Adaptive Parking Requirements and Mobility Management in Urban Development

Fredrik Johansson , WSPPelle Envall, TUB Trafikutredningsbyrån AB

Friday 9 may 2014

Session E3ECOMM, Florence

Adaptive Parking Requirements

Adaptive Parking Requirements means that: • Requirements varies between different areas• Mobility services can reduce requirements• Fees cover the total costs of parking

Bild: Alma Arkitekter

Innovative Parking

1. Market potential for Adaptive Parking Requirements

2. Agreements on parking solutions

3. Preparation for a full-scale evaluation

of two demonstration

houses4. Demonstration and evaluation of cargo bikes

5. Pilot project: solutions for better street parking

Exchange for mobility services- Effects on construction of new residences

3a. Acceptance for parking solutions

3b. Using APR in the planning process

Institutional Framework

American planning philosophy

Imported to Sweden, the UK and more countries

Legal framework in Sweden

Planning praxis Reform

Parking spaces built in Stockholm between 2000-2012

Area Number of apartments

Number of parking spaces

P-spaces per apartment

Suburb 12 078 7 811 0,65

Inner city 8 462 3 895 0,46

Total 20 540 11 706 0,57

Self-financing ratio of parking in Stockholm

Type of parking

Average price (SEK/month)

Likely cost (per month)

Self-financing ratio (%)

Low High

Above ground parking

373 700 - 53 %*

Garage 1109 1500 3000 44 -74 %**

* Including costs for construction, lighting , maintenance and snow removal as well as capital costs for land acquisition (Lunds kommun 2013, sid. 8). ** Concern construction costs excluding land acquisition costs, operation and rental costs.

Discussion of self-financing rates• Parking Requirements correspond well with older statistics on car ownership• Parking is not self-financing

- Despite ”low” parking provision per apartment - Financing deficit of 53 - 93,5 million SEK - I.e. 4500 - 8000 SEK per parking slot and year.

• Solutions exist• Using Adaptive Parking Requirements requires deeper understanding and evaluations• Adaptive Parking Requirements facilitates the construction of more apartments

Potential for car sharing in Stockholm inner city

<1000

<2000

<3000

<4000

<5000

<6000

<7000

<8000

<9000

<10000

<11000

<12000

Total

t0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Share of cars used few km per year

Inner city

Km year 2012

% o

f veh

icles

30 % <7 000 km

46 % <10 000 km

Potential for car sharing in Stockholm inner city

<100 <200 <300 <400 <500 <600 <700 <800 <900 <1000 <1100 <12000

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

Nb of cars used few km year 2012

Km year 2012

Nb o

f veh

icles

25 000 veh. <7 000 km

38 000 veh.<10 000 km

Potential for car sharing in Stockholm inner city

<1000

<2000

<3000

<4000

<5000

<6000

<7000

<8000

<9000

<10000

<11000

<12000

All veh

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Cars per 1000 inh. and driven km

MalmarnaVästerort

Km year 2012

Car o

wne

rshi

p pe

r 100

0 in

h.

Who own cars driven short distances?

-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 81-0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Inner city - vehicles used less than 7000 km per year

Western suburb - vehicles used less than 7000 km per year

Evaluation of cargo-bikes

Evaluation of cargo-bikesResults

• 20 % of households tried the bikes• 5 % used them more than 10 times• The bikes were used more by

– Families– With a desire to live car-free– That have arranged their life to live without cars

Evaluation of cargo-bikesResults

• Introduction of the bikes is important• Important that the bikes are visible• Important to define responsibilities

Next step

• Constructing apartments with Adaptive Parking Requirements in Stockholm

• Evaluate the impact (pre and post evaluations)

Contact details

Fredrik JohanssonWSPPhone: 0046 (0) 10 722 86 30Mobile: 0046 (0)70 2837813E-mail: fredrik.johansson@wspgroup.se

Pelle EnvallTUBMobile: 0046 (0) 70 651 01 94E-mail: p.envall@trafikutredningsbyran.se