asian Development Bank Institute Partners in 2021 50 3. Selected Capacity Building and Training Activities, 2022–2024 54 4. Asian Development Bank Institute Publications, November 2020–November 2021 62 5. Asian Development Bank Institute Financial Statement 74

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Pursuant to Article V(3)(a) of the Statute of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), this paper presents the 3-year rolling work program for 2022–2024 and the budget for 2022 of ADBI. 2. ADBI’s institutional strategic focus is aligned with Strategy 2030 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and related activities.1 Strategy 2030 is an important driver in the selection of ADBI activities during the 3-year rolling work program for 2022–2024.

II. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE’S VISION

3. ADBI’s vision is to be an innovative center of excellence for the creation and dissemination of timely, innovative, evidence-based knowledge to support policy design and implementation by developing and emerging economies, contributing to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific. The institute does this through the seamless integration of research, capacity building and training (CBT), and outreach focused on regional stakeholders. In the spirit of One ADB, ADBI also contributes to ADB’s overall mission and to the operational priorities of Strategy 2030. This vision will promote ADBI’s reputation as a leading regional and global think tank, as affirmed in January 2021, when ADBI was ranked as the world’s top government-affiliated think tank for a second consecutive year in the 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report published by the University of Pennsylvania.2 ADBI was also 24th in the report’s overall think tank ranking.

III. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTION

4. ADBI’s objectives are to identify effective development strategies and to improve the capacity for sound development among the agencies and organizations engaged in development work in ADB’s developing member countries (DMCs).3 ADBI seeks to further heighten its visibility and impact through high-quality knowledge products and services that offer timely and relevant insights and guidance for policy makers, experts, and other stakeholders. 5. To achieve ADBI’s objectives, the institute will pursue a strategic direction that leverages its nimbleness and flexibility as ADB’s think tank, addresses new challenges posed by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, and promotes sustainable and inclusive recovery. This direction consists of a policy-oriented and demand-driven approach, greater efforts to strengthen the quality and impact of the institute’s work, adaptive and targeted communications and outreach, a One ADB approach, robust international cooperation and global outreach, greater gender and geographic inclusion, and digitalization of ADBI operations, as described below. 6. ADBI will continue to prioritize important new and emerging policy issues and ideas for development, such as the policy implications of the COVID-19 pandemic and effective recovery measures. It will emphasize demand-driven policy research and CBT activities that address the evolving and increasingly knowledge-based development needs of countries in Asia and the Pacific, taking into account the varying stages of development across DMCs and incorporating inputs from DMC governments and other institutions.

1 ADB. 2019. Strategy 2030: Achieving a Prosperous, Inclusive, Resilient, and Sustainable Asia and the Pacific.

Manila. Appendix 1 lists 2020 ADBI activities in line with Strategy 2030 operational priorities. 2 J. McGann. 2021. 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report. TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Report. No.

18. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program. 3 ADBI. 2018. Article II. Statute of the ADB Institute. Tokyo.

2

7. The institute will continue to improve the quality and impact of its research outputs and CBT programs, in line with the ADBI results framework, through timely and innovative policy support and by continuing to strengthen its impartial peer-review process and feedback mechanisms. Following a review of the ADBI results framework in view of COVID-19 and other emerging challenges, ADBI began carrying out interviews with senior and mid-level policy makers and implementing a stakeholder survey in the fourth quarter of 2021 to capture the needs of DMCs and ensure proper alignment of ADBI activities with ADB country programming. In addition, an ADB–ADBI corporate perceptions survey was undertaken to augment the ADBI results framework. To maximize the value of its CBT activities, ADBI will continue to conduct regular post-event surveys and jointly organize CBT events with institutional partners. ADBI's Research Department will focus more on projects that gather primary data and will commission projects at an earlier stage through calls for research proposals and other initiatives. 8. ADBI will continue to build the profile and impact of its research, CBT activities, and brand as a leading regional and global think tank through adaptive and targeted communications and outreach measures for changing conditions. Such measures will take advantage of digital tools and opportunities to strengthen ADBI knowledge products and services and foster breakthrough development solutions and outcomes in DMCs. 9. Using a One ADB approach, ADBI will continue to (i) jointly conduct a large share of its research and CBT programs with counterparts from ADB headquarters and country offices; (ii) leverage its nimbleness, flexibility, and networks with universities and other think tanks to complement implementation of ADB Knowledge Management Action Plan (2021─2025) pillar 2 (improve processes and systems) with collaborative needs analysis and greater focus on ADB-ADBI projects such as calls for research proposals and database development, which might otherwise miss the right moment, and pillar 3 (strengthen relationships) via joint think tank network engagement; (iii) share knowledge products with ADB repositories and portals; and (iv) ensure that ADBI knowledge products and activities are relevant and responsive to DMCs.4 As part of this, ADBI will continue to reinforce its efforts to keep the ADB Board of Directors updated through Across the Board sessions showcasing its latest research outputs and CBT activities. 10. ADBI will build on its cooperation with the international community. This includes active and extensive collaboration with government ministries and agencies; think tanks; universities such as Cambridge University, Stanford University, and Yale University; international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the World Bank; and other external partners on research, CBT, and outreach activities.5 The institute will also continue to be a thought leader in regional and global forums to drive policies for addressing common challenges that impact DMCs and support the Strategy 2030 operational priorities. This includes advancing innovative policy solutions via Think 20 (T20)—the think tank engagement group of the Group of 20 (G20)—and the initiatives of the University of Pennsylvania Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program and the Global Solutions Initiative.6 11. ADBI remains guided by a strong commitment to inclusion, both in the workplace and in its activities and outreach. The institute’s progress toward a better gender balance of its staff and promotion of women’s empowerment projects reflect this commitment. ADBI will use its digital

4 Appendix 1, Table A1.4 lists key ADBI research and CBT events co-organized with ADB in 2021. 5 Appendix 2 lists ADBI partners in 2021. 6 The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program is undergoing institutional change; Appendix 1, section E details ADBI’s

engagement with key regional and global think tank and thought leadership forums in 2021.

3

capacity to further expand geographical coverage of participation in its research and CBT activities. It will make these activities more accessible to DMCs across Asia and the Pacific, enabling them to maximize use of ADBI's knowledge products and services. 12. ADBI will advance its digital transformation to allow for more efficient and effective internal administration and operations, external engagement, and sharing of ideas. The institute’s adoption of teleworking, webinars, and e-learning will continue to ensure safe, efficient, and productive working conditions, mitigating disruptions caused by COVID-19 and other potential shocks.

IV. ROLLING WORK PROGRAM FOR 2022–2024

13. The selection of research and CBT programs for 2022–2024 was guided by (i) the relevance of policy issues to the priority themes specified in Strategy 2030; (ii) the needs of DMCs, as gathered through the ADBI CBT survey; (iii) suggestions made by the ADB Budget Review Committee, Board of Directors, and Management; and high-ranking policy makers and think tank heads in Asia and the Pacific; (iv) advice provided by members of the ADBI Advisory Council; and (v) consultations with ADB knowledge and regional departments and relevant country offices to avoid duplication and foster knowledge partnerships.

Research 14. ADBI has set up quality-control mechanisms at each stage of its research. It will continue to strengthen collaboration with departments at ADB headquarters and investigate the potential to establish more formal institutional links and networks with selected knowledge partners based in DMCs. ADBI will continue to explore ways to carry out research projects efficiently and in a timely manner. 15. The major research projects planned for 2022–2024 are briefly described in paras. 16–38. The policy recommendations that emerge from this research will support inclusive and sustainable recovery and long-term growth in Asia and the Pacific. These policy recommendations will also promote private sector growth—for example, by removing impediments to business and improving the investment climate—thus providing more opportunities for the private sector to expand investment, employment, and output. In addition to the seven operational priorities of ADB’s Strategy 2030, the Research Department will continue its work in the priority area of COVID-19 pandemic impact and policies.

1. Major Research Projects

a. COVID-19 Pandemic Impact and Policies 16. COVID-19 and central banking in Asia and the Pacific. This research project will focus on improving the effectiveness of monetary policy in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Aspects of the research include: monetary policy transmission during the pandemic; monetary and fiscal policy coordination; exchange rate management during the pandemic; and financial supervision and macroprudential policy effectiveness. The associated conference and paper supervision will be done in collaboration with the Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association and result in a journal special issue.7

7 In addition to the project described in this subsection, ADBI will continue its surveys of COVID-19 impacts on micro,

4

17. Effective public debt management and fiscal sustainability in the post-COVID-19 era. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to sharp increases in government spending and government debt. The main components of this project are to (i) explore fiscal policy options that would minimize short-term and long-term debt vulnerability and maintain fiscal sustainability given higher public debts and interest rates, (ii) contribute to the formulation of effective strategies in both public debt management and fiscal sustainability from the perspective of developing economies in Asia and the Pacific, and (iii) share best practices on public debt management and fiscal sustainability among ADB member countries. Collaborators include ADB and the Korea Development Institute (KDI).

b. Addressing Remaining Poverty and Reducing Inequalities 18. Multidimensional poverty and indigenous groups in Asia. This research project will measure multidimensional poverty outcomes of selected indigenous groups in several Asian countries, and evaluate the impact of policies aimed at reducing multidimensional poverty of indigenous groups. The main components include developing and conducting individual and household surveys on selected indigenous groups; analyzing the multidimensional poverty outcomes of indigenous groups compared with nonindigenous groups and/or majority groups; and evaluating the impact of policies or interventions aimed at indigenous groups. Each component will be carried out with (i) gender-disaggregated data collection for gender analysis of multidimensional poverty and the impacts of policies or interventions; and (ii) recommendations focusing on the intersection of gender inequality and affiliation with indigenous groups. ADBI will collaborate with ADB and other think tanks in the region.

19. Evaluating the learning impacts of mother-tongue-based multilingual education in the Philippines. The mother-tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) program in the Philippines began in 2012. It was one of the most substantial reforms in the Philippine education system. This project will evaluate the impact of the MTB-MLE program on learning outcomes. The project will carry out a quasi-experimental impact evaluation of the program. ADBI plans to collaborate with the Philippine Institute for Development Studies. 20. Gig economy in India: Understanding the new world of work in the digital era. The nature of work is rapidly changing because of the advent of technology-induced digital labor platforms built mainly on a pool of on-demand workers. This is broadly defined as the gig economy, which is growing and evolving rapidly. This project will (i) document the work climate encompassing the terms of engagement within a given company from the perspective of workers’ rights, ease of employment, and retention, including aspects of gender equality and social inclusion (especially the participation of women, disadvantaged groups, and individuals with nonconforming gender identities); (ii) analyze the level and stability of earnings in the gig economy in relation to the formal and informal sectors in traditional parts of the economy; (iii) identify the push–pull factors for jobs in the gig economy, including safety considerations, grievance redress mechanisms, and opportunities for professional growth; (iv) analyze sectors that make use of the gig economy; and (v) analyze the gig economy’s downsides such as illegal activities profiting from it. ADBI will collaborate with Outlier Analytica Private Limited. 21. ADB–ADBI database for innovation and structural change. This project will develop a database with indicators of innovation and structural transformation, for ADB’s members, as well

small, and medium-sized enterprises; farmers; and households, which began in 2020 and are described in paras. 2–3 of Appendix 1.

5

as other countries. The project is rooted in a view of development as a transformative process, driven by multiple actors, including governments and other policy makers. The project is also rooted in the idea that development takes place in a global context, where the international movement of goods, services, and production factors (capital) plays an important role in creating opportunities for, or barriers against, development of the poorest economies. The main components are to (i) define, document, and create a set of indicators of global value chain performance, innovation-4th-industrial-revolution capabilities, and structural transformation, at the country and sector levels; and (ii) create a website for the dissemination of the database. ADBI will collaborate with ADB's Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department (ERCD).

c. Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality 22. Inclusive economic empowerment. This study will examine whether women benefit equally from economic growth in general—and economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis in particular—and identify policies and practices that ensure that economic growth and recovery are inclusive toward women. The main components are to (i) analyze to what extent economic growth benefits women; (ii) evaluate the impact of COVID-19 economic recovery policies on women’s economic outcomes; and (iii) evaluate the impact of women-focused economic policies and interventions. The study will examine women of diverse groups, including women from advantaged and disadvantaged groups. ADBI will collaborate with the Yale University Economic Growth Center.

d. Tackling Climate Change, Building Climate and Disaster Resilience,

and Enhancing Environmental Sustainability 23. Just transition to low carbon future: Phasing out coal. The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) collectively represent the agenda of just transition, particularly the goals of decent work for all (SDG 8), clean energy for all (SDG 7), climate protection (SDG 13), and poverty eradication (SDG 1). Many countries are already taking steps toward low carbon commitments. Achieving national climate objectives is a challenge as coal remains a fundamental source fuel for the energy sector. If mines and coal-fired power plants are closed, workers, and communities dependent on fossil fuels for livelihoods will not find alternative sources of income and revenue overnight. Many households in developing Asia rely on coal for heating and cooking. This project will study the impacts of the coal transition on economic development; opportunities for transitioning away from coal; clean heating and cooking; and financing the coal transition (e.g., green bonds and coal-to-green swap loan program). ADBI will collaborate with ADB, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the Southeast Asia Energy Transition Partnership. 24. Crop residue burning in India: Role of technology, incentives, and (risk) preferences. Widely practiced crop residue burning (CRB) is a primary source of seasonal pollution in India and other developing countries. Farmers have few incentives to pivot away from CRB, which is perceived as the cheapest and fastest method of clearing a field. The main components of this project are to (i) estimate the returns to happy seeder machinery on yield and examine the treatment effect heterogeneity by social value orientation; (ii) estimate the effect of incentives on CRB decisions; and (iii) examine the influence of heterogeneous preferences on the effectiveness of each intervention. ADBI will collaborate with Waseda University (Japan) and Delhi University. 25. Resilient compensation and restitution for post-disaster recovery in Asia and the Pacific. This project will evaluate the effectiveness of approaches to post-disaster recovery and

6

resilience in Asia and the Pacific and provide solutions for improving the adaptive mechanisms of households. The main components are to (i) explore the impact of disasters on the long-term well-being of affected individuals, including gender aspects; and (ii) identify solutions for reestablishing the socioeconomic and cultural life of people affected by disasters, especially the poor who are the most hard hit. The policy implications include developing policy recommendations on post-disaster reconstruction of physical infrastructure and long-term relief provision, and providing evidence on the effectiveness of post-disaster recovery measures. ADBI will collaborate with ADB, the University of Melbourne, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat. 26. Willingness to support green finance. Better designed green fundraising schemes could induce more people to financially support efforts to enhance environmental sustainability outside their home country. The project will include a survey of people in different age groups to assess their willingness to donate to green activities abroad. The major focus will be to (i) develop the survey; (ii) implement it in one or two developed ADB member economies and one or two DMCs; and (iii) examining the implications for green fundraising design, the design of green bonds attractive to investors; and (iv) examine official development assistance’s accountability to taxpayers. ADBI will collaborate with think tanks and universities in Asia and the Pacific. 27. Policy and infrastructure for managing water disaster risks. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015–2030; the SDGs; and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change all stress the importance of reducing disaster risk by monitoring and predicting water-related hazards.8 Each of these agreements also notes the importance of disaster preparedness in minimizing damage and promoting resilience. This project will (i) analyze water disasters and mitigation efforts in Asia, (ii) develop a flood forecasting system using big data and risk communication theories, and (iii) convene a policy dialogue with partner countries on the International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management’s Platform on Water Resilience and Disasters. ADBI will collaborate with ADB’s ERCD, the University of Tokyo’s International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management, and the United Nations High-Level Experts and Leaders Panel on Water and Disasters. Currently, ADBI is implementing a call for papers on resilient compensation and restitution for post-disaster recovery in Asia and the Pacific, in collaboration with the University of Melbourne and the ASEAN Secretariat. This call for papers considers work on understanding the effectiveness of post-disaster recovery and resettlement programs in Asia and the Pacific, particularly in relation to the long-term socioeconomic well-being of individuals. 28. Big data and hydrogen society: promotion of Asian hydrogen society with big data. Interest in hydrogen as a low-carbon alternative has been growing in Asia, but achieving a hydrogen society requires promoting the total integration of making, storing, and using hydrogen. As such, significant challenges remain in effectively simulating, predicting, optimizing, and promoting hydrogen society. With more than 50 billion connected devices globally collecting at least 2.3 zettabytes of data each year, there is an opportunity to promote hydrogen society as an example of a business model supported by the growth of data usage. In collaboration with Shibasaki-Lab of the University of Tokyo, this project will highlight the use of big data in the promotion and strategic development of hydrogen society. It will summarize comprehensive and high-dimensional information on big-data-based hydrogen society development and equip researchers, investors, operators, company administrators, and policy makers to comprehensively understand related infrastructure, technological, and investment issues.

8 United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 2020. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.

New York: United Nations.

7

e. Making Cities More Livable 29. Analyzing infrastructure impacts in Asia through big data: spillover and financing. Developing Asia will need to double its infrastructure investment to $1.7 trillion annually by 2030 to maintain growth momentum, eradicate poverty, and address climate change, according to ADB. Infrastructure development could provide an important boost to COVID-19 recovery among developing Asian economies, but will require financing solutions that address growing constraints on the availability of public funds for projects because of the pandemic. New funding sources are vital for tackling the region’s sustainable infrastructure investment gap and financing for climate mitigation and adaptation. Big-data-based evidence of infrastructure’s spillover effects and policy recommendations for optimizing these effects will be critical to mobilizing private investment in new infrastructure projects. The objective of this activity is to gather new evidence on the size of spillover effects in the short and medium terms. Three training workshops will be conducted, covering (i) statistical methods for identifying spillover impacts of infrastructure, (ii) spatial analysis using geographic information systems and satellite data, and (iii) analysis using big data. ADBI will collaborate with ADB, think tanks from ADB member countries, and the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Institute. 30. Policy and innovation for urban resilience. The availability of large-scale, high- resolution data in cities, sourced from mobile phones, social media, satellite imagery, and other tools, provides a new avenue to analyze environmental pollution and mobility, urban slums, and other social problems in cities. The main components of this project are to (i) analyze the impacts of smart mobility technologies (e.g., electric vehicles and ride-sharing services such as Uber) on city mobility and emissions; (ii) assess the economic value of infrastructure using high-resolution longitudinal commodity flow and establishment data in cities; (iii) conduct policy dialogue with government officials; and (iv) developing new policy insights for financing urban infrastructure and managing urban mobility and the environment. ADBI will collaborate with the Broadband India Forum, Keio University (Japan), the National University of Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, and Purdue University (United States). 31. Rethinking cities for resilience and growth in the post-COVID-19 world. COVID-19 is highlighting critical urban development issues such as a lack of basic medical facilities, limited governance capacity to ensure efficient use of resources, and limited settlement structures and public spaces to ensure social distance. Many cities have experienced lockdowns, public transport disruptions, and overburdened healthcare systems as COVID-19 infections have skyrocketed. This necessitates a paradigm shift in urban development and a rethinking of the role of cities in a post-COVID-19 world. This project will address post-pandemic urban planning, governance, and demographic and social dynamics to advance the well-being of city dwellers. The project will also develop tools for city planners and policy makers to make evidence-based, strategic decisions on urban development.

f. Promoting Rural Development and Food Security

32. Double burden of nutrition. Sedentary lifestyles and replacement of traditional diets with energy-dense diets are leading to overnutrition, which in turn leads to an increase in overweight, obesity, and nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases. A rapid shift to energy-dense diets in developing Asia is happening as many countries continue to experience high levels of undernutrition and are thus unprepared to face the burden of overnutrition. This is known as the double burden of malnutrition—i.e., the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition. This project will (i) examine the existing undernutrition problem and the dietary pattern changes that are lending to increasing overnutrition and an increase in overweight and obesity, and (ii) identify

8

the factors driving the double burden of malnutrition. ADBI will collaborate with a partner to be determined.

g. Strengthening Governance and Institutional Capacity 33. Big data for economic development. Governments across Asia and the Pacific have begun to introduce big data in public administration. In the PRC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has implemented a big data development program as part of the PRC’s Thirteenth Five-Year Plan.9 India is using big data collected through the country’s Aadhaar card, the world’s largest biometric identification system, to optimize direct cash transfers. Meanwhile, Indonesia is using big data analytics to optimize tax collection. This research project analyzes the potential to use big data in DMCs to evaluate infrastructure, small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) finance, health, education, and banking. The project will (i) identify potential applications of big data analytics in public administration, (ii) employ big data to conduct economic research, (iii) identify best practices as potential models for other countries, and (iv) identify potential areas for the further application of big data analytics. ADBI will collaborate with ADB’s ERCD, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, India’s National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, the Global Working Group on Big Data for Official Statistics, and the UN Global Pulse.

34. Getting competition policy working for development: The Philippines in Emerging Asia. External pressures to formulate competition law and create competition authorities may have led some Asian countries to appropriate the laws and procedures of the European Union and the United States (US). This leads to the possibility that the practice of competition law in emerging Asian economies is not ideally suited to facilitating economic development in those countries. In particular, competition policies should be designed to complement development policies in promoting the underlying sources of productivity growth: innovation, investment coordination, and specialization. This project will (i) analyze the nature, causes, and consequences of competition policy in Asia, including major ideas and paradigms that have influenced the adoption and adaption of competition policy in Asia; (ii) analyze how competition policy is shaping the development agenda; (iii) compare the laws and practices in the Philippines with those in other Asian countries; and (iv) investigate how competition policy contributes to sustained economic growth and development. ADBI will collaborate with ADB ERCD and the Philippine Competition Commission. 35. Improving the efficiency of social health insurance in Indonesia. This study will measure the operational efficiency of Indonesia’s social health insurance system and design, pilot, and evaluate solutions to make the system more efficient. The main components are to: (i) calculate the operational efficiency of Indonesia's social health insurance system using administrative data; (ii) simulate funding needs for various levels of operational efficiency; and (iii) design, pilot, and evaluate solutions to increase the operational efficiency of the system. ADBI will collaborate with ADB's Southeast Asia Department and ERCD, the Indonesian Ministry of Health, and BPJS-K (the operator of Indonesia’s social health insurance system). 36. Evaluating the impact of school financing reforms in Indonesia. In 2021, the Indonesian government changed its school financing method, from uniform per-student transfers to formula-based transfers incorporating school needs and local prices. This project will analyze whether the new formula improves school operations and eventually learning outcomes. The main component is a quasi-experimental evaluation of the Indonesian program. Indonesia and other

9 Central Committee of the Communist Party of the PRC. 2016. The 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social

Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press.

9

countries in Asia can use the evidence gathered to inform additional potential school financing reforms. ADBI will collaborate with Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, and the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab.

h. Fostering Regional Cooperation and Integration

37. Trade tensions, capital flows, and exchange rate management. Trade tensions between the US and the PRC have negatively affected the global macroeconomic outlook. This is related to the detrimental effects on output caused by market uncertainty, the trajectory of investment and other capital flows, and supply disruptions to global value chains. These developments have created policy challenges for economies affected by US–PRC trade tensions. This research project will investigate (i) the impacts of trade tariffs on economic growth, (ii) the implications for capital account liberalization and exchange rate management, and (iii) negative externalities associated with US–PRC trade tensions. ADBI will collaborate with Asian think tanks. 38. Collaboration with Indian Council for International Research on Group of Twenty–related studies. The Indian Council for International Research (ICRIER) is one of the top think tanks in India. In the run-up to India’s presidency of the G20 in 2023, ICRIER has received numerous requests from the Government of India to research G20-related issues. ICRIER approached ADBI to collaborate on projects to research these issues. Topics of interest include macroeconomic management, trade and investment, global cooperation, sustainable development, future of work, climate change, digitalization, taxation, health, migration, and remittances. ADBI will work with ICRIER to develop a program of projects over the two-and-a-half-year period leading through India’s G20 presidency. ICRIER and ADBI, supported by ADBI funding, will jointly manage these projects. The main components are to (i) produce high-quality research papers; policy briefs; edited volumes; opinion pieces; and stakeholder consultation and outreach initiatives, including conferences and seminars/webinars; and (ii) provide research inputs and policy support that may help future G20 presidencies establish priorities. The findings and discussions emanating from the research studies and outreach activities will help the Government of India lay out a roadmap for its G20 presidency. ADBI will collaborate with ICRIER.

2. Other Research Activities 39. Annual Conference. ADBI, in partnership with ADB, will continue to hold year-end conferences throughout the 3-year rolling work program (2022–2024) to share the results of selected major research activities with policy makers, the public, and the media. The theme of the 2021 ADBI Annual Conference on 1–3 December is climate change mitigation and green finance. ADBI will seek to raise the visibility and impact of the ADBI Annual Conference.

40. Visiting fellow program. This program brings talented postdoctoral scholars from ADB member economies to ADBI. Throughout the year, ADBI also engages visiting fellows from partner think tanks and universities in ADB member economies to participate in ADBI research activities.

41. Adjunct ADB Institute fellows. Working with ADB headquarters, ADBI continues to pilot a program to harness the research talents of ADB’s sector and thematic experts. International staff with advanced professional degrees will be competitively selected as nonresident fellows to work on topics of mutual interest to ADBI and its researchers. Fellows will complete research for their chosen topics and present it to ADBI for peer feedback and possible publication.

10

42. ADB Institute Featured Speaker Webinars. This series now invites internationally renowned scholars and experts as well as senior government officials to discuss development and policy issues of interest to DMCs. The discussions encourage debate among policy makers, researchers, academics, think tanks, and other audiences interested in the economic development challenges facing Asia and the Pacific.10 43. Other webinars. ADBI routinely hosts webinars led by scholars, visiting fellows, and ADBI staff. ADBI staff members also give outside presentations at virtual senior officials’ meetings, academic conferences, think tank seminars, university courses, book launches, and other events.

Capacity Building and Training

44. Objectives. ADBI capacity building and training (CBT) programs are committed to developing knowledge-sharing and learning platforms through which mid- and senior-level DMC officials help create a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific. CBT programs during 2022–2024 will: (i) enhance government officials’ awareness and understanding of the development policy issues and challenges facing DMCs, (ii) provide policy ideas, (iii) share effective practices and country experiences, (iv) identify and discuss policy options for COVID-19 recovery and post-pandemic adaptation, (v) provide forums for dialogue and knowledge-sharing, (vi) build consensus on priority issues, and (vii) create a strong network of DMC officials who have participated in CBT events. 45. Strategies. ADBI will design and deliver CBT programs based on the following strategies.

(i) Design demand-driven programs based on needs and topics. ADBI will consult with DMC governments, ADB departments, and program partners to select topics that address development challenges in the region, structured along the operational priorities of ADB’s Strategy 2030 (paras. 48─60), and taking into account COVID-19 recovery needs.

(ii) Targeted participant selection. Working through ADB country offices, ADBI will continue to ask governments to nominate officials to participate in CBT activities. Nominees should be directly involved in the relevant subject areas and be willing to share their new knowledge with colleagues. Also, to improve the planning and management skills of government officials, nominees will be selected from the senior management stream, where possible. ADBI will assess the compatibility of the nominees. ADBI encourages the nomination of qualified female professionals, In line with the Strategy 2030 Operational Plan for Priority 2: Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality, 2019–2024.11

(iii) Ensure greater regional coverage for capacity building and training events. To the greatest possible extent, CBT events are organized across Asia and the Pacific to ensure equitable geographic distribution, effective sharing of country practices and experiences, and consensus building on key policy issues in the region. ADBI will continue to strive to conduct balanced regional programming, both through virtual events and live events once they resume.

(iv) Identify and discuss policy options for COVID-19 recovery and adaptation.

10 Eight Nobel laureates have spoken at ADBI events: Lawrence R. Klein, Paul Krugman, A. Michael Spence, Joseph

E. Stiglitz, Oliver E. Williamson, Muhammad Yunus, James Mirrlees, and Robert F. Engle. Senior government officials who participated in ADBI Featured Speaker Webinars in 2021 included Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Governor Benjamin Diokno, Indonesia Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati, and New Zealand Infrastructure Commission Board Chair Alan Bollard.

11 ADB. 2019. Strategy 2030 Operational Plan for Priority 2: Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality. Manila.

11

The CBT department began its work related to the pandemic with a three-part webinar series on policy recommendations for government officials grappling with the development and expansion of social safety nets. It continued with webinars related to COVID-19 and the SDGs, digital economy, and climate change. Framed under ADB’s Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Recovery agenda, COVID-19 will continue to be a major focus of the CBT department's knowledge products and activities for the foreseeable future.

(v) Ensure effectiveness through innovative programs. The CBT department will strengthen its post-event, medium-term, and focus group surveys, and use the results to guide continued modification and improvement of its training methodologies, replacing ineffective activities with new and innovative programs and approaches. The CBT department will prioritize learning from its initial foray into online events in 2021–2022 and focus on optimizing webinars and virtual conferences by adding innovative features, such as networking and relationship building through small breakout rooms.

(vi) Strengthen synergy and collaboration with partners. CBT programs are carried out in collaboration with the ADBI Research Department and Administration, Management and Coordination Department; ADB headquarters; and ADB country offices to ensure that capacity building delivery is synchronized and relevant. Where feasible, CBT events are guided by ADBI research projects. ADBI’s CBT department collaborates with new and existing external partners, including think tanks, government ministries and agencies, universities, regional organizations such as the ASEAN Secretariat, and international organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The CBT department also continues to work closely with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to support sustainable and innovative water and sanitation solutions in ADB DMCs.

46. Delivery. From April 2020, all CBT events switched to virtual delivery because of COVID-19 travel restrictions. Although online events allow for more participants, at lower costs, relationship building is an important outcome of CBT events, so ADBI will resume in-person policy dialogues and training when international travel resumes.

(i) Policy dialogues. The CBT department organizes policy dialogues to provide high-level forums for senior government officials and stakeholders to discuss key policy challenges and share ideas on how best to address them.

(ii) Course-based training. Course-based training for mid-level policy makers develops participants’ knowledge of critical issues and helps them improve their capacity to design, execute, and assess policies while providing opportunities to exchange views and experiences.

(iii) Graduate courses with Japanese universities. The CBT department conducts graduate courses with Japanese universities to build knowledge of economies and financial markets in Asia and the Pacific among graduate students, particularly those from the public sector.

(iv) E-learning and e-training. The CBT department will expand e-learning and e-training courses through video-based training courses on the ADBI E-Learning site. E-learning courses will target government officials, academics, and stakeholders within the region and globally to promote knowledge-building and capacity development.

(v) Case studies. ADBI will support the developing and writing of case studies and teaching notes to capture tacit knowledge from projects implemented by the CBT

12

department. These will serve to inform course-based trainings or e-learning courses.

(vi) Publications. The CBT department will consolidate practical knowledge through publications such as ADBI policy briefs, books, and blogs to deepen the impact of CBT programs.

(vii) Online conference and webinars. The CBT department will continue to host virtual events, bringing global experts together with senior government officials, to reach a wider range of DMCs.

47. CBT programs will be structured around the Strategy 2030 operational priorities and related issues (paras. 48–60). They will also address and include select ADB projects. Major CBT programs and their details are listed in Appendix 3.

1. Addressing Remaining Poverty and Reducing Inequalities

48. Although countries in Asia and the Pacific have made tremendous progress in reducing income poverty, COVID-19 lockdown measures have jeopardized these gains. Both income and non-income dimensions of poverty have worsened during the pandemic because of job losses, interruption of wages and remittance flows, and other factors. ADBI will continue to address recovery issues related to the pandemic, such as social protection and safety nets, to counter the effects of future shocks on the most vulnerable. Also, as a result of the pandemic, there will be a more pronounced need for education and training, quality jobs, and healthcare. The CBT department will develop programs to assist governments in identifying and developing policy solutions for recovery, in line with the framework for poverty and inequality reduction in ADB’s Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Recovery agenda, such as strategies to promote the creative economy and support SMEs. The CBT department will also provide knowledge and support toward achieving the SDGs and inclusiveness in DMCs.

2. Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality 49. Providing equal access to economic opportunities for men and women is essential to ensuring a thriving and sustainable economy. Tackling gender inequality will require broad social engagement to improve women's economic opportunities and access to land, finance, and information and communication technology. CBT programs will promote women’s economic empowerment, gender equality in human development, and gender-responsive policies, in addition to strengthening women’s resilience to external shocks post-COVID-19. Recognizing the importance of gender equality in sustainable development, the CBT department will develop CBT programs that empower women by, for instance, increasing female participation in technical and vocational education and training.

3. Tackling Climate Change, Building Climate and Disaster Resilience, and Enhancing Environmental Sustainability

50. Environmental degradation, climate change, and natural hazards continue to challenge countries’ ability to pursue environmentally sustainable growth. Given the growing importance of regional cooperation in combating climate change and its impact, CBT programs will focus on improving DMCs’ capacity to implement policies and regulatory frameworks that mainstream environmental sustainability and green development, including nature-positive investment. Topics will include climate finance and innovative methods and fiscal policy instruments to increase private investment, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, build climate and disaster resilience,

13

promote environmental sustainability, integrate water management, and address the water–food–energy–security nexus.

51. Disaster financing and insurance are vital to enhancing disaster resilience in Asia and the Pacific. Because of the increasingly severe effects of natural disasters on economies in the region, efforts are intensifying to develop national and regional frameworks to mitigate associated risks and promote recovery. The CBT department, in collaboration with ADB and other research institutes, will work toward building knowledge-based capacity building programs for DMCs in this area. With oceans covering more than 70% of the world’s surface, the CBT department is designing CBT programs and products with a focus on oceans and the blue economy. The activities are also in line with ADB’s Action Plan for Healthy Oceans.12

4. Making Cities More Livable

52. Urban populations now comprise 55% of the world’s population and are projected to account for about 70% of the world’s population, or 6.4 billion people, by 2050, according to the UN. Urbanization is rapidly expanding in developing countries in Asia, giving rise to environmental and urban problems, including the spread of informal settlements. In countries such as India, rapid urbanization is putting a major strain on water and sanitation, waste management, and other infrastructure. It also compounds the challenges of aging populations in a growing number of Asian countries. CBT programs will concentrate on making cities more livable by addressing topics such as inclusive, integrated, and participatory urban planning; and integrated smart solutions and funding for livable cities, water and sanitation, solid waste management, quality infrastructure, pollution reduction, green urban space development, low-carbon urban development, and circular economies. To build capacity and achieve consensus on how to make cities more livable, the CBT department will strengthen its existing programs such as the Asia Smart City Conference. 53. Sanitation needs in the region have become more urgent because of rapid urbanization. More than 1.5 billion people in Asia and the Pacific still lack access to sanitation and about 80% of wastewater in the region is discharged untreated.13 From 2020 to 2023, under a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, ADBI is delivering leadership capacity development programs supported by case studies on city-wide inclusive sanitation targeting government decision makers, officials in the implementing agencies, and professional staff in international organizations. ADBI will also review and characterize accountability mechanisms for advancing city-wide inclusive sanitation in the context of utility-led services models and municipality-led service models. Furthermore, in partnership with the ADB Water and Urban Sector Groups, Central and West Asia Department, South Asia Department, and Southeast Asia Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency, and various knowledge partners, ADBI will develop leadership capacity development programs on city-wide inclusive sanitation, targeting government participants. Likewise, in the fourth quarter of 2021, ADBI, together with development partners, will organize a roundtable on citywide inclusive sanitation, country-specific policy dialogues with government officials, and a workshop with selected authors from a call for papers on sanitation and development (Journal of Development Economics) and a call for papers on water, sanitation, and hygiene technologies and governance in urban development (Environment and Planning B Journal).

12 ADB. 2019. Action Plan for Healthy Oceans: Investing in Sustainable Marine Economies for Poverty Alleviation in

Asia and the Pacific. Manila. 13 United Nations and United Nations Children’s Fund. 2019. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and

Hygiene 2000–2017: Special Focus on Inequalities. New York.

14

54. There is increasing demand in developing Asia for knowledge about transport infrastructure and the impact of transport projects on the economy, environment, society, and quality of life. DMCs require innovative policy instruments to attract private sector investment and enhance quality of life in areas along large-scale transport infrastructure projects, such as metro systems and high-speed rail. In March 2020, ADBI held a virtual conference on transport and quality of life, together with Chubu University (Japan). In May to July 2020, ADBI, together with the World Conference on Transport Research Society, Chubu University, and Purdue University, held webinars on the impact of transport and non-pharmaceutical interventions on the spread COVID-19 and completed a workshop to discuss papers. ADBI will compile selected papers in a special issue in an open access journal. ADBI will continue to arrange related CBT and research programs, working with researchers from leading global universities and think tanks.

5. Promoting Rural Development and Food Security 55. Although countries in Asia and the Pacific have made remarkable progress in strengthening food security over the past quarter century, such progress is not keeping pace with the region’s rapid population increase, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Feeding growing DMC populations remains a serious challenge, exacerbated by food production disruptions caused by declining rural populations, significant post-harvest losses, unsustainable use of land and natural resources, and climate change. Reform of the food supply system and rural development paradigm are critical to addressing the future of food security in the region. A shrinking agricultural workforce necessitates greater use of technology. Better post-harvest facilities, rural roads, market infrastructure, and agricultural logistics centers are required to integrate more producers and agribusinesses into national, regional, and global food systems. CBT programs will focus on agricultural market connectivity, value chain links, productivity, and food security and safety. The CBT department will organize capacity building programs such as a workshop on food security and sustainable agriculture.

6. Strengthening Governance and Institutional Capacity 56. Good governance and effective public management are essential to enhancing development outcomes. DMCs face challenges in designing sound policies amid changing climate, economic, and population landscapes. To adapt, DMCs must improve their capacity to organize and mobilize resources and strengthen government and related institutions. The CBT department is committed to strengthening the governance and institutional capacity of DMCs by addressing public management reform, financial sustainability, domestic resource mobilization, service delivery, capacity, and standardization. It will continue to organize annual events with partner organizations, such as the Tokyo Roundtable on Capital Market and Financial Reform with the OECD; and an annual regional policy dialogue on macroeconomic and structural policies with ADB, the OECD, and the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. For domestic resource mobilization, the CBT department collaborated with academia and several international organizations, including the OECD and ADB, to organize a policy dialogue and an interactive training workshop on taxation and digitalization. In response to COVID-19's impact on sovereign debt, the CBT department collaborated with IMF, the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, KDI, and ADB to organize a conference for effective public debt management post-COVID-19.

7. Fostering Regional Cooperation and Integration 57. ADBI helps DMCs reap the benefits, mitigate the risks, and maximize the opportunities resulting from globalization by promoting regional cooperation and integration. Initiatives are

15

typically driven by investments in regional infrastructure, which also provide a platform for cooperation across ADB member economies in areas of mutual interest. Regional cooperation and integration fosters rapid and sustained growth, reduces poverty, and builds resilient institutions by promoting greater trade, investment, and financial links among DMCs, which in turn creates opportunities for mutual, broad-based, and inclusive growth. ADBI, the OECD, and the International Labour Organization jointly organize the annual Roundtable on Labor Migration in Asia to improve management of labor movement in the region. The CBT department will concentrate on enhancing connectivity and competitiveness, promoting regional public goods, increasing cooperation in the finance sector, and strengthening subregional initiatives. A major CBT program will comprise a workshop series on economic corridor development for a competitive and inclusive Asia. To enhance regional cooperation and integration within Central Asia, the CBT department will also continue to collaborate with the CAREC Institute through policy dialogues and webinars, as well as policy briefs, journals, and books.

8. Harnessing Digital Technology to Accelerate Capacity of Developing Member Country Policy Makers and Promote Global Consensus

58. Digital technologies can play a vital role in improving ADBI’s CBT programs, helping the institute reach a broader audience and raise cost efficiency. The ADBI E-Learning platform (https://elearning-adbi.org) harnesses these benefits. ADBI E-Learning delivers two types of courses: (i) an online lecture series with short video lectures for the public; and (ii) policy maker e-training, comprising a semester-type course with a syllabus tailored for a targeted audience of officials. 59. ADBI also collaborates with partners to conduct online CBT programs. Together with Cambridge University’s Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance and the Cambridge Judge Business School Executive Education Limited, ADBI has launched the ADBI–Cambridge University Online Course on Fintech and Regulatory Innovation. The first phase was organized from October 2019 to December 2020, joined by 80 DMC officials sponsored by ADBI. ADBI has continued to collaborate with Cambridge University since 4 November 2020 under the Cambridge Alternative Finance Collaboration Network Asia Pacific. Under this arrangement, ADBI finances DMC officials to enroll in the ADBI–Cambridge University Online Course on Fintech and Regulatory Innovation and has supported the development of Asia and the Pacific FinTech Entity Datasets, the Global FinTech Market Benchmarking Dataset, the Global FinTech Market Benchmarking Dataset, and an SME fintech survey.

9. Nurturing Young Scholars and Policy Makers from Developing Member Countries

60. ADBI CBT experts will continue to teach graduate-level courses on economic development and integration in Asia as part of the Asian Public Policy Program at Hitotsubashi University and the Graduate School of Public Policy at the University of Tokyo. They will also continue to participate in the ADBI–Keio Executive Training in Economics program. Meanwhile, the CBT department will invite mid-level government officials from DMCs and private sector representatives to participate in lectures, discussions, and site visits designed to build understanding and capability in thematic economic areas. ADBI will also continue to occasionally host interns and trainees of diverse nationalities from local universities.

16

Integrated Programming

1. Collaboration with ADB

61. ADBI will continue to conduct many of its major research projects and some of its CBT programs jointly with ADB departments. ADBI will increase collaboration with ADB departments in organizing important events such as the ADBI Annual Conference, ADBI workshops during the ADB Annual Meeting, and research webinars. Several project themes are relevant across DMCs, including the policy implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, the gig economy, competition policy, big data, the circular economy, social safety nets, and gender equity. ADBI will also support flagship events organized by ADB departments such as the Asia Clean Energy Forum, the Asia-Pacific Youth Symposium, the Asia Finance Forum, the Asia Water Forum, the Knowledge Forum, Social Protection Week, the Transport Forum, and the Oceans Technology Forum. Additionally, ADBI is working with ADB on other key initiatives such as the development of an innovation and structural transformation database, a book project on informal services with the ADB Knowledge Management Department, and enhancing the ADB–ADBI journal Asian Development Review. 62. To strengthen ADBI’s collaboration with ADB departments and capitalize on the expertise and experience of its professionals, ADBI will circulate information about its projects to the relevant knowledge departments and operations divisions at ADB headquarters, and will continue to involve more ADB professionals in research and CBT projects. ADBI will communicate activity details to ADB departments in a timely fashion. Such details might include the name of the task manager, the project budget, the expected time frame, terms of reference, and the DMCs to be included in a given study. 63. ADBI Management has appointed a formal contact point to improve communication with ADB departments. ADBI staff also collaborate with ADB sector and thematic groups and will support ADB and its country offices in developing their Country Knowledge Plans, when and as requested. ADB and ADBI will further deepen these links.

2. Collaboration with Other Organizations 64. Consistent with ADB partnership development efforts, ADBI will continue to scale up its cooperation with key institutions such as the IMF, the OECD, the World Bank, and the WTO, as well as regional and global think tanks and universities, to improve the quality of its research and capacity building initiatives and increase ADBI’s visibility. ADBI will also continue to establish formal and informal relationships with national government agencies. A list of ADBI partners in 2020 is in Appendix 2.

3. Internship Programs 65. As part of its contribution to the advancement of future leaders from the region, ADBI will continue to offer several internships each year to graduate students studying at universities in Japan. An ADBI professional staff will mentor the interns, who are nationals of ADB member countries, including many from DMCs.

Outreach and Knowledge Dissemination

66. To enhance the profile and impact of ADBI’s research, CBT, and brand as a leading

17

regional and global think tank amid COVID-19 and fast-changing conditions, the ADBI communications team will focus on strengthening the production, delivery, and promotion of targeted, high-quality ADBI knowledge products and services, based on its communications and outreach strategy and implementation priorities (paras. 67–80).

1. Digital Presence 67. In coordination with the ADBI research and CBT departments, the communications team will expand efforts to build the institute’s digital presence, prioritizing virtual outreach events, e-learning, social media, and other online outreach. It will expand the reach, increase stakeholder audience, and improve the performance of these deliverables. Measurement of performance will be based on indicators such as user data, registration counts, and knowledge product consumption, as well as qualitative feedback.

2. Content Development 68. The ADBI communications team will continue to work closely with the research and CBT departments to produce timely and impactful publications, as well as e-learning courses and programs anchored by the ADBI E-Learning website. The emphasis will be on working with ADBI task managers to tailor knowledge products for key audiences, such as policy makers and scholars. Examples include the introduction of calls for policy papers that will feed the production of CBT reports oriented toward policy makers. 69. The ADBI communications team will also continue to boost the institute’s news and information flows to increase stakeholder awareness, consumption, and recognition of its research and CBT programs and expertise. 70. The ADBI communications team will prioritize news releases, blurbs, and monthly newsletters highlighting ADBI activities; virtual outreach events; engaging social media output that integrates video-based message delivery and data-oriented infographics; podcasts on ADBI's work and thematic areas of focus; regular blogs by high-profile external contributors and ADBI book and report authors; and improved ADBI website design, content, and user experience.

3. Production Quality

71. ADBI will continue to advance high-quality and impactful knowledge products. An important part of this effort is the newly launched ADBI Series on Asian and Pacific Sustainable Development and editorial panel, which will further raise the editorial and scholarly standards, authorship, and reputation of ADBI Press books. ADBI will also continue to use the ADBI Publications Committee and external peer reviews to strengthen the institute’s book and report pipeline, as well as circulate calls for papers, calls for policy papers, and calls for research proposals using reputable research network services to help procure strong original submissions. 72. Building on the success of the ADBI E-Learning platform, the ADBI communications team will work with the CBT department to enhance the development and overall quality of ADBI E-Learning courses and programs through the use of remote video lecture shooting technologies, continued formatting improvements, expanded automated user feedback mechanisms, and robust evaluation of performance data. 73. ADBI will also continue to improve tracking and impact analyses of its news and information flows; media and social media engagement; and use of video, podcasts, and

18

multimedia generally, making adjustments as necessary to ensure that production and content delivery continues to advance the institute’s strategic communications and outreach objectives.

4. Enhance Delivery Channels 74. The ADBI communications team will continue to improve the design, content management, reach, audience engagement, and interconnectivity of ADBI’s corporate website, adbi.org; the ADBI E-Learning site; the ADBI-led Think-Asia economic knowledge product repository for regional think tanks, think-asia.org; and ADBI social media accounts. The team will also seek to build interconnectivity with ADB communications platforms and partner channels. 75. ADBI will explore the development of a new mobile-compatible think tank network portal that can promote sharing of knowledge products and information and facilitate interaction among think tanks and experts in Asia and the Pacific, supported by robust search functionality.

5. Branding and Promotion 76. The ADBI communications team will continue efforts to enhance the institute’s visibility and brand perception, in coordination with the ADBI Research and CBT departments, through greater media and social media engagement, promotion of ADBI Press books under the ADBI Series on Asian and Pacific Sustainable Development, strengthening of the ADBI E-Learning brand, promotion of the ADBI Featured Speaker Webinars (para. 42), and virtual ADBI book and report launches. 77. A parallel focus will be on coordinating with the research and CBT departments to amplify the visibility and impact of key public events such as the ADBI Annual Conference and other flagship ADBI conferences, seminars, and policy dialogues. The ADBI communications team will also support the development and promotion of activities with high-level institutional partners, such as the Yale University Economic Growth Center and the Evidence for Policy Design program at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government.

6. Collaboration with ADB Headquarters and Country Offices 78. The ADBI communications team will continue to build engagement with ADB headquarters and country offices to strengthen internal communications and coordination in the spirit of One ADB and advance Strategy 2030 operational priorities. Emphasis will be on posting regular ADBI news and information on the internal ADB portal, One ADB Today; coproducing books and reports; sharing event information, blogs, and podcasts on the Development Asia, ADB Development Blog, and/or ADB Knowledge Events platforms; supporting the development of the ADB–ADBI Innovation and Structural Transformation Database; and submitting ADBI content for the ADB Annual Report. 79. At the same time, the institute will work closely with its ADB counterparts to elevate ADBI’s outreach during ADB annual meetings, thematic weeks, and other key ADB events, building on the strong joint coverage of ADBI’s workshop held as part of the 54th ADB Annual Meeting in 2021. ADBI will seek other opportunities to codevelop outreach, spotlighting joint ADBI–ADB research and CBT initiatives.

7. External Partnerships 80. To promote ADBI’s role as a leading global and regional think tank and boost the reach

19

of its research and CBT knowledge products and services, the institute will explore avenues to establish and deepen communication and outreach partnerships with regional and global institutions and forums. In particular, ADBI will promote its engagement with, and support for, Indonesia’s hosting of the T20 in 2022 and in the lead up to India’s T20 hosting in 2023, as part of their G20 presidencies during those years; its expanded participation in the Think Tank and Civil Societies Program; its participation in Global Solutions Initiative activities; and its partnerships with key think tanks and universities across Asia and the Pacific and globally.

V. STAFFING AND BUDGET FRAMEWORK

Staffing

81. As of 15 September 2021, ADBI had 66 personnel: the dean, 14 professional staff, 11 consultants, 14 research and CBT associates, 2 visiting fellows, 3 support staff, 19 temporary staff, and 2 information technology (IT) helpdesk staff. Among them, 43 personnel in core categories (dean, professional staff, consultants, and research/CBT associates) represented 17 nationalities, including 21 female staff, who accounted for 50% of these core personnel. Table 1 details the geographical and gender diversity of the staff composition.

Table 1: Geographical and Gender Representation

Asian Development Bank Institute Staff

Nationality Total Staff Female Staff

Australia

1

Bhutan 1

Canada

1 1

Cambodia 1 1

China, People’s Republic of 2 1

India 5 1

Indonesia 4 2

Ireland 1

Japan 9 6

Kazakhstan 1 1

Korea, Republic of 4 1

Philippines 3 2

Singapore 2 2

Thailand 1 1

United Kingdom 1

United States 3

Viet Nam 3 2 Total 43 21

Note: This table includes the dean, professional staff, consultants, and research/CBT associates only, as of 15 September 2021.

Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

20

Budget Framework

1. Resources 82. ADBI has been receiving an annual contribution of about ¥1.34 billion from the Government of Japan (Table 2), except in 2019 when Japan was the G20 host and ADBI received additional funds for activities related to T20. The Government of the Republic of Korea has been contributing $1,750,000 annually to the ADBI Special Fund since 2018, and this is expected to continue during 2022–2023.14 83. ADBI successfully delivered outputs under its partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on leadership capacity development on non-sewered sanitation and fecal sludge management, with a grant of $967,890 for 2020–2023. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided a supplemental grant of $108,000 for 2021–2022. In addition, ADBI entered into another ¥30 million cost reimbursement agreement with Japan Railway Technical Service in April 2021 for ADBI’s services as part of a continuing project to build the capacity of policy makers in the transport sector in Asia. 84. ADBI’s funding target from government contributions and other sources for 2022 is about $15,087,000 under certain assumptions.15 To consolidate ADBI’s financial strength and broaden its financial base, ADBI will continue to seek further voluntary contributions from ADB members and financial contribution and/or cost recovery from other potential partners.

Table 2: Resources from Governments

($’000)

Contributor

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Japan 12,332 11,183 12,167 13,491 12,385 12,394 12,219a

Republic of Korea 700 1,000 1,750 2,142b 1,957b 2,060b 2,060b

People’s Republic of China

Indonesia

500

500 500

600

500

a Preliminary. b Including sponsorship of costs for a secondee.

Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

2. Budget

85. ADBI’s expenditure in 2021 is estimated to be smaller than in the approved budget, largely because of the continuation of COVID-19-related travel restrictions, which prevented physical events from resuming. When ADBI's budget was prepared, it was expected that physical events would resume in the second half of 2021. ADBI ultimately hosted all activities online at considerably less cost. Unused funds in the budget are reserved in the ADBI Special Fund for future use. 86. The ADBI budget proposed for 2022 is $16,217,000, a slight decrease compared with the 2021 budget (Table 3). The allocation for the program expenses budget in 2022 ($5,794,000) was

14 Subject to approval of the budget by the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea in December 2021. 15 ADBI aims to raise voluntary contributions totaling $14,279,000 from ADB members under the exchange rate

assumption of $1.00 = ¥110. Other revenues are expected to reach about $808,000.

21

increased by 5% to support greater project development as ADBI recently recruited three research fellows, one in late 2020 and two in 2021. ADBI maintains its capacity building and training budget as it anticipates the return of physical or hybrid events in 2022, upon the re-opening of international borders. The allocation for the internal administrative expenses budget ($9,651,000) is about 4% lower than the 2021 allocation, reflecting continued but lesser spending on IT-related equipment and communication services to support online programs and activities. About 5% of the budget is set aside as general contingency to provide for unforeseen expenditure, including the possible impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on the overall budget in US dollar terms. Excluding the general contingency, the total budget for 2022 is $15,445,000. Any gap between actual expenses and resources will be adjusted by changes in ADBI’s reserves (Appendix 5).

Table 3: 2022 Budget ($’000)

2020 2021 2022

Item Actual (A)

Budget (B)

Estimate (C)

Budget (D)

(%) (D/B)

(%) (D/C)

A. Program expenses

Research 1,874 2,732 2,418 3,022 10 25 Capacity building and training 1,248 2,772 1,269 2,772 0 118

Subtotal (A) 3,122 5,504 3,687 5,794 5 57 B. Internal administrative expenses

Advisory council 46 100 45 100 0 122 Staff costs 4,504 5,282 5,489 5,653 7 3 Business travel 72 450 10 300 (33) 2,900 Representation 0 3 1 3 0 200 Administrative expenses 3,366 4,238 3,386 3,595 (15) 6

Office occupancy 2,830 2,874 2,830 2,874 0 2 Depreciation 9 10 9 70 600 678 Office equipment 399 987 375 434 (56) 16 Contractual services 54 150 85 100 (33) 18 Library 4 20 8 15 (25) 88 Communication 41 150 53 60 (60) 13 Office supplies 7 20 9 15 (25) 67 Fire insurance 3 5 4 5 0 25 Bank charges 18 22 13 22 0 69

Subtotal (B) 7,987 10,073 8,931 9,651 (4) 8 C. General contingency 1,000 772 (23) Total (A+B+C) 11,110 16,577 12,618 16,217 (2) 29 Total excluding general contingency (A+B)

15,577

15,445

(1)

( ) = negative. Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

a. Program Expenses Budget

87. The program expenses budget of $5,794,000 for 2022 comprises $3,022,000 for the Research Department and $2,772,000 for the CBT department. Program expenses may also be used for suitable projects implemented by the Administration, Management and Coordination Department. The proposed 2022 program budget will enable ADBI to (i) continue ongoing projects and initiate new projects; (ii) organize conferences, events, and policy dialogues; (iii) conduct a

22

variety of CBT activities; (iv) expand e-learning and online courses for officials and stakeholders; and (v) advance partner network development and disseminate knowledge products through various types of channels and outreach. ADBI will try to minimize expenses by, for example, ensuring that similar events are held together, sharing costs with cohosts and partners, and using online platforms where appropriate.

b. Internal Administrative Expenses Budget

88. The internal administrative expenses budget proposed for 2022 is $9,651,000, a decrease of 4% from 2021. 89. Advisory Council. The budget for the Advisory Council is mainly for travel expenditures of council members for two meetings: one at ADBI in the spring and one at ADB headquarters in the fall. 90. Staff costs. Staff costs comprise the salaries and benefits of staff. The budget for 2022 is 3% higher than the 2021 estimates because of the addition of a new professional staff member toward the end of 2021. ADBI will continue to maintain cost-effectiveness in its personnel management. ADBI’s professional staff costs are aligned with ADB’s standards for international staff. 91. Business travel. The business travel budget comprises the business travel expenditures of the staff. The 2022 budget is reduced by 33% compared with the budget for 2021, taking into account COVID-19-related uncertainties in travel and travel costs. 92. Administrative expenses. These include the following:

(i) Office occupancy. The office rent in Japanese yen for 2022 is the same as in 2021 in the current contract.

(ii) Depreciation. ADBI depreciates the cost of past capital expenditure items such as its accounting system and equipment for IT integration with ADB headquarters. The additional depreciation cost is related to the refurbishment of old carpets and other furnishings and upgrading of IT and communication systems.

(iii) Office equipment. Office equipment expenses are mainly for IT services, including IT helpdesk support, maintaining the network and telephone systems, and preparing IT equipment for conferences and workshops at ADBI.

(iv) Contractual services. Contractual services include external auditor fees and social security and legal services.

(v) Library. The library budget includes the cost of books, periodicals, and other publications and databases, including those with online subscriptions, needed for research, CBT, and outreach activities.

(vi) Communication. The communication budget includes the costs for ADBI’s internet and telephone communications.

93. The total program-related internal administrative expenses, such as staff costs and business travel related to programs, amount to $6,056,000 ($2,135,000 for the Research Department; $2,086,000 for the CBT department; and $1,835,000 for the Administration, Management and Coordination Department), or 37% of the overall budget. Including these expenses, the total program-related expenses is $11,850,000, or 73% of the total budget (Table 4).

23

Table 4: 2022 Budget by Program ($’000)

Item Research CBT AMC Total %

A. Program Expenses 3,022 2,772 0 5,794 36

B. Program-Related IAE

Staff cost 1,994 1,945 1,714 5,653

Business travel, representation,

and advisory council

141 141 121 403

Subtotal (B) 2,135 2,086 1,835 6,056 37

Subtotal (A + B) 5,157 4,858 1,835 11,850 73

C. Administrative Expenses 3,595 22

D. General Contingency 772 5

Total (A+B+C+D) 16,217 100 AMC = Administration, Management and Coordination Department; CBT = Capacity Building and Training department; IAE = internal administrative expenses. Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

c. General Contingency 94. General contingency. About 5% of the budget is set aside as general contingency to provide for unforeseen expenditure, including the possible impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on the overall budget in US dollar terms.

Capital Expenditure Budget 95. In anticipation of the resumption of physical meeting and events, ADBI plans to improve its office and conference facilities by replacing old carpets and furnishings, and upgrading its IT and communication systems (Table 5). The refurbishment work will be carried out in early 2022.

Table 5: 2022 Capital Expenditure Budget ($’000)

2020 2021 2022

Item Actual Budget Estimate Budget

Capital Expenditure Budget

Replacement of Carpets and Furnishings Upgrading IT and Communication Systems

-

-

-

-

-

-

200

100

Total - - - 300 Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

VI. RECOMMENDATION 96. In accordance with the Statute of ADBI, I hereby recommend that the Board approve the Asian Development Bank Institute’s 2022–2024 work program, its 2022 budget amounting to $16,217,000, and the 2022 capital expenditure budget of $300,000.

Masatsugu Asakawa President 23 November 2021

24 Appendix 1

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE ACTIVITIES IN 2021

A. Research 1. Research activities conducted in 2021 addressed emerging development issues that crosscut policies related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, gender equity, inclusive and sustainable growth, agriculture and food security, regional cooperation and integration, and governance issues. The Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) expects that the outputs of these major studies will form the basis for capacity building and training activities.

1. Research Themes

a. COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts and Policies 2. Impacts of COVID-19 on micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and farmers. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is having significant negative impacts on micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and farmers in Asian economies. This study is obtaining new survey data on the extent of these impacts to assess policies and develop policy recommendations. The main components are (i) conducting surveys in Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mongolia, Pakistan, and Viet Nam, to collect data on COVID-19 impacts on output, profits, and employment; (ii) examining the effects of government policy responses; and (iii) developing lessons to inform future policies. Collaborators include the Asian Productivity Organization and related national productivity organizations. 3. Impacts of COVID-19 on households. The COVID-19 pandemic is having significant negative impacts on households in Asian economies. This study will obtain new survey data on the extent of these impacts to assess policies and develop policy recommendations. The main components are (i) collecting data on COVID-19 impacts on income, employment, coping behavior, consumption, and child education; (ii) examining the effects of government policy responses; and (iii) developing lessons to inform future policies. Collaborators include Tsukuba University (Japan). 4. Financial technology and COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of financial technology (fintech) in Asia and the Pacific. Fintech has also facilitated the rollout of government aid to support economic activity during the pandemic. The main components are to (i) analyze fintech’s impact on households and on micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises during the COVID-19 pandemic; (ii) study fintech credit growth and sustainable development; and (iii) central banks, financial regulators, and fintech during COVID-19. Collaborators include ADB, Cambridge University’s Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, and the University of Cambridge Judge Business School. 5. Impacts of COVID-19 on households in Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation countries. The COVID-19 pandemic is having significant negative impacts on households in Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) economies. This study will obtain new survey data on the extent of these impacts to assess policies and develop policy recommendations. The main components are (i) collecting data on COVID-19 impacts on income, employment, coping behavior, consumption, and child education; (ii) examining the effects of government policy responses; and (iii) developing lessons to inform future policies. Collaborators include the CAREC Institute.

Appendix 1 25

6. COVID-19 and central banking in Asia and the Pacific Central banks have been at the forefront of COVID-19 responses and recovery policies. With a focus on Asia and the Pacific, the aim of this project is to spotlight monetary policy transmission and effectiveness during the pandemic, as well as risks to financial stability. The project also covers complementarities with fiscal policy responses and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policy during the pandemic, and the conduct of monetary policy amid the recovery phase of the pandemic and ‘new normal’ conditions. The associated conference will also feature a panel discussion with senior officials from central banks in the region on monetary policy lessons learned due to the pandemic. Collaborators include the Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association.

7. Effective public debt management and fiscal sustainability in the post-COVID-19 era. The COVID-19 pandemic is putting significant pressure on government debt sustainability in Asian economies. The main project components are to (i) explore fiscal policy options that would minimize short- and long-term debt vulnerability and maintain fiscal sustainability given higher public debts and interest rates; (ii) contribute to the formulation of effective strategies in both public debt management and fiscal sustainability from the perspective of developing economies in Asia and the Pacific; and (iii) share best practices on public debt management and fiscal sustainability among ADB member economies. The project will help policy makers gain an understanding of adjustments needed in existing fiscal frameworks and the formulation of alternative debt management strategies. Collaborators include ADB and the Korean Development Institute (KDI).

b. Addressing Remaining Poverty and Reducing Inequalities

8. Research on improving systems of education in Indonesia. The project investigates ways to improve the effectiveness of Indonesia’s primary and secondary education. The main components are to (i) conduct school, teacher, student, and parent surveys at research on improving systems of education (RISE) research sites; (ii) use the survey data to answer research questions posed by the studies; and (iii) prepare reports and develop policy recommendations for policies that could lead to improvements in student learning outcomes in Indonesia. Collaborators include the Social Monitoring and Early Response Unit (SMERU) Institute.

9. Fintech network Asia and the Pacific—empirical data and insights. The Cambridge Alternative Finance Collaboration Network is a program of the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) that accelerates the creation and transfer of knowledge relating to fintech across sectors and regions. Under the project, CCAF and ADBI will activate the Cambridge Alternative Finance Collaboration Network in Asia and the Pacific. A project pillar is data and insights, including survey reports of fintech activity in Asia and the Pacific. Collaborators include CCAF.

10. Pilot experiment on "High-Tech-High-Touch" education. COVID-19 has severely impacted education systems worldwide, given the many limitations of online learning. Artificial intelligence-based high-touch high-tech (HTHT) education is being developed to promote personalized learning online. A small scale, non-randomized controlled trial experiment conducted in Viet Nam by the Education Commission Asia and KDI obtained suggestive evidence that HTHT education can provide teachers with tools for effective curricula delivery, while offering students a more personalized learning experience. This project will provide stronger evidence of the benefits of HTHT education by means of a randomized, controlled trial at several schools in Indonesia. ADBI will collaborate with ADB, the Education Commission Asia, and the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.

26 Appendix 1

11. Improving the quality of basic education in Southeast Asia. The level of foundational skills is still low in several Southeast Asian countries. This study is identifying ways to improve the quality of basic education in Southeast Asia. The main components are to (i) analyze the constraints facing basic education in Southeast Asia, (ii) evaluate the impact of policies or practices aimed at improving the quality of basic education, and (iii) analyze the impact of COVID-19 on learning outcomes. Collaborators include ADB and ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute.

c. Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality

12. Gender gaps, human capital, and financial inclusion. Gender gaps remain a major barrier to inclusive and equitable economic development. This project focuses on (i) identifying the causes of such gaps, including inequalities in education, culture, and institutions; (ii) identifying policy solutions in general education, financial education, digital education, access to fintech, and institutional reform; and (iii) providing policy design inputs to promote women’s access to education, human capital investment, and financial services. Collaborators include ADB and think tanks in ADB member economies. 13. Promoting participation of women in e-commerce. E-commerce is an increasingly important driver of competitiveness and economic integration, with profound implications for businesses and society. This project will identify ways of enabling women to participate more fully in e-commerce to help reduce gender inequalities and promote inclusive growth. The main components are (i) identifying barriers to women’s participation in e-commerce, (ii) analyzing policies aimed at promoting women’s participation in e-commerce, and (iii) analyzing policies aimed at promoting women’s digital literacy. ADBI will collaborate with ADB and think tanks in Asia and the Pacific.

d. Tackling Climate Change, Building Climate and Disaster Resilience, and Enhancing Environmental Sustainability

14. Integration of renewable energy in energy systems. Costs of renewable energy are gradually declining, but the intermittency of supply still presents major problems for integrating renewable energy into electricity grids. The main project components are (i) analyzing the role of energy infrastructure in integrating intermittent renewable energy, (ii) reviewing technologies that help to integrate intermittent renewable energy, (iii) analyzing policies promoting investment in energy infrastructure; and (iv) providing country case studies on the integration of intermittent renewable energy. Collaborators include the Applied Energy Journal and National University of Singapore. 15. Meeting environmental objectives through energy sector reforms in Asia and the Pacific. Reforms in the energy sector can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. This project focuses on (i) estimating the impacts of energy pricing in Asia, (ii) developing case studies on energy pricing reform in Asia, (iii) promoting energy price reforms in Asia to help meet environmental objectives, and (iv) providing lessons from country case studies on reforming energy subsidies. Collaborators include the Australasian Journal of Environmental Management and Nazarbayev University. 16. Policy and infrastructure for managing water disaster risks. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015–2030, the SDGs, and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change all stress the importance of reducing disaster risks by monitoring and predicting water-related

Appendix 1 27

risks and hazards. 1 Each of these agreements also notes the importance of disaster preparedness to minimize damage and promote resilience. This project focuses on (i) analyzing the history of flood and water disasters and mitigation efforts in Asia, (ii) developing a flood forecasting system using big data and risk communication theories, and (iii) organizing a policy dialogue with partner countries on the International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management’s Platform on Water Resilience and Disasters. ADBI will continue to collaborate with ADB, International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management, the United Nations High-Level Experts and Leaders Panel on Water and Disasters, and the University of Tokyo. 17. Electricity markets in transition. Electricity markets are undergoing reform to accommodate renewable energy sources and the shift away from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This project focuses on (i) measuring the impacts of electricity market privatization and liberalization, and (ii) studying the role of energy pricing in the electricity market transition. Collaborators include the Energy Economics journal. 18. Effective greenhouse gas emission control policies. Many developing Asian countries are committed to GHG emission reduction targets, or Nationally Determined Contributions, under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. To achieve these targets, countries have started to plan or implement policies incentivizing emission reductions, such as carbon taxes and emission trading schemes. However, the effectiveness of emission policies in reducing fossil fuel consumption and GHG emissions is challenged by factors including policy design, energy prices, and, more recently, COVID-19. Economy-wide assessments of the effectiveness of emission policies could help produce recommendations for effective emission policies. The project’s main components are to (i) analyze the effectiveness of emission policies in developing Asia, (ii) identify factors that affect the effectiveness of emission policies; and (iii) produce thematic studies or case studies of effective emission reduction policies. The project will produce policy recommendations for ADB developing member countries to adopt effective emission policies. ADBI will collaborate with the International Association for Energy Economics. 19. Climate change mitigation and green finance (2021 ADBI Annual Conference). Measures to promote climate change mitigation and green finance are a high priority for Asia. The 2021 ADBI Annual Conference will gather leading academics and policy makers to discuss climate change mitigation and financing across sectors and subsectors including energy, transport, buildings, agriculture, forestry, and land use. Other themes will include carbon pricing and regional cooperation. Policy implications of the 2021 Annual Conference include (i) climate change mitigation options for energy, transport, buildings, agriculture, forestry , and land use; (ii) opportunities for regional cooperation for cross-border energy trade; and (iii) green finance for climate change mitigation. Collaborators include ADB. 20. Low-carbon cooling. Air cooling accounts for about 60% of energy consumption in non-residential buildings globally. Fossil fuel-powered electricity used for cooling contributes 10% of global carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, most cooling equipment uses fluorocarbons, such as hydrofluorocarbons, as refrigerants, which are potent greenhouse gases with much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Low-carbon cooling could be achieved using low-carbon technologies such as energy efficiency technologies, renewable energy, and energy storage, as well as digitalization and development of alternate refrigerants with zero or lower global warming potential. Integrated solutions are needed to provide low-carbon cooling to help countries meet

1 United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 2020. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015─2030.

New York: United Nations; United Nations. 2015. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations; United Nations. 2015. Paris Agreement. New York: United Nations.

28 Appendix 1

Nationally Determined Contributions, limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C, and prevent catastrophic climate change. The main components are to study (i) financing instruments for low-carbon cooling equipped with refrigerants with zero or lower global warming potential; (ii) policy instruments and best practices for promoting low-carbon cooling; and (iii) digitalization for cooling, which helps save energy by optimizing flows of cooling using information and communications technologies such as smart meters. ADBI will collaborate with ADB and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

e. Making Cities More Livable 21. Policy and innovation for urban resilience. Adopting new technologies can increase cities’ resilience to shocks. The main components of this project are (i) analyzing the impacts of smart mobility technologies (e.g., electric vehicles and ride-sharing services such as Uber) on city mobility and emissions, (ii) assessing and predicting the economic value of infrastructure using high resolution longitudinal commodity flow and establishment data in cities, (iii) conducting policy dialogue with city and national government officials, and (iv) developing new policy insights for financing urban infrastructure and managing urban mobility and the environment. Collaborators include the Broadband India Forum, Keio University (Japan), the National University of Singapore’s Lee Kwan Yew School of Public Policy, and Purdue University (United States).

f. Promoting Rural Development and Food Security 22. Randomized controlled trial experiment for wheat blast control in Bangladesh. Wheat blast is a worsening problem in Bangladesh. Agronomic studies suggest that if farmers avoid terminal heat in February by sowing about 2 to 3 weeks earlier than normal, blast infection could be drastically reduced. However, double cropping makes this approach untenable. One potential solution is to adopt “relay cropping” in which wheat is sown between standing crops without ploughing of the land or irrigation. Once the existing crops are harvested, wheat plants could grow in the usual manner. In this project, a randomized controlled trial will evaluate the impact of cropping management as a countermeasure against wheat blast. This project will focus on (i) cropping management education programs for farmers, (ii) introduction of wheat-blast-resistant strains of wheat, and (iii) follow-up surveys gauging the extent of adoption of cropping techniques. The aim of the project is to identify factors that will promote the adoption of cropping techniques to reduce wheat blast damage. ADBI will collaborate with the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. 23. Transforming farmers and agro-processors into entrepreneurs. The demand for high-value agricultural products (HVPs)—such as vegetables, fruits, and dairy products with desirable traits such as freshness, low pesticide residue levels, low arsenic content, and traceability for quality input use—has been increasing in developing Asia. The COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated the need for HVP value chain development to drive new income and employment opportunities in rural areas. However, HVP development constraints in the region and strategies to address them remain unclear. This project will examine Pakistan’s untapped HVP potential, which has been the subject of preliminary studies conducted by its government. It will (i) offer smallholder capacity enhancement training to farmers who produce potentially high-value but low-quality and low-value fruits, vegetables, and dairy products; (ii) offer training programs for agro-processors, with extra attention placed on improving technology use and advanced management practices; and (iii) conduct follow-up surveys on the adoption of HVP-oriented agriculture. ADBI will collaborate with Pakistan’s Ministry of Food Security and Research as well as its Planning Commission.

Appendix 1 29

24. Soil health card, yield, and income: A randomized control trial in east India. Soil health has degraded across the globe, limiting efforts to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly zero hunger, no poverty, and good health and well-being. More than 25% of the earth’s total land has been degraded, affecting 3.2 billion people. It is estimated that 24 billion tons of fertile soil are lost every year because of unsustainable farming practices. Furthermore, it is anticipated that 95% of the earth’s land area could become degraded by 2050, which would make it difficult to feed a global population that continues to increase. The Government of India has initiated a novel approach to document soil health and train farmers through a scheme called the Soil Health Card System. The main project components are a baseline survey, soil health card and training of farmers, a midline survey, and an end-line survey. ADBI will collaborate with the National Institute of Technology Karnataka. 25. Promoting good aquaculture practices among shrimp farmers. Although shrimp aquaculture plays a vital role in rural livelihoods and food security in developing countries in Asia, it can damage the surrounding environment. This problem is particularly acute for Viet Nam. The project seeks to answer why farmers fail to adopt available good practices and what measures might encourage them to adopt better practices and standards. It will focus on (i) disseminating advanced water quality testing devices to farmers, (ii) launching a virtual platform where smallholders can “signal” to buyers that their shrimp is of high quality, (iii) launching farmers’ virtual groups for information exchange, (iv) follow-up surveys on the adoption of good shrimp farming practices, and (v) visiting and learning from other countries and disseminating knowledge gained from previous studies. ADBI will collaborate with the University of Tokyo, Foreign Trade University (Viet Nam), Hitotsubashi University, and University of Waikato (New Zealand). 26. Rural transformation: Asian experience and pathway to livable villages. Rural Asia has accomplished significant economic transformation, driven by improved governance, strong agricultural growth in some countries, employment expansion in informal rural off-farm activities, and policy reforms undertaken in earlier decades. The engines and pathways of the transformation vary from country to country. The project will describe Asia’s economic transformation, investigate its highly uneven progress across countries, and assess its sustainability. It will focus on (i) differentiating between state and market failure, advancing microeconomic reform, raising rural incomes, narrowing urban–rural bias, delivering differentiated agriculture products, ensuring value capture, disincentivizing rural–urban migration, addressing motivation failure, attracting services to rural areas, information and communications technology pull, improving infrastructure, and improving education to boost skills and quality of labor; and (ii) gender and youth as an agent of transformation. ADBI collaboration for this project is to be determined. 27. Agriculture, environment, and sustainability nexus. Agriculture supports the livelihoods of 41% of the population in South Asia and accounts for 16% of GDP. As the agriculture sector is sensitive to climate risks such as floods, droughts, and hailstorms, any minor climate shock could impair the lives and livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers and the agriculture-dependent economy. However, agriculture also contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, environmental pollution, land degradation, and water depletion. In the light of this, it is important to promote farming practices that reduce environmental degradation and simultaneously improve the resilience of farm households. The project will document empirical evidence from Asia, focusing on (i) GHG emissions from agriculture and allied farming practices, (ii) farming practices and environmental challenges, (iii) impact of environmental challenges on well-being, and (iv) risk-coping and adaptation strategies. ADBI collaboration for this project is to be determined.

30 Appendix 1

g. Fostering Regional Cooperation and Integration 28. Trans-Caspian transport corridor: infrastructure and trade. The Trans-Caspian area in Central Asia is an important link between Europe and Asia and its development will contribute significantly to growth in Central Asian economies, but a lack of finance significantly constrains such progress. The main components of this project are (i) identifying the drivers of and barriers to financing Trans-Caspian transportation infrastructure, (ii) assessing drivers of and barriers to developing trade through the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor, and (iii) developing new policy insights for promoting infrastructure and trade through the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor. Collaborators include the Central Asia Regional Cooperation (CAREC) Institute and the University of Reading. 29. Policy considerations for infrastructure development in Asian countries. Use of big data can contribute substantially to measuring the impacts of infrastructure investment. The main project components are to (i) identify potential applications of big data analytics for measuring the impacts of infrastructure projects, and (ii) collect big-data-based evidence of infrastructure’s spillover effects. Collaborators include the CAREC Institute; ADB; the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat; University of Tokyo; Keio University (Japan); Purdue University; Indian Institute of Technology, Patna; and Broadband India Forum. Within ADB, the following sector and thematic groups may be involved: the Urban Sector Group, the Finance Sector Group, and the Regional Cooperation and Integration Thematic Group. 30. Technology transfer and competitiveness. Importing technology is a major driver of productivity and competitiveness in developing economies. The main project components are to (i) analyze the absence or presence of technology transfer from foreign to local firms in developing Asia, and (ii) identify an environment conducive for technology transfer. Collaborators include the Waseda Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University (Japan).

2. Research Events 31. ADBI’s Research Department broadened its network of partners for hosting conferences and other events. This allowed it to engage with a wider range of policy makers and stakeholders while also reducing the costs of implementing projects. In 2021, 32 major events were conducted (Table A1.1). Highlights included:

(i) Conference on Strengthening Environment, Social, and Governance Investment/Sustainable Investment Under the COVID-19 Crisis. Held 8–10 February, the conference investigated the potential benefits and risks of ESG investment from an Asian perspective, supported by evidence and data. It also explored how to build on ESG investment to promote sound social and environmental development of Asian countries.

(ii) Conference on COVID-19 and Economic Recovery Potential in the CAREC Region. Organized with the CAREC Institute and held 4–5 March, the conference helped improve understanding of which policies can promote economic recovery in the CAREC region.

(iii) Workshop on Analyzing Infrastructure Impacts in Asia through Big Data. ADBI organized three separate tutorial events, which provided training on various ways to estimate and analyze infrastructure impacts, including the use of big data, geospatial analysis, and spillover effects.

(iv) Conference on Effective Greenhouse Gas Emission Control Policies. This event, held from 25 to 27 August, presented studies that (i) estimated the

Appendix 1 31

effectiveness of implemented emission policies, (ii) identified factors affecting the effectiveness of emission policies, and (iii) identified effective emission reduction policies. The aim was to produce policy recommendations for implementing effective emission policies.

Table A1.1: Major Research Events, 1 January–31 December 2021

Event Name Location Partner Institutions Date

Conference on Strengthening ESG Investment/ Sustainable Investment Under the COVID-19 Crisis

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual) (Virtual) ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

8–10 February

ADBI Featured Speaker Webinar with Anjali Adukia Conference on COVID-19 and Economic Recovery Potential in the CAREC Region Book Launch: Developing Infrastructure in Central Asia: Impacts and Financing Mechanisms Fintech and COVID-19

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual) ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual) ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual) ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

CAREC Institute CAREC Institute ADB, Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance

1 March 4–5 March 29 March 30 March–1 April

ADBI Featured Speaker Webinar Benjamin E. Diokno

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

21 April

Climate Change and Sovereign Risk ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

5 May

ADBI–XJTLU Conference on Asia and Pacific Economies

Suzhou/ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

XJTLU 28–29 May

ADBI Virtual Workshop on Analyzing Infrastructure Impacts in Asia through Big Data: Spillover and Financing

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

2–4 June

ADBI Featured Speaker Webinar with Greg Marsden ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

7 June

Deep Dive Workshops, Asia Clean Energy Forum ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

ADB 14 and 18 June

ADBI Session on Scaling Up Green Finance in Asia ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

Western Economic Association International

30 June

ADB–ADBI Virtual Conference on Digital Services Trade: Opportunities and Risks

for Developing Asia

ADB and ADBI (Virtual)

ADB

30 June–2 July

ADBI Featured Speaker Webinar with Alan Bollard

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

7 July

ADBI–UNESCAP Webinar on Building Economic Resilience in Asia and the Pacific Post-COVID-19

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

UNESCAP

15 July

32 Appendix 1

Event Name Location Partner Institutions Date

ADBI Virtual Workshop on Analyzing Infrastructure Impacts in Asia Through Big Data: Spillover and Financing (Training Event: Workshop on Geospatial Futures for Social Impact)

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

4 August

ADBI Featured Speaker Webinar with Peter Fowler

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

17 August

Effective GHG Emission Control Policies ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

25–27 August

ADBI Virtual Workshop on Analyzing Infrastructure Impacts in Asia Through Big Data: Infrastructure Development in the Context of COVID-19

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

10 September

Improving the Quality of Basic Education in Southeast Asia

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

ADB, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute

15–17 September

ADBI–APAEA–Central Bank of Sri Lanka Joint Workshop on Monetary Policy, Banking and Finance, and Central Banking

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

APAEA, Bank of Sri Lanka

30 September

ADBI Featured Speaker with Yuqing Xing ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

5 October

Book Launch: COVID-19 Impacts and Policy Options: An Asian Perspective

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

14 October

ADBI–Bank Indonesia–APAEA Joint Workshop ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

Bank Indonesia, APAEA

15 October

Book Launch; Unlocking Transport Connectivity in the Trans-Caspian Corridor

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

25 October

Impacts of Women’s Participation in Online Commerce ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

ADB, JADE, NTU 26-28 October

ADB–ADBI Inception Workshop on Competition Policy ADBI, Tokyo

(Virtual)

ADB 15 November

Rural Transformation: Embracing Opportunities in Better Living (EAP Special Issues)

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

17–19 November

COVID-19 and Central Banking in Asia and the Pacific ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

APAEA, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade journal

24–26 November

ADBI Annual Conference: Climate Change Mitigation and Green Finance

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

1–3 December

Environmental Challenges and Agriculture Sustain-ability in Asia: Interlinkages and Future Implications

ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

ADB 8–10 December

Launch of Book on ESG Investment and COVID-19 ADBI, Tokyo (Virtual)

December

ADB = Asian Development Bank: ADBI = Asian Development Bank Institute; APAEA = Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association; CAREC = Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; ESG = environment, social, and governance; Fintech = financial technology; GHG = greenhouse gas; JADE = Japanese Association for Development Economics; NTU = Nanyang Technological University; UNESCAP = United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; XJTLU = Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University. Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

Appendix 1 33

3. ADBI Featured Speaker Webinar Series

32. This series continued to spotlight eminent scholars and was expanded in 2021 to feature senior government officials, providing greater thought leadership and encouraging dialogue among policy makers; experts from think tanks, universities, and other institutions; and general audiences interested in economic development challenges in Asia and the Pacific. 33. As of 6 October, internationally known speakers had delivered six seminars in 2021 on policy and development issues. 34. The following prominent speakers gave presentations:

(i) Anjali Adukia: Sanitation, Education, and Development. Anjali Adukia is an assistant professor at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy. She is also a faculty research fellow of the National Bureau of Economic Research and a faculty affiliate of the University of Chicago Education Lab and Crime Lab. She holds a doctor of philosophy (PhD) in education from Harvard University, where she specialized in the economics of education. Her research has been funded by organizations such as the William T. Grant Foundation, the National Academy of Education, and the Spencer Foundation.

(ii) Benjamin E. Diokno: Financial Digitalization and Inclusive COVID-19 Recovery. Benjamin E. Diokno was appointed governor of the Central Bank of the Philippines (BSP) in March 2019. Governor Diokno previously served as the secretary of budget and management of the Philippines from 2016 to 2019 and from 1998 to 2001. He also served as undersecretary of budget and management of the Philippines from 1986 to 1991 and taught economics for more than 40 years. He holds a PhD in economics from Syracuse University, a master of arts in political economy from Johns Hopkins University, and master’s degree in public administration and economics and a bachelor of arts in public administration from the University of the Philippines.

(iii) Greg Marsden: COVID-19 Era Travel Behavior and its Policy Implications in the United Kingdom. Greg Marsden is a professor of transport governance at the University of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies. He is an expert in climate and energy policy in the transport sector and co-chairs the United Kingdom’s Commission on Travel Demand. He also serves as secretary general of the World Conference on Transport Research Society and is chair of its Special Interest Group on Governance.

(iv) Alan Bollard: The Role of Infrastructure in COVID-19 Recovery. Alan Bollard was appointed as the inaugural board chair of the New Zealand Infrastructure Commission upon its establishment in 2019. A professor of practice at Victoria University of Wellington’s business school, he served as executive director of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat in Singapore from 2013 to 2018 and Reserve Bank of New Zealand governor from 2002 to 2012. He holds a PhD in economics from the University of Auckland.

(v) Peter Fowler: Intellectual Property Protection and Enforcement for Trade, Competition, and Innovation in Asia and the Pacific. Peter Fowler is a senior counsel for enforcement in the Office of Policy and International Affairs at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). During more than 20 years at the USPTO, he also served as regional intellectual property attaché for Southeast Asia, working on a range of intellectual property enforcement issues

34 Appendix 1

and training and capacity building programs. Previously, he served as an advisor to the Office of the United States Trade Representative on several trade agreement negotiations. He received his Juris Doctor (JD) from Golden Gate University School of Law.

(vi) Yuqing Xing: Decoding China's Export Miracle: A Global Value Chain Analysis. Yuqing Xing is professor of economics at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies in Tokyo and author of Decoding China’s Export Miracle: A Global Value Chain Analysis. Previously, he served as the director of the Capacity Building and Training department of ADBI. He has also held positions at the World Institute for Development Economics Research, the Bank of Finland, and the East Asian Institute of the National University of Singapore.

4. Annual Conference 35. The 2021 ADBI Annual Conference will take place virtually on 1–3 December under the theme Climate Change Mitigation and Green Finance. The conference will gather leading academics and policy makers to discuss climate change mitigation and financing across sectors and subsectors such as energy, transport, buildings, agriculture, forestry, and land use. Other focuses will include carbon pricing and regional cooperation.

B. Capacity Building and Training 36. Capacity building and training (CBT) activities in 2021 addressed the CBT department’s seven priority themes, aligned with ADB’s Strategy 2030, through policy dialogues, training workshops, and e-learning programs. These programs were organized in collaboration with national, regional, and international partner organizations. As of 31 August 2021, 37 CBT events had been held with 8,314 participants (Table A1.2).

37. The CBT department continued to produce policy briefs designed for wider dissemination of the policy ideas and approaches discussed at CBT events. The briefs are targeted at policy makers in ADB’s developing member countries (DMCs). 38. The CBT department published books in 2021 to disseminate policy knowledge emanating from CBT events, and to bridge the knowledge-sharing gap between the scholarly and policy communities. As of August 2021, titles included Economic Integration in Asia and Europe: Lessons and Policies; and Labor Migration in Asia: Impacts of COVID-19 Crisis and the Post-Pandemic Future, published with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Appendix 1 35

Table A1.2: Capacity Building and Training Activities, 1 January–31 August 2021

Event Name Location Partner Institutions Total Number of Participants

Government

Officials

Senior

All

Others

Theme: Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality

ADBI Annual Forum on

Expanding Women’s

Participation in the Asian

Economy: Securing

Livelihoods for an Inclusive

Recovery

Online ADB 170 23 38

Virtual Policy Dialogue on

Women’s Economic

Empowerment in Asia:

Challenges and Ways

Forward

Online

86 13 73

Theme: Addressing Remaining Poverty and Reducing Inequalities

Policy Dialogue on

Infrastructure, Technology, and

Finance for Sustainable and

Inclusive Development in Asia

Beyond the Pandemic

Online University of Indonesia,

University of Tokyo-

Graduate School of

Public Policy, Toshiba

International Foundation

922 84 210

11th Asia–Pacific Financial

Inclusion Forum: Emerging

Priorities in the COVID-19 Era

Online ADB, Foundation for

Development

Cooperation

APEC Business

Advisory Council

102 18 24

Webinar on Creative Economy

for Sustainable Development:

Potential, Challenges, and

Ways Forward

Online ASEAN Secretariat 353 51 78

Virtual Policy Dialogue on

Social Safety Nets Beyond

the COVID-19 Crisis

Online 232 32 49

ADBI Featured Speaker

Webinar: Sanitation,

Education, and

Development

Online BMGF, IFS 47 1

ADBI–BMGF Webinar on

Sanitation and

Development: Unintended

Consequences of Public

Intervention in Sanitation in

Peru and India

Online BMGF 111 3 5

ADBI Virtual Workshop on

Analyzing Infrastructure

Impacts in Asia Through Big

Data: Spillover and

Financing

Online ADB, CAREC

Institute

101 8 13

36 Appendix 1

Event Name Location Partner Institutions Total Number of Participants

Government

Officials

Senior

All

Others

Theme: Fostering Regional Cooperation and Integration

Eleventh ADBI–OECD–ILO Roundtable on Labor Migration in Asia: Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Building Back Better

Online OECD, ILO 101 27 36

OECD–ADBI Roundtable on Insurance and Retirement Savings in Asia

Online OECD 293 41 73

Virtual Policy Dialogue on

Taxation in the Digital

Economy: New Models in

Asia and the Pacific

Online 137 19 37

ADBI–CAREC Institute

Roundtable on Research and

Policy Trends and Prospects

for Sustainable Post-COVID

Recovery in Central Asia

Online CAREC Institute

Online CAREC Institute 85 4 15

Theme: Strengthening Governance and Institutional Capacity

Virtual Policy Dialogue on

Post COVID-19 Fiscal

Instruments and Green

Development

Online Fiscal Policy Agency, Indonesia Ministry of Finance, Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Indonesia

357 34 150

Ninth OECD–AMRO–

ADB/ADBI–ERIA Asian

Regional Roundtable on

Macroeconomic and

Structural Policies

Online OECD, AMRO, ADB,

ERIA

278 76 91

ADBI–KDI–ADB Virtual

Workshop on Effective

Public Debt

Management for

Sustainable Growth in

Asia and the Pacific

Online KDI, ADB 118 9 38

ADBI–Cambridge University on

Fintech & Regulatory

Innovation: Project Showcase

Online CCAF,

Cambridge Judge

Business School

Executive Education

Limited

213 35 112

ADBI–Cambridge University

Online Course on FinTech (5th

cohort)

Online CCAF,

Cambridge Judge

Business School

Executive Education

Limited

18 3 13

Appendix 1 37

Event Name Location Partner Institutions Total Number of Participants

Government

Officials

Senior

All

Others

ADBI–Cambridge University

Online Course on FinTech (6th

cohort)

Online CCAF,

Cambridge Judge

Business School

Executive Education

Limited

9 4 5

Online Course and Webinar:

ADBI Policy Maker E-Training

on Sustainable Green Finance

Online 151 10 25

Theme: Tackling Climate Change, Building Climate and Disaster Resilience, and Enhancing Environmental Sustainability

ADBI Webinar on Climate

Change and Sovereign

Risk (54th ADB Annual

Meeting Seminar Series)

Online ADB 409 8 54

Virtual Conference on

Strengthening

Environmental, Social, and

Governance Investment

Under the COVID-19

Crisis

Online 183 13 50

ADBI–Stanford University

Virtual Workshop on

Electricity Markets in a

High-Renewables World

Online Program on Energy

and Sustainable

Development,

Stanford University

32 3 13

Virtual Conference on

Circular Economy in

Emerging Markets:

Unlocking the Potential for

Green Recovery in

Developing Asia

Online The Finnish

Innovation Fund

Sitra; Institute of

Strategy and Policy

on Natural

Resources and

Environment, Viet

Nam

675 62 139

Virtual Deep Dive

Workshops on “Innovative

Sustainable Cooling

Solutions for Asia and the

Pacific” and “Energy

Efficiency Strategy” – 16th

ADB Asia Clean Energy

Forum

Online ADB; Sustainable

Energy for All;

Department for

Business, Energy, &

Industrial Strategy,

United Kingdom

636

Virtual Workshop on

Effective Greenhouse Gas

Emission Control Policies

Online ADB 172 19 15

38 Appendix 1

Event Name Location Partner Institutions Total Number of Participants

Government

Officials

Senior

All

Others

Theme: Making Cities More Livable

Yokohama City’s 9th Asia

Smart City Conference

Hybrid, Tokyo

The City of

Yokohama, ADB,

World Bank, Smart

City Institute Japan

1250 163

ADBI–JICA Online Training

Program on Wastewater

Management and City-

Wide Inclusive Sanitation

Online ADB, JICA, BMGF,

Japan Sanitation

Consortium

33 8 9

ADBI–JARTS Virtual

Policy Dialogue on the

Future of High-Speed Rail

Development

Online Indian Institutes of

Technology at

Kanpur and Madras,

Japan Railway

Technical Service,

World Conference of

Transport Research

Society

97 3 10

International Symposium

on Mainstreaming Quality

of Life in Evaluation of

Transport and Spatial

Planning

Online Chubu University,

World Conference of

Transport Research

Society

205 14 20

ADBI–BMGF Roundtable

on Sanitation and

Development

Online BMGF, IFS 163 11 7

ADBI–JARTS–IIT Learning

Series on High-Speed Rail

Session 1: Megaproject

Governance and

Innovation

Online Indian Institutes of

Technology at

Kanpur and Madras,

Japan Railway

Technical Service

177 17 22

Virtual Policy Dialogue on

Rethinking the Role of

Cities and Urban Function

Online 83 6 9

Promoting Rural Development and Food Security

ADBI–BMGF Virtual

Seminar on Sanitation and

Development: Sanitation

and Household Behavior in

Rural Bangladesh

Online BMGF, IFS 94 10 6

ADBI–BMGF Webinar on

Sanitation and

Development: Strategies

to Increase Adoption of

Welfare-Improving

Technologies (like Toilets)

Online BMGF, IFS 58 5 5

Appendix 1 39

Event Name Location Partner Institutions Total Number of Participants

Government

Officials

Senior

All

Others

Theme: Nurturing Young Scholars and Policy Makers from ADB Developing Member Countries

ADBI–Hitotsubashi

University: Asian

Economic Development

and Climate Change

Policies – Student

Presentations

Online Hitotsubashi

University

42

ADB = Asian Development Bank, ADBI = Asian Development Bank Institute, AMRO = (ASEAN)+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, APEC = Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation, BMGF = Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, CAREC = Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, CCAF = Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, COVID-19 = coronavirus disease, ERIA = Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, IFS = Institute for Fiscal Studies, IIT = Indian Institutes of Technology, ILO = International Labour Organization, JARTS = Japan Railway Technical Service, JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency, KDI = Korea Development Institute, OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

39. ADBI has planned 23 CBT activities for September–December 2021 (Table A1.3).

Table A1.3: Planned Capacity Building and Training Activities

1 September–31 December 2021

Event Name Date Location

Experience Sharing Workshop on the Education and Training of Staff with Different Languages and Cultures

7 September Online

Conference on Health and Socioeconomic Well-Being of Older Persons in Developing Asia: Role of Individual and Household Data

7–9 September Online

Analyzing Infrastructure Impacts in Asia Through Big Data: Spillover and Financing (Third Workshop)

10 September Online

Plenary Session in 14th International Conference of East Asian Society of Transport Studies for Launching the Edited volume: Frontiers in High-Speed Rail Development

12–14 September Online

ADBI–ADB–VNUA Workshop on Building Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture in Asia and the Pacific Amid New Challenges

13 September Online

ADBI–JARTS Learning Series on High-Speed Rail Session Three 17 September Online

ADBI–BMGF Partnership: Development Partners Roundtable Discussion on City-wide Inclusive Sanitation

22 September Online

16th East Asia Top Level Officials’ Meeting on Competitive Policy and 13th East Asia Conference on Competition Law and Policy

28–29 September Online

Training of Trainers Workshop on Case Writing and Case Teaching for Public Policy 28 September–1 October

Online

ADBI–Cambridge University Online Course on Fintech and Regulatory Innovation (Seventh cohort)

30 September–11 November

Online

Online Course on Asian Economic Development and Integration (University of Tokyo) September–December Online

Institutional Investment in Infrastructure 18–21 October Online

40 Appendix 1

Event Name Date Location

ADBI–KIPO–USPTO Workshop on Patent for Innovation 21 October Online

ADBI–Stanford University Leadership Academy for Development Public Policy for Infrastructure Workshop

26 October–25 November

Online

Virtual Workshop on Capacity Development for Transport Practitioners in Asia

27 October

Online

Conference on Boosting Decent Work in Asia for an Inclusive Recovery

27–28 October Online

10th Asia Smart City Conference 28 October Online

ADBI–BMGF Workshop on Sanitation and Development 29 October Online

ADBI–JICA Capacity Development Program on Implementing City-wide Inclusive Sanitation in Asia (Second Cohort)

16–19 November Online

Webinar on Climate Change and Ocean Risk Vulnerability: Case of Fiji, Philippines, and Bangladesh

17 November Online

Technical Education for Innovation-Driven Economy 18 November Online

New Frontiers in Managing Revenue Systems: The 14th ATAX International Tax Administration Conference

23–24 November Online

KDI–ADB–ADBI Event on Impact Evaluation on Innovation Policies 30 November Online

ADBI–JARTS Learning Series on High-Speed Rail Session 4 November (TBC)

Online

ADBI–BMGF Country Policy Dialogue on Sanitation Challenges and Solutions November (TBC) Online

Creative Economy 2030 Conference: Imagining and Delivering a Robust, Inclusive, and Sustainable Recovery

8-10 November Online

Fintech Strategy for the Asia–Pacific

November (TBC) Online

Tokyo Fiscal Forum 7 December Online

Policy Maker E-Training Course on Circular Economy December (TBC) Online

Tokyo Roundtable on Capital Market and Financial Reform 7–8 December Online

ADBI–Chulalongkorn University Virtual Conference on Asian Economic Integration in the Post-Pandemic World

9 December Online

Conference on Behavioral Insights 15 December Online

ADB = Asian Development Bank, ADBI = Asian Development Bank Institute, ATAX = (University of New South Wales School of) Accounting, Auditing, and Taxation, BMGF = Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, JARTS = Japan Railway Technical Service, JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency, KIPO = Korean Intellectual Property Office, TBC = to be confirmed, USPTO = United States Patent and Trademark Office, VNUA = Vietnam National University of Agriculture. Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

40. Some of the 23 CBT activities delivered from 1 January to 31 August 2021 are summarized in paras. 41–57.

1. Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality 41. ADBI Annual Forum on Expanding Women’s Participation in the Asian Economy: Securing Livelihoods for an Inclusive Recovery. This inaugural ADBI annual forum highlighted priorities for achieving a gender-inclusive pandemic recovery in Asia and the Pacific, with a focus on policy adjustments that could help ensure and build upon progress toward expanding women’s education, employment, and entrepreneurship. Speakers included the chief economist of

Appendix 1 41

Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and the director for South Asia economics research at Yale University's MacMillan Center. The session examined women’s role in the Asian economy, household data on the effects of COVID-19 on women, prospects for addressing employment disruptions for female entrepreneurs, and women's participation in the online marketplace.

42. Virtual Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment in Asia: Challenges and Ways Forward. In line with SDG5 and Strategy 2030 operational priority 2 on gender equality, this dialogue examined progress on gender-related policy initiatives and implementation and implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for women in Asia. It explored gender-responsive strategies for promoting women’s economic empowerment, with a focus on recent trends and challenges, women-oriented pandemic recovery, support for women in business, and boosting gender equality in the workplace.

2. Addressing Remaining Poverty and Reducing Inequalities 43. Policy Dialogue on Infrastructure, Technology, and Finance for Sustainable and Inclusive Development in Asia Beyond the Pandemic. Indonesia’s Finance Minister highlighted challenges faced by policy makers during the COVID-19 pandemic and underlined the importance of technology and infrastructure in enabling sustainable and inclusive development in Asia. Indonesia’s minister of research and technology and head of national research and innovation stressed the importance of the government’s role in facilitating links among government, industry, and academia (the triple helix) to foster innovation. 44. Webinar on Creative Economy for Sustainable Development: Potential, Challenges, and Ways Forward. ADBI and the ASEAN Secretariat cohosted this webinar to explore the potential of creative industries to contribute to sustainable development in developing Asia and the Pacific. The webinar also addressed ways to support creative entrepreneurs and workers, who have been heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing upon lessons and experiences from ASEAN countries, policy recommendations were identified to boost the growth of creative industries. 45. Virtual Policy Dialogue on Social Safety Nets Beyond the COVID-19 Crisis. During this policy dialogue, Pakistan federal minister of poverty alleviation and social safety and a panel of experts highlighted keys to successful COVID-19 social protection program expansion and resilience. Minister Nishtar stressed the importance of strong political leadership and governance, backed by holistic domestic systems and technology such as identification systems and biometric data that can help deliver assistance to the poor. Drawing upon policy lessons, the panel also discussed how to design innovative, agile, and viable post-pandemic safety nets for Asia.

3. Fostering Regional Cooperation and Integration

46. Roundtable on Labor Migration in Asia. The eleventh roundtable on labor migration in Asia was held virtually in April 2021, organized by ADBI, the International Labour Organization, and the OECD. This policy dialogue explored the impacts of market disruptions, including COVID-19, on labor migration in the region, including ways to manage those impacts. It also examined policy responses, the role of technology, and labor migration trends and challenges in Asia. 47. OECD–ADBI Roundtable on Insurance and Retirement Savings in Asia. This roundtable was held in June 2021, in collaboration with the OECD and the Government of Japan. The discussion focused on the impact of COVID-19 on insurance and retirement savings; the role

42 Appendix 1

of catastrophe insurance programs for underinsured hazards; opportunities and challenges stemming from emerging technologies; employer retirement savings plans; risk sharing in retirement income schemes; and risk management associated with long-term care and health insurance in aging societies. 48. ADBI–CAREC Institute Roundtable on Research and Policy Trends and Prospects for Sustainable Post-COVID Recovery in Central Asia. Organized with the CAREC Institute on 27 July 2021, this workshop explored critical local and cross-border issues related to sustainable post-COVID-19 economic recovery in CAREC countries. High-level experts and think tanks discussed the role of research and policy making in transforming sustainable development in hybrid ways. Alternative solutions to pressing issues facing developing countries during the COVID-19 crisis, such as boosting investment, sustainable infrastructure management, and fiscal management, were also discussed.

4. Making Cities More Livable

49. The 9th Asia Smart City Conference. This conference was conducted under the theme of “Building smart cities aiming for carbon neutrality through city-to-city collaboration under the influence of COVID-19.” Officials from Asian city and national governments, international organizations, academic institutions, and private companies attended. The conference emphasized the importance of public and private sector partnerships in promoting quality of life for citizens through well-balanced sustainable development that makes use of diverse and innovative technologies. In parallel, the conference offered a platform for businesses and government authorities from DMCs to discuss innovative smart city solutions.

50. Virtual Session on City-Wide Inclusive Sanitation. This interactive ADBI–Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation roundtable, organized in April 2021 in collaboration with the Institute for Fiscal Studies, assessed the outlook for delivering and financing sanitation services, and the socioeconomic impacts of sanitation in the region via a TV show format suitable for a mainstream, non-technical audience. The roundtable highlighted the potential socioeconomic impacts of improved sanitation, with a focus on public health, education, gender equality, employment, and migration.

5. Strengthening Governance and Institutional Capacity 51. Virtual Policy Dialogue on Post-COVID-19 Fiscal Instruments and Green Development. This policy dialogue explored how COVID-19-responsive fiscal instruments and green development can boost finance opportunities and policy strategies on the realization of National Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement. Cohosted with Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance and the University of Indonesia, this policy dialogue discussed sustainable investment challenges and opportunities for promoting COVID-19 recovery and the SDGs. 52. Asian Regional Roundtable on Macroeconomic and Structural Policies. Experts explored post-pandemic fiscal sustainability challenges and policies during the ninth Asian Regional Roundtable, organized by the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, ADB, ADBI, the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, and the OECD, from 15 to 16 June 2021. Experts focused on US Treasury bond market spillovers to ASEAN, the role of green and social finance in facilitating Asia’s recovery and transitioning to green and inclusive growth, and macroprudential and monetary policies in Emerging Asia. Another discussion explored how COVID-19 served as a catalyst for the integration of digital economy value chains and related challenges.

Appendix 1 43

53. Virtual Policy Workshop on Effective Public Debt Management. Jointly organized by the Korea Development Institute and ADB, in association with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, the workshop held on 26 May 2021 explored the impacts of COVID-19 and future risk factors on public debt management amid increasing interest rates, and offered effective strategies to minimize both costs and risks. The recommendations covered well-established public debt management guidelines, new financing instruments and green bonds, and development of an efficient domestic government securities market. The workshop will be held again in March 2022 to offer more creative strategies to support developing Asian economies with limited policy space.

6. Tackling Climate Change, Building Climate and Disaster Resilience, and Enhancing Environmental Sustainability

54. ADBI Webinar on Climate Change and Sovereign Risk. Held as part of the 54th ADB Annual Meeting on 5 May 2021, this webinar raised the understanding of central bank and other government officials from Asia and the Pacific about the implications of climate change for sovereign risk, given that public finances are already under considerable strain because of the COVID-19 crisis. The discussion examined the material impact of climate change on the cost of sovereign borrowing. It also spotlighted best practices and policy recommendations for managing climate-related sovereign risks, including strengthened disaster risk management to help address a wide range of climate change impacts in the region.

55. ADBI–Stanford University Virtual Workshop on Electricity Markets in a High-Renewables World. ADBI and Stanford University’s Program on Energy and Sustainable Development cohosted this workshop, held during 18–20 May 2021. The workshop examined the challenges of integrating high shares of variable renewable energy into electricity markets. Participants took part in a web-based game that included three modules and engaged in virtual exercises for various renewable and climate policy scenarios to better understand the role of electricity generation companies. 56. Virtual Conference on Circular Economy in Emerging Markets: Unlocking the Potential for Green Recovery in Developing Asia. Co-organized by ADBI, the Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra, and the Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment, Viet Nam, on 2 June 2021, this side event of the World Circular Economy Forum examined case studies on the successful implementation of circular economy principles and related recommendations, focusing on a green recovery and economic growth in the post-COVID-19 era. Specific topics of discussion included regulatory and legal frameworks, regional and country policies, opportunities for the private sector, and innovation in cities that could help unlock the potential of a circular economy approach.

7. Nurturing Young Scholars and Policy Makers from Developing Member Countries

57. The ADBI–Hitotsubashi course on Asian economic development and integration was organized in coordination with the Asian Public Policy Program of the School of International and Public Policy at Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo. This master’s course supports the development of up-and-coming Asian policy makers by providing students with a better understanding of key economic development issues based on insights from ADBI experts.

44 Appendix 1

C. ADB Institute–ADB Co-Organized Events

Table A1.4: ADB Institute Research and Capacity Building and Training Events Co-Organized with ADB in 2021

Event Date Location

Yokohama City’s 9th Asia Smart City Conference 18 January Hybrid, Tokyo

ADBI–JICA Online Training Program on Wastewater Management and City-Wide Inclusive Sanitation

15–18 February Online

ADBI Webinar on Climate Change and Sovereign Risk (54th ADB Annual Meeting Seminar Series)

5 May Online

ADBI–Stanford University Virtual Workshop on Electricity Markets in a High-Renewables World

18–20 2021 Online

11th Asia–Pacific Financial Inclusion Forum: Emerging Priorities in the COVID-19 Era

25 May Online

ADBI–KDI–ADB Virtual Workshop on Effective Public Debt Management for Sustainable Growth in Asia and the Pacific

26 May Online

ADBI Virtual Workshop on Analyzing Infrastructure Impacts in Asia Through Big Data: Spillover and Financing

3–4 June Online

Virtual Deep Dive Workshops on “Innovative Sustainable Cooling Solutions for Asia and the Pacific” and “Energy Efficiency Strategy” – 16th ADB Asia Clean Energy Forum

14 June Online

Ninth OECD–AMRO–ADB–ADBI–ERIA Policy Dialogue: Asian Regional Roundtable on Macroeconomic and Structural Policies

15–16 June Online

ADBI Annual Forum on Expanding Women’s Participation in the Asian Economy: Securing Livelihoods for an Inclusive Recovery

25 August Online

ADBI Virtual Workshop on Effective Greenhouse Gas Emission Control Policies

25–27 August Online

Regional Conference on Health and Socioeconomic Well-Being of Older Persons in Developing Asia: Role of Individual and Household Data

7–9 September Online

Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture in Asia and the Pacific

13 September Online

Yokohama City’s 10th Asia Smart City Conference 28 October Online

ADB = Asian Development Bank, ADBI = Asian Development Bank Institute, AMRO = ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, COVID-19 = coronavirus disease, ERIA = Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency KDI = Korea Development Institute, OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

Appendix 1 45

D. Gender Balance of ADB Institute Events

Table A1.5: Proportion of Female Participation in ADB Institute Research and Capacity Building and Training Events in 2021

Department Percentage of Female Event Participants

Research 45%

Capacity Building and Training 43%

Note: Participant data for ADBI research and capacity building and training events from 1 January to 31 August 2021.

Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

E. ADB Institute Engagement with Regional and Global Forums 58. In 2021, ADBI continued to deepen collaboration with other top think tanks and thought leadership partners to promote policy solutions to common challenges facing DMCs through key regional and global forums (paras. 59–64).

1. Think 20

59. During Think 20 (T20) Italy 2021, ADBI worked with partners to coproduce five T20 policy briefs to encourage timely, innovative, and evidence-based policy decisions by Group of Twenty (G20) leaders (Table A1.6).2

Table A1.6: ADB Institute Coproduced Think 20 Policy Briefs, 2021

Think 20 2021 Policy Brief Think 20 2021 Task Force

Location Building a New Sustainable Economy. Investing in Infrastructure for Distribution and Well-Being

Task force 7: Infrastructure Investment and Financing

How Quality Infrastructure Can Bring Private Sector Finance into Infrastructure Investment to Recover from the COVID-19 Crisis

Task force 7: Infrastructure Investment and Financing

Localizing the Circular Economy Imperative in a Post-COVID-19 Era: Place, Trade, and Multilateralism

Task force 2: Climate Change, Sustainable Energy, and Environment and Young Societies Mitigating and Managing the Effects of Climate Change on

Macrofinancial Stability and Sovereign Risk

Task force 9: International Finance

Sustainable and Quality Infrastructure Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Proposals for New Financing Models

Task force 7: Infrastructure Investment and Financing

COVID-19 = coronavirus disease. Source: Asian Development Bank Institute.

60. ADBI offered support for Indonesia’s T20 hosting during its 2022 G20 presidency, providing technical guidance drawing upon on ADBI’s T20 hosting experience in 2019. ADBI also planned to host an ADBI Featured Speaker Webinar in November 2021 with Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati to spotlight Indonesia’s G20 2022 priorities and promote alignment with policy research activities and recommendations under T20 Indonesia. 61. In anticipation of India’s T20 hosting during its 2023 G20 presidency, ADBI once again participated in the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)

2 T20 is the think tank engagement group of the G20.

46 Appendix 1

annual G20 conference. ADBI also is working on significantly deepening collaboration with ICRIER on G20 projects.

2. Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program

62. In 2021, ADBI participated in regional and global think tank activities organized by the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTSCP) at the University of Pennsylvania, on the heels of ADBI ranking as the top government-affiliated think tank for a second consecutive year in the 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report published by TTCSP in January 2021

63. ADBI planned to join TTSCP’s Asia Think Tank Summit and Global Think Tank Summit and continued to comanage the Think-Asia.org economic knowledge product repository with TTCSP (para. 87). ADBI is also exploring ways to further strengthen its partnership with TTCSP as the program undergoes an institutional transition.

3. Global Solutions Initiative

64. ADBI experts engaged in several activities organized by the Global Solutions Initiative in 2021. These included participation in the virtual Global Solutions Summit, coauthoring the e-book Intersecting, which examines post-COVID-19 sustainable infrastructure development, and joining the Global Solutions Initiative's Council for Global Problem-Solving and subgroup on circular economy. F. Outreach and Knowledge Dissemination 65. ADBI outreach and knowledge dissemination activities continued to raise the profile of the institute as a leading regional and global think tank and advance its sustainable and inclusive development goals in alignment with ADB’s Strategy 2030. The focuses included harnessing digital tools and channels to support the production, delivery, promotion, and reception of more targeted and high-quality ADBI research, capacity building, and outreach in the face of COVID-19 and fast-changing regional and global conditions (paras. 66–87).

1. Publications 66. Books. From 1 January to 30 September 2021, ADBI published seven ADBI Press and copublished books: Developing Infrastructure in Central Asia: Impacts and Financing Mechanisms; Economic Integration in Asia and Europe: Lessons and Policies; Enhancing SME Participation in Global Value Chains: Determinants, Challenges, and Policy Recommendations; Frontiers in High-Speed Rail Development; Labor Migration in Asia: Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis and the Post-Pandemic Future; Leveraging SME Finance through Value Chains in CAREC Landlocked Countries; and Reforming State-Owned Enterprises in Asia: Challenges and Solutions. To ensure a high level of academic and editorial standards, all book projects were reviewed by the ADBI Publications Committee and external peer reviews were conducted for all ADBI Press titles.

67. To further raise the quality of ADBI books and the ADBI Press brand, ADBI in 2021 notably launched the ADBI Series on Asian and Pacific Sustainable Development, coedited by ADBI Dean Tetsushi Sonobe and Yale University professor and director of the Yale Economic Growth Center, Rohini Pande. The series is supported by an editorial panel of high-level policy makers and scholars. The inaugural series entry will be launched in October 2021 and is entitled: COVID-19 Impacts and Policy Options: An Asian Perspective.

Appendix 1 47

68. To better differentiate between CBT publications and ADBI’s research-oriented books for academics and scholars, calls for policy papers were introduced in 2021 to fuel the production of CBT reports targeting policy makers. The development of a pipeline of calls for policy papers and corresponding CBT reports, along with related branding efforts, is expected to continue in 2021. 69. Working papers. From 1 January to 30 September 2021, ADBI published 75 working papers, with work ongoing to raise the quality of research they present. The working papers were also typically published as book chapters or submitted to academic journals for consideration. 70. Policy briefs. From 1 January to 30 September 2021, ADBI published six policy briefs. The series is designed to promote ADBI views on demand-driven policy topics. 71. Case studies. ADBI introduced policy maker–friendly case studies on water and sustainable sanitation as part of its partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. As of 30 September, ADBI had published two case studies in 2021: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Tamil Nadu Urban Sanitation Improvement Plans; and Institutional Frameworks for Onsite Sanitation Management Systems. 72. Other papers. From 1 January to 31 August 2021, ADBI staff published 30 journal articles in international refereed journals, up from 21 during the same period in 2020, and three special journal issues. 73. Blog. ADBI’s Asia Pathways blog features short original contributions on economic and development issues in Asia and the Pacific. All submissions are peer reviewed and must be approved before posting and distribution. From 1 January to 30 September 2021, 28 Asia Pathways blogs were published, highlighting the project work of ADBI experts as well as research and policy insights from reputable external contributors.

2. ADB Institute Website

74. The ADBI website, ADBI.org, is the online “front door” of ADBI and a key dissemination tool for ADBI’s knowledge products, services, and other activities, as reflected in the site’s increasingly strong user data. 75. From 1 January to 15 August 2021, the website had 634,152 page views, an increase of about 10% compared with the same period in 2020. ADB DMCs accounted for eight of the top 10 most active user economies of the ADBI website, based on the user sessions of ADBI.org by country. 76. ADBI began planning work on the redesign of the ADBI website in 2021 as part of ADB’s broader web redesign initiative. The project will upgrade the ADBI website look, menu and content placement, and navigation, and is expected to proceed in 2022.

3. ADB Institute E-Learning 77. ADBI E-Learning (elearning-ADBI.org) is a tuition-free, certificate-issuing e-learning platform. Officially launched in November 2019, the site features video-based e-learning courses and programs on key development topics for Asia and the Pacific. In 2021, ADBI focused on building on the initial progress of the site’s growth and development.

48 Appendix 1

78. Online Lecture Series. As of 15 August 2021, ADBI had produced 16 ADBI E-Learning Online Lecture Series courses that are open to the public and build broader development knowledge capacity. These courses garnered 51,799 registered users, up 36.9% from the end of 2020. In total, 51,547 course completion certificates had been issued as of 15 August 2021, up 35.8% from the end of 2020. 79. Policy Maker E-Training. In 2021, ADBI continued to pilot ADBI Policy Maker E-Training, a fixed, semester-length, by-invitation training program series for policy makers supported by the ADBI E-Learning website. The scheme offers tailored activities consisting of recorded PowerPoint-based video courses, optional live classroom-style discussion and exercises, and offline assignments and other components. A newly revised production process will allow for accelerated production of ADBI Policy Maker E-Training programs, with select content to be repurposed for public ADBI E-Learning Online Lecture Series courses.

4. News and Media 80. ADBI continued to enhance its news coverage and delivery in 2021. From 1 January to 15 August, it published 70 blurbs for the ADBI website and One ADB Today, compared with 61 during the same period in 2020. ADBI also published 20 newsletters and news releases from 1 January to 15 August 2021. These were distributed to ADBI’s news subscriber list, which nearly doubled from 25,165 to 46,547 from 1 January to 15 August 2021.

81. ADBI also actively engaged with the media in Asia and the Pacific and globally. From 1 January to 15 August 2021, ADBI experts conducted 32 interviews with global media outlets such as BBC and The Wall Street Journal, and local outlets such as Kyodo news service of Japan; Radio Television Hong Kong of Hong Kong, China; and news broadcaster TNN of Thailand.

5. Social Media, Multimedia, Infographics, and Podcasts 82. ADBI continues to accelerate its social media development, helping to raise the visibility of the institute and its activities, disseminate its knowledge products, and promote the ADBI brand. As of 30 September 2021, ADBI had just over 30,000 LinkedIn followers, more than 15,500 Twitter followers, and more than 57,500 Facebook followers.

83. To build ADBI’s social media brand profile and credibility, ADBI took the following measures in 2021: greater adoption of amplification services to boost post reach and user growth; enhanced visual consistency of ADBI social media accounts, including the introduction of a new social media banner and bio; Twitter “blue badge” confirmed; and new identity verification requirement satisfied for ADBI Facebook account. 84. From 1 January to 30 September 2021, ADBI produced 14 promotional videos that were published on the ADBI website and disseminated through social media. ADBI saw about 500,000 total video views on its social media channels during this period, matching the total for all of 2020. 85. ADBI introduced a newly redeveloped infographic series in 2021 for use on social media. The infographics feature a new look and are more data focused. ADBI is also focused on accelerating infographic production.

86. ADBI published 17 episodes of its Asia’s Developing Future podcast from 1 January to 30 September 2021. As of 30 September 2021, it was also on pace to exceed the 26,887 episode plays it saw during all of 2020, when it published 31 episodes.

Appendix 1 49

6. Think-Asia

87. Think-Asia.org, an initiative comanaged by ADBI and the University of Pennsylvania’s Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP), is a repository of about 13,000 open access economic knowledge products from ADBI and 26 other top think tanks from across the region. In 2021, the Korea Development Institute became the latest think tank to join the Think-Asia consortium. From 1 January to 15 August 2021, Think-Asia saw 399,928 downloads, 121,139 of which were ADBI books and reports.

50 Appendix 2

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE PARTNERS IN 2021

International Organizations Bank for International Settlements Food and Agriculture Organization International Initiative for Impact Evaluation International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Plan International United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Global Pulse United Nations Global Working Group on Big Data for Official Statistics World Bank World Bank Tokyo Development Learning Center World Health Organization World Trade Organization

Regional Organizations African Development Bank Asia Disaster Preparedness Center Asian Development Bank Asian Productivity Organization Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Advisory Council Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Mekong Institute

National Government Agencies Authority for Fair Competition and Consumer Protection, Mongolia Bank Indonesia Bank Indonesia Institute Bank of Finland Bank of Japan Bank of Thailand Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Central Bank of Sri Lanka City of Yokohama Competition and Consumer Commission, Singapore Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Fair Trade Commission, Japan Fair Trade Commission, Republic of Korea Financial Services Agency, Japan Financial Services Authority, Indonesia Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra Fiscal Policy Agency, Indonesia Ministry of Finance

Appendix 2 51

International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority, India Japan Water Agency Korean Intellectual Property Office Land Transport Authority Academy, Singapore Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, Georgia Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Indonesia Ministry of Finance, Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism, Japan Ministry of Public Health, Thailand National Credit Bureau, Thailand National Health Insurance Service, Republic of Korea National Productivity Organization National Tax Agency, Japan Philippine Competition Commission Policy Research Institute of Japan Ministry of Finance Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan State Bank of Vietnam United States Patent and Trademark Office

Think Tanks, Universities, and Other Knowledge Institutions Academy of Finance, Viet Nam Antai College of Economics and Management ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office ASEAN–Japan Centre Asian Institute for Transport Development Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association Australia–Japan Research Centre Broadband India Forum Brookings Institution Cambridge Judge Business School Executive Education Limited Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Institute Center for Advanced Research in Finance, University of Chicago Center for River Basin Organizations and Management Center for Sustainable Development, Columbia University Center on Japanese Economy and Business, Columbia University Chiang Mai University China Energy Finance Network Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Chubu University Chulalongkorn University Department of Economics, University of California, Davis Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia Economic Society of Singapore Fiji National University Foundation for Development Cooperation Gadjah Mada University Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo Hitotsubashi University

52 Appendix 2

Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations Indian Institute of Technology Indian National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Institute for Development and Human Security, Ewha Womans University Institute for Economic and Social Research – Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Institute for International Monetary Affairs Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment, Viet Nam International Association for Financial Consumers International Business School Suzhou International Development Cooperation Academy International Health Policy Program International Network for Sustainable Financial Policy Insights, Research, and Exchange International School of Economics, Tbilisi State University Isabela State University Japan Economic and Social Research Institute Japan Institute for Overseas Investment Japan Institute of International Affairs Japan Nudge Promotion Council Jeffrey Cheah Institute on Southeast Asia, Sunway University Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies Keio University Korea Development Institute Korea Economic Research Institute Korea Environment Institute Korea Institute for International Economic Policy Korea Institute of Finance Leadership Academy for Development, Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, Stanford University Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. Nanyang Technological University National Bureau of Asian Research National Bureau of Economic Research National University of Singapore Network of Asian River Basin Organizations Ocean Policy Research Institute Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Purdue University Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shenzhen Finance Institute Sim Kee Boon Institute Singapore Exchange Limited Singapore Management University Singapore University of Technology and Design Smart City Institute – Japan Sungkyunkwan University SOAS Centre for Sustainable Development SOAS University of London

Appendix 2 53

Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Study Group on Asian Tax Administration and Research Survey and Research Center for China Household Finance Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania Tokyo Development Learning Center, World Bank Toyo University Tsinghua University University of Cambridge, Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance United Nations University, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability University of New South Wales University of Tokyo University of Wollongong Vietnam National University of Agriculture Western Economic Association International World Conference on Transport Research Society World Savings and Retail Banking Institute World Wildlife Fund for Nature Asia Sustainable Finance Team Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Xi’an University of Technology Yale University Yunan University of Finance and Economics

54 Appendix 3

SELECTED CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES, 2022–2024

Tokyo Fiscal Forum

Theme: Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities Activity: In emerging and low-income Asian countries, it is important to approach fiscal policy in ways that help close large gaps in infrastructure to realize output potential, while maintaining sustainable fiscal management and reducing vulnerabilities attributable to deficit bias. To this end, it is increasingly necessary to reconsider the design and implementation of effective fiscal rules for strengthening policy frameworks for medium-term fiscal management by drawing lessons from experiences following the global financial crisis. The annual Tokyo Fiscal Forum organized by the Capacity Building and Training department will build understanding of fiscal policy challenges and share broad perspectives on formulating sustainable polices for inclusive growth in Asia.

Roundtable on Capital Market and Financial Reforms in Asia

Theme: Strengthening governance and institutional capacity Activity: Collaboration will continue between the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Ministry of Finance of Japan, the Financial Services Agency of Japan, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development at an annual roundtable on capital market reform. Topics to be discussed will include (i) international best practices and standards in market supervision and enforcement; (ii) risk management; (iii) market infrastructure for trading, clearing, and settlement; (iv) disclosure; (v) governance; and (vi) accounting. Issues and best practices related to capital account liberalization, harmonization of market standards and practices, and financial regulatory reforms will also be discussed to promote further integration of capital and financial markets. Special topics for consideration will include capital markets and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic; rising household and corporate debt in Asia; trade tensions; the impact of Big Tech on conventional financial services; alternatives to legal tender; and sustainable financing.

Roundtable on Labor Migration in Asia

Theme: Fostering regional cooperation and integration Activity: Labor migration is an important dimension of globalization and a vital source of income for many poor families in Asia and the Pacific. As a result of demographic transition and evolving patterns of structural change, the region has both labor-surplus and labor-deficit countries, causing labor flows between them. Asia and the Pacific also interacts with other regions, notably the Middle East, which generates a high demand for foreign workers. Greater efforts are being made to ensure that the workers pass through legal channels for the benefit of a given country and the workers concerned. Since 2011, the Asian Development Bank Institute, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and International Labour Organization have collaborated to organize an annual roundtable to examine migrant worker policy changes in Asia and the Pacific, and discuss various policy options to realize orderly, safe, and regular labor migration in the region. The three organizations produce a regular publication based on the outcomes of each roundtable.

Appendix 3 55

Roundtable on Insurance and Retirement Saving

Theme: Strengthening governance and institutional capacity Activity: Asia and the Pacific is among the world’s fastest growing markets for insurance, and accounts for an increasing share of global insurance premiums and pension assets under management. However, insurance and retirement savings penetration remains low, leaving large numbers of individuals unprotected against risks associated with economic, demographic, and social changes in the region. The development of insurance and private pension markets provides an opportunity for the diversification of risk over time and among different participants. The Asian Development Bank Institute, in collaboration with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, will organize this annual roundtable to examine emerging issues, including COVID-19 recovery strategies, in insurance and private pension markets in Asia and the Pacific, and identify policy recommendations for addressing them.

Online Training Program: The Role of Public Policy in Infrastructure Development Theme: Strengthening governance and institutional capacity

Activity: Developing Asia and the Pacific is falling well short of the nearly $1.7 trillion in infrastructure investment required annually through 2030 to sustain growth, eradicate poverty, and respond to climate change. Deploying public policy solutions that accelerate private investment is vital to meeting the region’s soaring infrastructure needs. Led by the Asian Development Bank Institute and renowned political scientist Francis Fukuyama of Stanford University’s Leadership Academy for Development, this course-based training program will address challenges faced by public sector leaders as they look to foster economic growth through infrastructure development in politically charged environments. The program will feature case studies, group exercises, and case writing on providing public goods, bypassing bureaucratic obstacles, facilitating investment, and the state as an economic catalyst.

Asia Smart City Conference

Theme: Making cities more livable

Activity: The United Nations projects that the world’s population will grow to about 6.4 billion by 2050.

Urbanization is pronounced in developing Asia and is putting increasing pressure on urban environments and development. Realizing greater prosperity while advancing carbon neutrality and sustainable development in urban areas is an escalating challenge across the region. City-to-city collaboration can help jointly tackle this challenge and advance sustainable economic growth. The Capacity Building and Training department will organize the Asia Smart City Conference with other development partners to promote partnerships among cities and related international institutions with the goal of making cities more livable in Asia.

56 Appendix 3

Annual Forum on Expanding Women’s Participation in the Asian Economy Theme: Accelerating progress in gender equality

Activity: Although Asia and the Pacific has made important strides toward gender equality, significant gaps remain in education completion, health outcomes, employment, and leadership. According to the International Labour Organization, it is the only region where female participation in the workforce has declined or remain unchanged in recent years. Addressing these inequalities now could add as much as $4.5 trillion to the annual gross domestic product of Asia and the Pacific by 2025, according to McKinsey and Co. COVID-19 has disproportionately impacted women in the region, putting gender equity at further risk. Against this backdrop, the Asian Development Bank Institute has initiated an annual conference focused on expanding women’s economic participation in developing Asia. The inaugural event in August 2021 focused on boosting opportunities for females in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Asian Economic Development and Integration

Theme: Nurturing young scholars and policy makers from developing member countries

Activity: This course will provide an overview of the key factors influencing the rapid growth and development of Asian economies. The course will draw on diverse country, subregional, and regional experience to identify the policies that have most significantly contributed to growth and development. It will examine why these policies worked and how they could be applied in other developing economies. The course will also consider current policy debates on topics including poverty, macroeconomic management, trade and foreign direct investment, human capital and labor, financial market development, regional economic integration, health, and the environment. It will also explore development issues that are expected to influence future policy options in the region.

Asia and Pacific Financial Inclusion Forum

Theme: Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities Activity: Broadening access to financial services and literacy in Asia and the Pacific is vital to reducing poverty and promoting inclusive economic growth. However, although public and private sector efforts to improve access continue to accelerate, they have largely failed to achieve significant progress. Basic credit provision generally remains the only financial product available to low-income people and is offered at interest rates of 40% on average in the region. The annual Asia and Pacific Financial Inclusion Forum, cohosted with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Advisory Council, the Foundation for Development Cooperation, and the Banking with the Poor Network, will continue to examine transitional issues such as addressing gender inequality, digital disruption, and marginalized small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as the role of financial technology to improve access to finance for the underserved.

Asia Pacific Social Protection Week

Theme: Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities Activity: The Capacity Building and Training department will continue to participate in this annual ADB thematic event by exploring emerging challenges and opportunities related to demographic shifts and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Sessions by the Asian Development Bank Institute will focus on the impacts of aging on social protection systems and the role that

community–based schemes, such as hometown investment trusts, can play in providing alternative

financing for social protection needs.

Appendix 3 57

Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture

Theme: Promoting rural development and food security Activity: Asia and the Pacific has made remarkable progress in reducing food insecurity over the past quarter century, despite differences across subregions. But the burden of feeding the rising population still falls heavily on developing countries in the region. Furthermore, declining rural populations, unsustainable use of land and natural resources, and climate change are negatively impacting food production. Capacity building and training activities will examine these and related policy challenges and opportunities.

Leadership Capacity Development for Development Partners and Developing Member Countries to Invest in City-Wide Inclusive Sanitation

Themes: Making cities more livable

Activity: More than 1.5 billion people in Asia and the Pacific lack access to improved sanitation, and about 80% of wastewater is discharged untreated. National and local policy makers require evidence-based information and adequate leadership capacity to develop and implement suitable sanitation programs in urban and rural areas. In partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, capacity building and training programs will create a platform for city-wide inclusive sanitation to promote livable cities. The partnership will support sustainable and innovative water and sanitation solutions in developing member countries (DMCs) using a variety of methodologies, including evidence-based case studies; effective teaching and learning methods; and high-level policy dialogues, seminars, research, and field visits for DMC government officials, experts, and private sector professionals.

Taxation and Digitalization

Theme: Strengthening governance and institutional capacity Activity: About 40% of the world’s population is connected to digital networks. The ongoing digital transformation can drive innovation and productivity growth and improve public services and well-being by making knowledge, information, and data more widely available. In Asia and the Pacific, this phenomenon can also drive the shift toward a supply-driven development model, increasing productivity and allowing the region’s economies to move up the value chain. The Asian Development Bank Institute, in collaboration with ADB, will organize an annual training workshop for tax authorities in Asia and the Pacific on improving taxation systems in the era of digitalization.

58 Appendix 3

Asian Regional Roundtable on Macroeconomic and Structural Policies

Theme: Strengthening governance and institutional capacity

Activity: Although many emerging Asian economies have been posting steady growth, they are not

immune to near-term downside risks—for example, COVID-19-driven global uncertainty and volatile

cross-border capital flows. The region also faces medium-term structural issues such as the middle-income trap, aging populations, income disparity, environmental degradation, and challenges in fostering inclusive economic growth. The Asian Development Bank Institute, together with ADB, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, will continue to organize an annual regional roundtable on near-term macroeconomic policies and medium-term structural policies. The roundtable will facilitate the sharing of views and experiences among policy makers and experts in Asia on macroeconomic and structural policy development.

Cambridge University E-Learning on Fintech

Theme: Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities, and strengthening governance and institutional capacity

Activity: New business models and innovations are being ignited by rapid advancements in financial technology (fintech), but slow regulatory responses are preventing many governments from capitalizing on the benefits. Moreover, widening knowledge gaps between innovators and regulators are raising the potential for fintech misuse, which results in large-scale fraud, data privacy breaches, and cybersecurity risks, as well as regulatory overreactions that could stifle innovation. Against this backdrop, the Asian Development Bank Institute is collaborating with Cambridge University’s Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance and Cambridge Judge Business School Executive Education Limited to offer this online course on fintech and regulatory innovation. The course is designed to improve the capacity of policy makers in developing Asia to engage with different forms of fintech innovations and address the regulatory and policy implications of these innovations in a more timely and effective way.

Support for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Theme: Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities Activity: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a major source of output and employment in Asia and globally. However, SMEs often face major barriers to growth such as limited access to formal finance, which can inhibit these firms from expanding and filling the “missing middle” in an economy’s enterprise size structure. Nonfinancial issues also constrain SMEs, including regulatory and bureaucratic requirements that test these firms’ limited administrative capacity. In addition, SMEs may encounter challenges tapping into global value chains and meeting the technology and efficiency requirements of large partner firms. Against this backdrop, the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) will organize course-based training workshops, policy dialogues, and other activities to address hurdles faced by SMEs and suggest innovative policy solutions. ADBI’s Capacity Building and Training department will further collaborate with ADBI’s Research Department to explore new research agendas to support SME development.

Appendix 3 59

Indonesia–Japan Policy Research Forum for Asia

Theme: Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities Activity: The COVID-19 pandemic is a reminder of the importance of quality infrastructure that is resilient, inclusive, and sustainable. The adoption of digital platforms and other technology can improve the quality of infrastructure and improve infrastructure service delivery, enabling benefits to multiple sectors and stakeholders. Against this backdrop, ADBI, in collaboration with the Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Indonesia; the Graduate School of Public Policy at the University of Tokyo; and the Toshiba International Foundation will organize a series of policy dialogues and workshops, inviting policy makers, practitioners, and academics from Indonesia, Japan, and other Asian countries to address shared policy challenges for mutually beneficial solutions. The event series will explore ways to design and implement policies for affordable technology, innovation promotion, institutional capacity building and, most importantly, human capital development with the goal of achieving a sustainable equitable society in Asia and the Pacific.

Energy Policies in Asia and Climate Change

Theme: Tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and enhancing environmental sustainability

Activity: Reducing carbon dioxide emissions and using energy more efficiently are vital to sustainable growth in Asia. However, climate change is a significant barrier to realizing such reductions, given that climate change impacts energy supplies, energy demand, and policy options. On the supply side, climate change causes changes in water availability, air and water temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover that not only affect hydropower generation and thermal power generation efficiency, but also impact energy infrastructure. On the demand side, for example, warmer temperatures increase demand for air-conditioning, while lowered water tables increase energy demand for groundwater pumping. In addressing these changes, the best energy mix for each Asian country will vary depending on their geographic location and availability of natural resources. In this context, the Asian Development Bank Institute will organize course-based training workshops or policy dialogues to discuss the myriad of policy challenges posed by climate change and identify the best policy solutions for each ADB developing member country.

Green Finance and Innovations for Sustainable Development

Theme: Tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and enhancing environmental sustainability

Activity: Climate change poses an enormous challenge to the development agendas of developing countries. Environmentally sound technological innovation and deployment is critical to ensuring a sustainable future, both for developed and developing countries. Although international climate and development actors discuss and offer technical and financial support for developing countries to cope with climate change, the process tends to be slow and insufficient. Independent efforts by developing countries will also be required to build a low-carbon society. Issues to be discussed at this workshop include markets for technology, bottom-of-the-pyramid business, reverse innovation from developing countries to developed countries, and green investment.

60 Appendix 3

Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance

Theme: Tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and enhancing environmental sustainability

Activity: Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are highly vulnerable to a natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanos, tsunamis, droughts, typhoons, floods, and landslides. The devastating impacts of such disasters are exacerbated by climate change; rapid economic development, urbanization, and population growth; and the COVID-19 crisis. A large share of economic damage related to natural disasters is caused by the overexposure of government fiscal budgets, which often leaves governments unable to support disaster-affected small and medium-sized enterprises, farmers, homeowners, and vulnerable households. Recognizing the importance of sound disaster risk management and alternative risk financing and insurance schemes, the Asian Development Bank Institute, in partnership with the ASEAN secretariat and ADB, will organize a capacity building workshop to address these challenges.

Regional Conference on Blue Economy: Towards Sustainable Development and Ocean Governance Theme: Tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and enhancing environmental sustainability

Activity: Billions of people in Asia and the Pacific, especially poor and vulnerable communities, depend on healthy ocean ecosystems for their livelihoods, food security and nutrition, adequate health, recreation, and disaster risk reduction. However, the impacts of climate change, marine pollution, unsustainable fishing, and rapid and unsustainable coastal development are threatening the future of these ecosystems. In line with the Action Plan for Healthy Oceans of ADB, the Asian Development Bank Institute, in collaboration with the Ocean Policy Institute, will organize this regional conference to enhance knowledge and understanding of blue finance and governance planning, sectoral management, and managing risks in the blue economy.

Regional Conference and Policy Dialogue on Ocean Tourism, Blue Finance, and Ocean Risk Theme: Tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and enhancing environmental sustainability

Activity: Healthy oceans and blue economies are increasingly critical to sustainable development, as widely recognized by the international community and embodied in Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and decisions taken by the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development.a The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment emphasizes that all humans depend on the Earth’s ecosystems and the services they provide, which is also consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals. The conference will gather government officials from the Pacific and other small island developing states to discuss sustainable financing, tourism, disaster risk management for oceans and blue economies, and related areas. a Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg

Summit.

Appendix 3 61

Effective Public Debt Management for Sustainable Growth in Asia and the Pacific Theme: Strengthening governance and institutional capacity

Activity: Ballooning public debt and rising interest rates because of the COVID-19 crisis and an imbalanced recovery from the pandemic have led to debt vulnerability. With limited policy space to address these issues, Developing Asian economies require creative strategies to minimize both the costs and risks associated with public debt management. The first workshop in this series was held on 26 May 2021, with a focus on the well-established public debt management guidelines of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The second workshop will be held in March 2022 to advance those guidelines with innovative strategies. The Asian Development Bank Institute, ADB, and the Korea Development Institute continue to seek creative strategies to effectively manage public debt and promote fiscal sustainability.

Innovation and Growth Theme: Strengthening governance and institutional capacity

Activity: Innovation is crucial to economic recovery and growth in the post-COVID-19 era. The innovation ecosystem has many aspects, including research and development, education, and patents. The Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) is organizing a series of events focusing on facilitating growth of innovative ecosystems. The first event, on patents for innovation, was held on 21 October 2021. ADBI will organize the second event, on public procurement for innovation, in 2022 to support the growth of innovative enterprises.

62 Appendix 4

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS,

NOVEMBER 2020–NOVEMBER 2021

Books Asian Development Bank Institute, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and

International Labour Organization (ADBI–OECD–ILO), eds. 2021. Labor Migration in Asia: Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis and the Post-Pandemic Future. Tokyo: ADBI.

Azhgaliyeva, D., and Y. Kalyuzhnova, eds. 2021. Unlocking Transport Connectivity in the Trans-Caspian

Corridor. Tokyo: ADBI. Beirne, J., and D. G. Fernandez, eds. 2020. Macroeconomic Stabilization in the Digital Age. Tokyo:

ADBI. Beirne, J., P. J. Morgan, and T. Sonobe, eds. 2021. COVID-19 Impacts and Policy Options: An Asian

Perspective. Tokyo: ADBI. Liu, Y., F. Taghizadeh-Hesary, and N. Yoshino. Energy Efficiency Financing and Market-Based

Instruments. Tokyo: Springer. Morgan, P. J., and N. Yoshino, eds. 2021. Leveraging SME Finance Through Value Chains in CAREC

Landlocked Countries. Tokyo: ADBI. Park, S. C., C.-J. Kim, F. Taghizadeh-Hesary, and P. Sirivunnabood, eds. 2021. Economic Integration

in Asia and Europe: Lessons and Policies. Tokyo: ADBI. Park, S. C., N. Ogawa, C.-J. Kim, P. Sirivunnabood, and T.-H. Le, eds. 2021. Demographic Transition

and Its Impacts in Asia and Europe. Tokyo: ADBI. Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., N. Yoshino, C. J. Kim, and K. Kim, eds. 2021. Reforming State-Owned

Enterprises in Asia: Challenges and Solutions. Tokyo: Springer. Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., N. Yoshino, C.-J. Kim, and P. J. Morgan, eds. 2021. Investments in Startups

and Small Business Financing. World Scientific.

Tiwari, P., G. B. Stillman, and N. Yoshino, eds. 2020. Equitable Land Use for Asian Infrastructure. Tokyo: ADBI.

Urata, S, ed. 2021. Enhancing SME Participation in Global Value Chains: Determinants, Challenges,

and Policy Recommendations. Tokyo: ADBI. Yoshino, N., B. Huang, D. Azhgaliyeva, and Q. Abbas, eds. 2021. Developing Infrastructure in Central

Asia: Impacts and Financing Mechanisms. Tokyo. ADBI. Yoshitsugu, H., W. Rothengatter, and K. E. Seetha Ram, eds. 2021. Frontiers in High-Speed Rail

Development. Tokyo: ADBI.

Appendix 4 63

Book Chapters

Ariyasajjakorn, D., P. Sirivunnabood, and M. Molineris. 2021. Evolution of ASEAN Financial Integration: A Comparative Perspective. In Economic Integration in Asia and Europe: Lessons and Policies, edited by S. C. Park, C.-J. Kim, F. Taghizadeh-Hesary, and P. Sirivunnabood. Tokyo: ADBI.

Azhgaliyeva, D., and Y. Kalyuzhnova. 2021. Introduction. In Unlocking Transport Connectivity in the

Trans-Caspian Corridor, edited by D. Azhgaliyeva and Y. Kalyuzhnova. Tokyo: ADBI. Azhgaliyeva, D., R. Mishra, N. Yoshino, and K. Karymshakov. 2021. Infrastructure and Firm

Performance in CAREC Countries: Cross-Sectional Evidence at the Firm Level. In Unlocking Transport Connectivity in the Trans-Caspian Corridor, edited by D. Azhgaliyeva and Y. Kalyuzhnova. Tokyo: ADBI.

Baruah, N., J. Chaloff, P. Hervé, H. Honsho, S. Nair, and P. Sirivunnabood. 2021. Trends in Labor

Migration in Asia. In Labor Migration in Asia: Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis and the Post-Pandemic Future, edited by ADBI, OECD, and ILO. Tokyo: ADBI.

Beirne, J., and D. G. Fernandez. 2020. Introduction. In Macroeconomic Stabilization in the Digital Age,

edited by J. Beirne and D. G. Fernandez. Tokyo: ADBI. Beirne, J., P. J. Morgan, and T. Sonobe. 2021. Introduction. In COVID-19 Impacts and Policy Options:

An Asian Perspective, edited by J. Beirne, P. J. Morgan, and T. Sonobe. Tokyo: ADBI. Kikkawa, A., C. J. Justo, and P. Sirivunnabood. 2021. Migtech: How Technology is Reshaping Labor

Mobility and the Landscape of International Migration. In Labor Migration in Asia: Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis and the Post-Pandemic Future, edited by ADBI, OECD, and ILO. Tokyo: ADBI.

Korwatanasakul, U., P. Sirivunnabood, and A. Majoe. 2021. Demographic Transition and Its Impacts on

Fiscal Sustainability in East Asia and Southeast Asia. In Demographic Transition and Its Impacts in Asia and Europe, edited by S. C. Park, N. Ogawa, C.-J. Kim, P. Sirivunnabood, and T.-H. Le. Tokyo: ADBI.

Loganathan, S., C. S. Bahinipati, K. E. Seetha Ram, and S. N. Kalidindi. 2021. Policies and Priorities

for Developing Capacity to Build High-Quality Infrastructure. In Frontiers in High-Speed Rail Development, edited by H. Yoshitsugu, W. Rothengatter, and K. E. Seetha Ram. Tokyo: ADBI.

Malek, M. A., H. T. Truong, and T. Sonobe. 2021. Changes in the Livelihoods in Rural Bangladesh

During the Early COVID-19 Lockdown Period. In COVID-19 Impacts and Policy Options: An Asian Perspective, edited by J. Beirne, P. J. Morgan, and T. Sonobe. Tokyo: ADBI.

Morgan, P. J., A. Nurgaliyeva, and D. Kydyrbayev. 2021. Leveraging SME Finance Through Value

Chains in Landlocked CAREC Countries: Overview. In Leveraging SME Finance Through Value Chains in CAREC Landlocked Countries, edited by P. J. Morgan and N. Yoshino. Tokyo: ADBI.

Morgan, P. J., and L. Q. Trinh. 2021. Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in ASEAN Countries and

Their Implications for Human Capital Development. In COVID-19 Impacts and Policy Options: An Asian Perspective, edited by J. Beirne, P. J. Morgan, and T. Sonobe. Tokyo: ADBI.

Pagliara, F., Y. Hayashi, and K. E. Seetha Ram. 2021. Deriving Policies from Land Use–Transport

Interactions for Sustainable High-Speed Rail Development in Asia. In Frontiers in High-Speed Rail

64 Appendix 4

Development, edited by H. Yoshitsugu, W. Rothengatter, and K. E. Seetha Ram. Tokyo: ADBI. Park, S.-C., N. Ogawa, C. J. Kim, P. Sirivunnabood, and T.-H. Le. 2021. Introduction. In Demographic

Transition and Its Impacts in Asia and Europe, edited by S. C. Park, N. Ogawa, C.-J. Kim, P. Sirivunnabood, and T.-H. Le. Tokyo: ADBI.

Seetha Ram, K. E., Y. Hayashi, W. Rothengatter, and A. Bhatt. 2021. Introduction. In Frontiers in High-

Speed Rail Development, edited by H. Yoshitsugu, W. Rothengatter, and K. E. Seetha Ram. Tokyo: ADBI.

Seetha Ram, K. E., W. Rothengatter, and Y. Hayashi. 2021. Conclusions and Way Forward. In Frontiers

in High-Speed Rail Development, edited by H. Yoshitsugu, W. Rothengatter, and K. E. Seetha Ram. Tokyo: ADBI.

Sonobe, T., A. Takeda, S. Yoshida, and H. T. Truong. 2021. COVID-19 Impacts on Micro, Small, and

Medium-Sized Enterprises in Asia and Their Digitalization Responses. In COVID-19 Impacts and Policy Options: An Asian Perspective, edited by J. Beirne, P. J. Morgan, and T. Sonobe. Tokyo: ADBI.

Yoshino, N., B. Huang, D. Azhgaliyeva, and Q. Abbas. 2021. Introduction. In Developing Infrastructure

in Central Asia: Impacts and Financing Mechanisms, edited by N. Yoshino, B. Huang, D. Azhgaliyeva, and Q. Abbas. Tokyo. ADBI.

Zhang, J., Y. Hayashi, W. Rothengatter, and K. E. Seetha Ram. 2021. The COVID-19 Pandemic and

Transport Policy: State-of-the-Art and State-of-the-Practice. In Frontiers in High-Speed Rail Development, edited by H. Yoshitsugu, W. Rothengatter, and K. E. Seetha Ram. Tokyo: ADBI.

Journal Articles Aryal, J. P., T. B. Sapkota, T. J. Krupnik, D. B. Rahut, M. L. Jat, and C. M. Stirling. 2021. Factors

Affecting Farmers’ Use of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers in South Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28(37): 51480–51496.

Aryal, J. P., T. B. Sapkota, D. B. Rahut, P. Marenya, and C. M. Stirling. 2021. Climate Risks and

Adaptation Strategies of Farmers in East Africa and South Asia. Scientific Reports 11(1), 10489. Aryal, J. P., D. B. Rahut, D. B., G. Thapa, and F. Simtowe. 2021. Mechanisation of Small-Scale Farms

in South Asia: Empirical Evidence Derived from Farm Households Survey. Technology in Society 65, 101591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101591

Azhgaliyeva, D. 2021. Economic Impacts of Transport and Energy Infrastructure Connecting Asia and

Europe: An Introductory Article for the Special Issue. Asia Europe Journal 19(Suppl 1): S1–S4. Azhgaliyeva, D., R. Mishra, K. Karymshakov, A. Kerimray, and Z. Kapsalyamova. 2021. What

Determines Coal Consumption for Residential Heating in Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic?Australasian Journal of Environmental Management.

Beatty, A., E. Berkhout, L. Bima, M. Pradhan, and D. Suryadarma. 2021. Schooling Progress,

Learning Reversal: Indonesia’s Learning Profiles Between 2000 and 2014. International Journal of Educational Development 85: 102436.

Appendix 4 65

Beirne, J. 2020. Financial Cycles in Asset Markets and Regions. Economic Modelling 92: 358–374. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264999319315202

Beirne, J., N. Renzhi, E. Sugandi, and U. Volz. 2021. COVID-19, Asset Markets and Capital Flows.

Pacific Economic Review 26(4): 498–538. Beirne, J., N. Renzhi, and U. Volz. 2021. Bracing for the Typhoon: Climate Change and Sovereign

Risk in Southeast Asia. Sustainable Development 29(3): 537–551. Beirne, J., N. Renzhi, and U. Volz. 2021. Feeling the Heat: Climate Risks and the Cost of Sovereign

Borrowing. International Review of Economics and Finance 76: 920–936. Beirne, J., N. Renzhi, and U. Volz. 2021. Persistent Current Account Imbalances: Are they Good or

Bad for Regional and Global Growth? Journal of International Money and Finance, 115(C), 102389.

Gebre, G. G., H. Isoda, Y. Amekawa, D. B. Rahut, H. Nomura, and T. Watanabe. 2021. Gender-Based

Decision Making in Marketing Channel Choice–Evidence of Maize Supply Chains in Southern Ethiopia. Human Ecology 49: 443–451.

Gebre, G. G., H. Isoda, Y. Amekawa, D. B. Rahut, H. Nomura, and T. Watanabe. 2021. Marketing

Efficiency Among Gender-Based Decision-Making Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 1–26.

Gebre, G. G., H. Isoda, Y. Amekawa, D. B. Rahut, H. Nomura, and T. Watanabe. 2021. What Explains

Gender Gaps in Household Food Security? Evidence from Maize Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia. Social Indicators Research 155(1): 281–314.

Gebre, G. G., H. Isoda, D. B. Rahut, Y. Amekawa, and H. Nomura. 2021. Gender Differences in

Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Maize Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia. GeoJournal 86(2): 843–864.

Gebre, G. G., H. Isoda, D. B. Rahut, Y. Amekawa, and H. Nomura. 2021. Gender Gaps in Market

Participation Among Individual and Joint Decision-Making Farm Households: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia. The European Journal of Development Research 33(3): 649–683.

Gebre, G. G., H. Mawia, D. Makumbi, and D. B. Rahut. 2021. The Impact of Adopting Stress‐Tolerant

Maize on Maize Yield, Maize Income, and Food Security in Tanzania. Food and Energy Security, e313.

Gezimua, G., and D. B. Rahut. 2021. Prevalence of Household Food Insecurity in East Africa: Linking

Food Access with Climate Vulnerability. Climate Risk Management, 100333. Kapsalyamova, Z., R. Mishra, A. Kerimray, K. Karymshakov, and D. Azhgaliyeva. 2021. Why Energy

Access Is Not Enough for Choosing Clean Cooking Fuels? Evidence from the Multinomial Logit Model. Journal of Environmental Management 290.

Marenya, P., G. Gebremariam, and D. Rahut. 2021. Performance of Women-Managed Plots

Compared to Men-Managed Plots Among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Western and Central Ethiopia. Journal of Applied Economics 24(1): 523–540.

66 Appendix 4

Marenya, P., M. A. Usman, and D. Rahut. 2021. Community-Embedded Experiential Learning and Adoption of Conservation Farming Practices in Eastern and Southern Africa. Environmental Development, 100672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2021.100672

Mawia, H., F. Simtowe, and D. B. Rahut. 2021. Choice of Savings Instruments Among Rural Women

Maize Farmers: Evidence from Uganda. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics (JARTS) 122(1): 103–114.

McKenzie, D., C. Woodruff, K. Bjorvatn, M. Bruhn, J. Cai, J. Gonzalez-Uribe, S. Quinn, T. Sonobe,

and M. Valdivia. 2020. Training Entrepreneurs. VoxDevLit 1(1). https://voxdev.org/sites/default/files/Training_Entrepreneurs_Issue_1.pdf

Mottaleb, K. A., and D. B. Rahut. 2021. Clean Energy Choice and Use by the Urban Households in

India: Implications for Sustainable Energy for All. Environmental Challenges 5, 100254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100254

Mottaleb, K. A., D. Rahut, G. Kruseman, F. Abdul Fatah, and O. Erenstein. 2021. Future Food

Demand: Implications for Nepal. Food and Energy Security. Pallegedara, A., K. A. Mottaleb, and D. B. Rahut. 2021. Exploring Choice and Expenditure on Energy

for Domestic Works by the Sri Lankan Households: Implications for Policy. Energy 222, 119899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119899

Rahut, D. B., J. P. Aryal, and P. Marenya. 2021. Ex-Ante Adaptation Strategies for Climate Challenges

in Sub-Saharan Africa: Macro and Micro Perspectives. Environmental Challenges 3, 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100035

Rahut, D. B., J. P. Aryal, and P. Marenya. 2021. Understanding Climate-Risk Coping Strategies

Among Farm Households: Evidence from Five Countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 769, 145236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145236

Shimada, G., and T. Sonobe. 2021. Impacts of Management Training on Workers: Evidence from

Central America and Caribbean Region. Review of Development Economics 25(3): 1492–1514. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12773

Simtowe, F., D. Makumbi, M. Worku, H. Mawia, and D. B. Rahut. 2021. Scalability of Adaptation

Strategies to Drought Stress: The Case of Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties in Kenya. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 19(1): 91–105.

Sonobe, T. 2021. The Progress of Poverty Reduction and the Future of Development Cooperation [in

Japanese]. Kokusai Mondai (International Affairs) 700. Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Y. Chang, N. Yoshino, and P. J. Morgan. 2021. Energy Insecurity, Renewable

Energy and Economic Growth. The Singapore Economic Review 66(2): 313–322. Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., N. Yoshino, Y. Inagaki, and P. J. Morgan. 2021. Analyzing the Factors

Influencing the Demand and Supply of Solar Modules in Japan – Does Financing Matter. International Review of Economics and Finance 74: 1–12.

Thapa, G., S. Gautam, D. B. Rahut, and D. Choudhary. 2021. Cost Advantage of Biofortified Maize for

the Poultry Feed Industry and Its Implications for Value Chain Actors in Nepal. Journal of

Appendix 4 67

International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 33(3): 265–289. Trinh, Q. L., P. J. Morgan, and T. Sonobe. 2020. Investment Behavior of MSMEs During the Downturn

Periods: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam. Emerging Markets Review 45,100739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2020.100739

Yoshino, N. D. Azhgaliyeva, and R. Mishra. 2021. Financing Infrastructure Using Floating-Interest-

Rate Infrastructure Bonds. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 4(2): 306–315. Policy Briefs

Agarwal, D., J. M. P. Hernandez, and V. Wee. 2021. Problem-Solving Framework for Infrastructure

Policy Making. Tokyo: ADBI. Endo, K., and K. E. Seetha Ram. 2021. Public–Private Partnerships in Developing Asian Countries:

Practical Suggestions for Future Development Assistance. Tokyo: ADBI. Hondo, D., L. Arthur, and P. J. D. Gamaralalage. 2020. Solid Waste Management in Developing Asia:

Prioritizing Waste Separation. Tokyo: ADBI. Jayal, R. 2021. Of the People, for the People: Economic Corridors, High-Speed Railways, and Quality

of Life in Post-COVID-19 Asia. Tokyo: ADBI. Narayana, D. 2020. Integrity in Sanitation Access and Service Delivery: A Case Study of Malaysia’s

Sanitation Sector. Tokyo: ADBI. Kitano, N., and F. Qu. 2021. Five Lessons for Shaping Policies and Programs to Accelerate Urban

Sanitation in Asia: A Case Study on the Beijing Gaobeidian Wastewater Treatment Plant. Tokyo: ADBI.

Rajan, R. 2021. Dealing with Corporate Distress, Repair, and Reallocation after the Pandemic. Tokyo:

ADBI. Revilla, M. L., S. Thakur, and K. E. Seetha Ram. 2021. Impacts of Sanitation on Child Mortality and

School Enrollment: A Country-Level Analysis. Tokyo: ADBI. Stillman, G. B. 2021. 15 Fairer Ways to Share Land for Better Infrastructure and Urban Renewal. Tokyo:

ADBI.

Working Papers Abeykoon, L.C.K., E. P. D. N. Thilakarathne, A.P. Abeygunawardana, T.W.S. Warnasuriya, and K. P.

U. T. Egodauyana. 2021. Are Coastal Protective Hard Structures Still Applicable with Respect to Shoreline Changes in Sri Lanka?. ADBI Working Paper 1240. Tokyo: ADBI.

Amin, S., T. Jamasb, M. Llorca, L. Marsiliani, and T. Renström. 2021. The Role of Captive Power Plants

in the Bangladesh Electricity Sector. ADBI Working Paper 1238. Tokyo: ADBI.

Aryal, J. P., D. B. Rahut, and H. N. Gartaula. 2021. Gendered Analysis of Food Security Gaps in Rural

68 Appendix 4

Nepal. ADBI Working Paper 1279. Tokyo: ADBI. Aryani, Y., W. Andari, and Suhindarto. 2021. Impact of Information Technology and E-Commerce on

Indonesia’s Trade to ASEAN Countries. ADBI Working Paper 1254. Tokyo: ADBI. Azhgaliyeva, D., J. Beirne, and R. Mishra. 2021. What Matters for Private Investment Financing in

Renewable Energy Globally and in Asia?. ADBI Working Paper 1246. Tokyo: ADBI. Azhgaliyeva, D. and Z. Kapsalyamova. 2021. Policy Support in Promoting Green Bonds in Asia. ADBI

Working Paper 1275. Tokyo: ADBI. Azhgaliyeva, D., R. Mishra, and Z. Kapsalyamova. 2021. Oil Price Shocks and Green Bonds: A

Longitudinal Multilevel Model. ADBI Working Paper 1278. Tokyo: ADBI. Azhgaliyeva, D., R. Mishra, N. Yoshino, and K. Karymshakov. 2021. Infrastructure and Firm

Performance in CAREC Countries: Cross-Sectional Evidence at the Firm Level. ADBI Working Paper 1265. Tokyo: ADBI.

Banna, H. and M. R. Alam. 2021. Is Digital Financial Inclusion Good for Bank Stability and Sustainable

Economic Development? Evidence from Emerging Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1242. Tokyo: ADBI. Beirne, J., N. Renzhi, and U. Volz. 2021. Bracing for the Typhoon: Climate Change and Sovereign Risk

in Southeast Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1223. Tokyo: ADBI. Beirne, J., N. Renzhi, and U. Volz. 2021. Local Currency Bond Markets, Foreign Investor Participation,

and Capital Flow Volatility in Emerging Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1252. Tokyo: ADBI. Beirne, J., N. Renzhi, and U. Volz. 2021. When the United States and the People’s Republic of China

Sneeze: International Real and Financial Spillovers in Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1288. Tokyo: ADBI. Chen, Y. and U. Volz. 2021. Scaling Up Sustainable Investment through Blockchain-Based Project

Bonds. ADBI Working Paper 1247. Tokyo: ADBI. Chu, C.-P. and K.-C. Yeh. 2021. Demographic Transition for Economic Development in Taipei,China:

Literature and Policy Implications. ADBI Working Paper 1222. Tokyo: ADBI. Connell, J. 2020. Blue Ocean Tourism in Asia and the Pacific: Trends and Directions before the

Coronavirus Crisis. ADBI Working Paper 1204. Tokyo: ADBI. Diaz-Rainey, I., D. J. Tulloch, I. Ahmed, M. McCarten, and F. Taghizadeh-Hesary. 2021. An Energy

Policy for ASEAN? Lessons from the EU Experience on Energy Integration, Security, and Decarbonization. ADBI Working Paper 1217. Tokyo: ADBI.

Duan, J.-C. 2021. Sharing Credit Data While Respecting Privacy—A Digital Platform for Fairer Financing

of MSMEs. ADBI Working Paper 1280. Tokyo: ADBI. Fang, H. 2021. COVID-19: The Impact on the Economy and Policy Responses—A Review. ADBI

Working Paper 1236. Tokyo: ADBI. Fernando, R. and W. J. McKibbin. 2021. Macroeconomic Policy Adjustments due to COVID-19:

Scenarios to 2025 with a Focus on Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1219. Tokyo: ADBI.

Appendix 4 69

Furceri, D., M. Ganslmeier, J. D. Ostry, and N. Yang. 2021. Initial Output Losses from the COVID-19

Pandemic: Robust Determinants. ADBI Working Paper 1255. Tokyo: ADBI. Heffron, R. J., M.-F, Körner, T. Sumarno, J. Wagner, M. Weibelzahl, and G. Fridgen. 2021. How Different

Electricity Pricing Systems Affect the Energy Trilemma: Assessing Indonesia’s Electricity Market Transition. ADBI Working Paper 1213. Tokyo: ADBI.

Herrero, A. G. 2021. Why Are Latin American Crises Deeper Than Those in Emerging Asia, Including

That of COVID-19? ADBI Working Paper 1221. Tokyo: ADBI. Huang, M. C. and M. Kuroda. 2021. Investigation of Japan’s Value Chain through R&D and Innovation

under Demographic Change: Implications for Digitalization in the Post-COVID-19 Era. ADBI Working Paper 1257. Tokyo: ADBI.

Huang, Y., H. Qiu, and J. Wang. 2021. Digital Technology and Economic Impacts of COVID19:

Experiences of the People’s Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper 1276. Tokyo: ADBI. Huang, Z. and S. C. Saxena. 2021. Building Forward Better: Enhancing Resilience of Asia and Pacific

Economies in a Post-COVID-19 World. ADBI Working Paper 1239. Tokyo: ADBI. Igarashi, T., A. Takeda, H. T. Truong, and T. Sonobe. 2021. Evolving Impacts of the COVID-19

Pandemic on Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1286. Tokyo: ADBI.

Jayasooriya, S. P. 2021. Bayesian Gravity Model for Digitalization on Bilateral Trade Integration in Asia.

ADBI Working Paper 1232. Tokyo: ADBI. Jiang, H. and P. Liang. 2021. Less Cash, Less Theft? Evidence from Fintech Development in the

People’s Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper 1282. Tokyo: ADBI. Kalyuzhnova, Y. and H. Holzhacker. 2021. Enhancing Connectivity and Trade Between Central Asia

Regional Economic Cooperation Countries and the World: Benefits, Risks and Policy Implication. ADBI Working Paper 1271. Tokyo: ADBI.

Kalyuzhnova, Y. and R. Pomfret. 2021. Trade Corridors in the Caspian Region: Present and Future.

ADBI Working Paper 1266. Tokyo: ADBI. Kapsalyamova, Z., R. Mishra, A. Kerimray, K. Karymshakov, and D. Azhgaliyeva. 2021. Why Is Energy

Access Not Enough for Choosing Clean Cooking Fuels? Sustainable Development Goals and Beyond. ADBI Working Paper 1234. Tokyo: ADBI.

Kenderdine, T. and P. Bucsky. 2021. Middle Corridor—Policy Development and Trade Potential of the

Trans-Caspian International Transport Route. ADBI Working Paper 1268. Tokyo: ADBI. Korwatanasakul, U., P. Sirivunnabood, and A. Majoe. 2021. Demographic Transition and its Impacts on

Fiscal Sustainability in East and Southeast Asia. ADBI Working Paper 1220. Tokyo: ADBI. Kuldosheva, G. 2021. Challenges and Opportunities of Digital Transformation in the Public Sector in

Transition Economies: Examination of the Case of Uzbekistan. ADBI Working Paper 1248. Tokyo: ADBI.

70 Appendix 4

Kumagai, S., T. Gokan, and K. Tsubota. 2021. Corridor Developments for Transforming Central Asia.

ADBI Working Paper 1270. Tokyo: ADBI. Kurmanalieva, E. 2020. Infrastructure Quality, Cross-Border Connectivity, and Trade Costs. ADBI

Working Paper 1208. Tokyo: ADBI. Li, X., K. Wang, and Z. Chen. 2021. Regional Economic Impacts of Trans-Caspian Infrastructure

Improvement: Implications for the Post-COVID-19 Era. ADBI Working Paper 1274. Tokyo: ADBI. Liu, Y., S. Hu, B. Dean, and X. Yao. 2020. District Heating Business Models and Policy Solutions:

Financing Utilization of Low-Grade Industrial Excess Heat in the People’s Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper 1203. Tokyo: ADBI.

Liu, Y. and S. Zhong. 2021. Cross-Economy Dynamics in Energy Productivity: Evidence from 47

Economies over the Period 2000–2015. ADBI Working Paper 1215. Tokyo: ADBI. Long, T. Q. 2021. Individual Subjective Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic. ADBI Working

Paper 1260. Tokyo: ADBI. Malek, M. A., H. T. Truong, and T. Sonobe. 2021. Changes in the Rural Economy in Bangladesh under

COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: Evidence from a Phone Survey of Mahbub Hossain Sample Households. ADBI Working Paper 1235. Tokyo: ADBI.

Marsela, N. M. K. and K. Limbongan. 2021. Indonesian ICT Workers: Determinants and Strategy to

Support National Digital Transformation. ADBI Working Paper 1258. Tokyo: ADBI. Mauro, F. di, M. D. Hoang, and P. Morgan. 2021. Productivity and Employment in APAC Economies: A

Comparison with the EU Using Firm-Level Information. ADBI Working Paper 1264. Tokyo: ADBI. Mishra, R., D. Azhgaliyeva, Z. Kapsalyamova, A. Kerimray, and K. Karymshakov. 2021. What

Determines Coal Consumption for Heating Residential Space in Central Asia? ADBI Working Paper 1262. Tokyo: ADBI.

Mohsin, M. and F. Taghizadeh-Hesary. 2020. A Way Forward for Energy Pricing and Market

Reforms to Reduce Emissions: The Case of the Top 10 Carbon Dioxide–Emitting Countries. ADBI Working Paper 1207. Tokyo: ADBI.

Morgan, P. J. and L. Q. Trinh. 2021. Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in ASEAN Countries and

Their Implications for Human Capital Development. ADBI Working Paper 1226. Tokyo: ADBI. Mumtaz, M. Z. and Z. A. Smith. 2021. The Blueness Index, Investment Choice, and Portfolio Allocation.

ADBI Working Paper 1230. Tokyo: ADBI. Murakami, E. 2020. Climate Change and International Migration: Evidence from Tajikistan. ADBI

Working Paper 1210. Tokyo: ADBI. Nguyen, P.-A. and A. Kecskés. 2021. Technology Spillovers, Asset Redeployability, and Corporate

Financial Policies. ADBI Working Paper 1259. Tokyo: ADBI. Niimi, Y. 2021. Juggling Paid Work and Elderly Care Provision in Japan: Does a Flexible Work

Appendix 4 71

Environment Help Family Caregivers Cope? ADBI Working Paper 1228. Tokyo: ADBI. Olsen, S. H., E. Zusman, M. Hengesbaugh, N. Amanuma, and S. Onoda. 2021. Governing the

Sustainable Development Goals in the COVID-19 Era: Bringing Back Hierarchic Styles of Governance?. ADBI Working Paper 1227. Tokyo: ADBI.

Park, C.-Y. and R. Mercado, Jr. 2021. Understanding Financial Inclusion: What Matters and How It

Matters. ADBI Working Paper 1287. Tokyo: ADBI. Park, C. and B. Yeung. 2021. An Integrated and Smart ASEAN: Overcoming Adversities and Achieving

Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. ADBI Working Paper 1267. Tokyo: ADBI. Paweenawat, S. W. and L. Liao. 2021. Labor Supply of Older Workers in Thailand: The Role of Co-

residence, Health, and Pensions. ADBI Working Paper 1224. Tokyo: ADBI. Pinto, A. R. and A. Arora. 2021. Digital Doorstep Banking: Female Banking Agents Lead Digital Financial

Inclusion through the Pandemic and Beyond. ADBI Working Paper 1285. Tokyo: ADBI. Prasad, E. 2021. New Financial Technologies, Sustainable Development, and the International

Monetary System. ADBI Working Paper 1277. Tokyo: ADBI. Peimani, H. 2021. Appropriate Technologies for Removing Barriers to the Expansion of Renewable

Energy in Asia: Vertical Axis Wind Turbines. ADBI Working Paper 1250. Tokyo: ADBI. Perera, P., T. Sarker, K. M. Nazmul Islam, F. Belaïd, and F. Taghizadeh-Hesary. 2021. How Precious

Is the Reliability of the Residential Electricity Service in Developing Economies? Evidence from India. ADBI Working Paper 1211. Tokyo: ADBI.

Petropoulos, G. 2021. Automation, COVID-19, and Labor Markets. ADBI Working Paper 1229. Tokyo:

ADBI. Rekha, G., K. Rajamani, and G. Resmi. 2021. Digital Financial Inclusion, Economic Freedom, Financial

Development, and Growth: Implications from a Panel Data Analysis. ADBI Working Paper 1244. Tokyo: ADBI.

Revilla, M. L. D., F. Qu, K E Seetharam, and B. Rao. 2021. “Sanitation” in the Top Development

Journals: A Review. ADBI Working Paper 1253. Tokyo: ADBI. Rooj, D. and R. Sengupta. 2021. Forecasting Private Consumption with Digital Payment Data: A Mixed

Frequency Analysis. ADBI Working Paper 1249. Tokyo: ADBI. Saguin, K. 2021. No Flat, No Child in Singapore: Cointegration Analysis of Housing, Income, and

Fertility. ADBI Working Paper 1231. Tokyo: ADBI. Sahoo, D., S. Nayak, and J. Behera. 2021. Digitalization and Economic Performance of Two Fast-

Growing Asian Economies: India and the People’s Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper 1243. Tokyo: ADBI.

Samad, G. and Q. Abbas. 2020. Infrastructure in Central Asia and Caucasia. ADBI Working Paper 1202.

Tokyo: ADBI.

72 Appendix 4

Sarangi, G. K. 2021. Resurgence of ESG Investments in India: Toward a Sustainable Economy. ADBI Working Paper 1284. Tokyo: ADBI.

Sarangi, G. K. and F. Taghizadeh-Hesary. 2021. Rooftop Solar Development in India: Measuring

Policies and Mapping Business Models. ADBI Working Paper 1256. Tokyo: ADBI. Sarker, T., S. Tandukar, and S. R. Dey. 2021. Promoting Sustainable Development through Realizing

the Demographic Dividend Opportunity in the Digital Economy: A Case Study of Nepal. ADBI Working Paper 1225. Tokyo: ADBI.

Sawada, Y. and L. R. Sumulong. 2021. Macroeconomic Impact of COVID-19 in Developing Asia. ADBI

Working Paper 1251. Tokyo: ADBI. Sedai, A. K. 2021. Who Benefits from Piped Water in the House? Empirical Evidence from a Gendered

Analysis in India. ADBI Working Paper 1273. Tokyo: ADBI. Sen, A., R. Nepal, and T. Jamasb. 2020. Rebalancing Subsidies in Market-Based Energy Sectors:

Synergies and Obstacles in Developing and Transition Economies. ADBI Working Paper 1200. Tokyo: ADBI.

Shinozaki, S. and L. N. Rao. 2021. COVID-19 Impact on Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises

under the Lockdown: Evidence from a Rapid Survey in the Philippines. ADBI Working Paper 1216. Tokyo: ADBI.

Shukla, J., N. Yukutake, and P. Tiwari. 2021. On Well-Being of Households in Japan and PostDisaster

Reinstatement. ADBI Working Paper 1214. Tokyo: ADBI. Sonobe, T., A. Takeda, S. Yoshida, and H. T. Truong. 2021. The Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic

on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Asia and Their Digitalization Responses. ADBI Working Paper 1241. Tokyo: ADBI.

Sugandi, E. A. 2020. Indonesia’s Financial Markets and Monetary Policy Dynamics Amid the Covid-19

Pandemic. ADBI Working Paper 1198. Tokyo: ADBI. Sugandi, E. A. 2021. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Indonesia’s Fintech Markets. ADBI Working Paper

1281. Tokyo: ADBI.

Sulistyaningrum, E., B. P. Resosudarmo, A. T. Falentina, and D. A. Darmawan. 2021. Can the Internet Buy Working Hours of Married Women in Micro and Small Enterprises? Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. ADBI Working Paper 1261. Tokyo: ADBI.

Tanaka, K., P. Ibrahim, and S. Brekelmans. 2021. The Natural Rate of Interest in Emerging Asia: Long-

Term Trends and the Impact of Crises. ADBI Working Paper 1263. Tokyo: ADBI. Uddin, G. S., O. Tang, M. Sahamkhadam, F. Taghizadeh-Hesary, M. Yahya, P. Cerin, and J. Rehme.

2021. Analysis of Forecasting Models in an Electricity Market under Volatility. ADBI Working Paper 1212. Tokyo: ADBI.

Urakami, T., D. S. Saal, and M. Nieswand. 2021. Industry Fragmentation and Wastewater Efficiency: A

Case Study of Hyogo Prefecture in Japan. ADBI Working Paper 1218. Tokyo: ADBI.

Appendix 4 73

Urata, S. and Y. Baek. 2021. Does GVC Participation Improve Firm Productivity? A Study of Three Developing Asian Countries. ADBI Working Paper 1245. Tokyo: ADBI.

Vo, H. 2021. Understanding Urban Migration in Viet Nam: Evidence from a Micro–Macro Link. ADBI

Working Paper 1233. Tokyo: ADBI. Wang, J., C. Liao, X. Wan, and H. Song. 2021. Skill Formation, Employment Discrimination, and Wage

Inequality: Evidence from the People’s Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper 1283. Tokyo: ADBI. Watanabe, D., R. Shibasaki, and H. Arai. 2021. Logistics Policy Analysis and Network Model Simulation

for Cross-Border Transport in the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor: Global Intermodal Logistics Network Simulation (GLINS) Model. ADBI Working Paper 1269. Tokyo: ADBI.

Wisuttisak, P. 2020. Comparative Study on Regulatory and Policy Frameworks for Promotion of Startups

and SMEs in Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand. ADBI Working Paper 1206. Tokyo: ADBI.

Yang, J., Y. Wu, and B. Huang. 2020. Digital Finance and Financial Literacy: An Empirical Investigation

of Chinese Households. ADBI Working Paper 1209. Tokyo: ADBI. Yoshino, N., R. N. Paramanik, K. U. Gopakumar, F. Taghizadeh-Hesary, M. L. Revilla, and K. E. Seetha

Ram. 2020. An Aggregate-Level Macro Model for the Indian Economy. ADBI Working Paper 1201. Tokyo: ADBI.

Yuan, J. and V. Nian. 2020. A Preliminary Evaluation of Marinized Offshore Charging Stations for Future

Electric Ships. ADBI Working Paper 1199. Tokyo: ADBI. Yusupov, N. 2020. Measuring the Impact of Road Infrastructure on Household Well-Being: Evidence

from Azerbaijan. ADBI Working Paper 1205. Tokyo: ADBI. Zaman, K. A. U. and T. Sarker. 2021. Demographic Dividend, Digital Innovation, and Economic Growth:

Bangladesh Experience. ADBI Working Paper 1237. Tokyo: ADBI.

74 Appendix 5

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE FINANCIAL STATEMENT

Table A5.1: Statement of Financial Position, 31 December 2020 and 2021 ($’000)

ASSETS

2020

2019

Due from banks

Investments for liquidity purpose

22,228 17,053

Time deposits 3,918 3,899

Property, furniture, and equipment

Property, furniture, and equipment 9,473 11,681

Less: allowance for depreciation (3,042) 6,431 (2,874) 8,807

Due from contributors 7,013 6,172

Long-term guarantee deposits 1,380 1,308

Other assets 614 80

Total 41,584 37,319

Liabilities and Uncommitted Balances

Accounts payable and other liabilities

Accrued pension and postretirement medical benefit costs

9,589

7,942

Asset reinstatement obligations 1,048 994

Lease liability 6,180 8,561

Others 980 17,797 1,068 18,565

Uncommitted balances, represented by

Net assets without donor restrictions 22,893 18,752

Net assets with donor restrictions 894 23,787 2 18,754

Total 41,584 37,319

( ) = negative. Source: 2020 Asian Development Bank Financial Report.

Appendix 5 75

Table A5.2: Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets For the Years Ended 31 December 2020 and 2019

($’000)

2020 2019

Changes in Net Assets without Donor Restrictions

Contributions 15,031 15,762

Revenue

From rental 324 319

From investments for liquidity purpose 17 88

From other sources: net 309 869

Net assets released from assets with donor restrictions 76 153

Total 15,757 17,191

Expenses

Administrative expenses (7,988) (8,264)

Program expenses (3,122) (4,880)

Total (11,110) (13,144)

Contributions and revenue in excess of expenses

4,647

4,047

Exchange gains: net 446 122

Translation adjustments 428 16

Post-retirement benefit liability adjustments (1,380) (1,635)

Increase in net assets without donor restrictions 4,141 2,550

Changes in Net Assets with Donor Restrictions

Revenue from other sources 968 47

Net assets released to assets without donor restrictions (76) (153)

Decrease in net assets with donor restrictions 892 (106)

Increase in net assets 5,033 2,444

Net assets at beginning of year 18,754 16,310

Net Assets at End of Year 23,787 18,754

( ) = negative. Source: 2020 Asian Development Bank Financial Report.

76 Appendix 5

Table A5.3: Statement of Cash Flows For the Years Ended 31 December 2020 and 2019

($’000)

2020 2019

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Contributions received 14,135 16,341

Interest received on investments for liquidity purposes 19 88

Expenses paid (11,476) (12,769)

Others: net 2,047 1,357

Net cash provided by operating activities 4,725 5,017

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Maturities of investments for liquidity purposes 195,746 196,741

Purchases of investments for liquidity purposes (195,765) (196,829)

Net cash used in investing activities (19) (88)

Effect of exchange rate changes on due from banks 469 (267)

Net increase (decrease) in due from banks 5,175 4,662

Due from banks at beginning of year 17,053 12,391

Due from banks at end of year 22,228 17,053

( ) = negative. Source: 2020 Asian Development Bank Financial Report.