Dr. Alexandra I. Cristea acristea/ CS 253: Topics in Database Systems: C1.
Adaptive Hypermedia: What is it and why are we doing it? Dr. Alexandra Cristea...
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Adaptive Hypermedia:What is it and why are we doing it?
Dr. Alexandra [email protected]
http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~acristea/
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions
1. Adaptive Hypermedia of the Past, Present and Future
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
+ presentation m.
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
What is Adaptive Hypermedia?• Hypermedia
– different media types used in a single application (text, images, sound, video, …)
– non-linear structure with navigation through hyper-links
• Adaptive– application forms a model of the context in which it is used
(user, place, time, device, etc.)– application adapts to that context (can show different
information, different media, different links, etc.)– adaptation and user/ presentation modeling interact with
each other (or else we say the application is adaptable, not adaptive)
is more than the Web!!
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
The need for personalization
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Why AH?
• Problems with hypermedia applications:– information overload: no time or interest to process
all– excessive navigational freedom: “lost in
hyperspace” which links are relevant (for this user) ?
– comprehension: order (a.o.) may be relevant: what has the user seen before when reaching a certain node?
– presentation: what fits the user’s screen? how much network bandwidth and processing power is available?
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Application areas AH• Areas
– Education– Commerce– Government– others
• Adaptation types– Adaptive Help– Adaptive Search– Expert systems – AI– others
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
What can be adapted? – classical views
• Adaptive presentation:– change which information is shown– change how that information is shown
• Adaptive navigation support:– change which links are shown– change how these links are shown– change the link destinations
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adaptive Presentation
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adaptive Navigation Support
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Example from 2L690• Before reading about Xanadu the URL page shows:
– …In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system, developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from 1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing.…
• After reading about Xanadu this becomes:– …
In Xanadu there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing.…
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
ISIS Tutor with Link Annotation
The wrong example:
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Example from Interbook
1. Concept role
2. Current concept state
3. Current section state4. Linked sections state
4
3
2
1
√
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
TV Scout: What’s on Tonight?
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
TV Scout: Forms and Graphical Interface
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
• User user model (UM)
• Goals goal model (GM)
• Domain domain model (DM)
• Environment presentation model (PM)
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
User modelling is always about guessing …
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Classical User Model: Overlay UM• user’s knowledge = subset of expert’s
knowledge
• goal of tutoring: to enlarge this subset.
• This model is particularly appropriate when the (teaching) material can be represented as a prerequisite hierarchy.
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what (else)?• Knowledge about the subject domain (and
possibly also knowledge about the system)• Preferences• Interests • Learning or cognitive styles• Background: profession, language,
prospect, capabilities, experience, age• Navigation history
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
• User user model (UM)
• Goals goal model (GM)
• Domain domain model (DM)
• Environment presentation model (PM)
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?• Goal• (initial) purpose of the hypermedia• answer to question
– “Why should the user use the hypermedia system and what could the user actually achieve?”
• Goals can be local or global. – Local goals may changed quite often. For example, the
problem-solving goal is a local one, which changes from one educational problem to another several times within a session.
– Global goal can be the pedagogical / commercial goal.
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
• User user model (UM)
• Goals goal model (GM)
• Domain domain model (DM)
• Environment presentation model (PM)
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
Adapt to
Domain model properties
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
• User user model (UM)
• Goals goal model (GM)
• Domain domain model (DM)
• Environment presentation model (PM)
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
• Context / environment– aspects of the user’s environment, like
browsing device, window size, network bandwidth, processing power, quality of service, etc.
Adapt to what?
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt?• Obstacles AH• New solutions
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Classic loop (Brusilovsky, ‘01) ++
φιπθθθ
/ Presentation Model
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adaptive vs. adaptable
adaptable adaptive
personalized
User-tuned System-tuned
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Gerhard Fischer 1 HFA Lecture, OZCHI’2000
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
A Comparison between Adaptive and Adaptable Systems
Gerhard Fischer 1 HFA Lecture, OZCHI’2000
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
New, dynamic view of AH
text
link
Bits & piecesBit contains
text, MM or link
Generation: -only text
-only link
-text & link
text
text
link
link
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Solutions in short
• Standardization
• Authoring
• Openness
New theoretical frameworks needed!
New implementations!
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Demo
http://www.win.tue.nl/~acristea/Prolearn/
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Concluding
Adaptive Hypermedia of Past, Present & Future– Definitions– Why AH?– Application areas– What to adapt?– Adapt to what?– How to adapt - past?– (some) New solutions
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
New IAS projects on this
• ALS Minerva project
• Prolearn
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
ALS project in shortissimo• Adaptive Learning Spaces• Main aim: how to bring adaptivity at group
level?– What changes?– Group of learners– Group of authors
• 8 institutes• representing 7 countries• 2 years; started on the 1st of October 2006
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Prolearn project in shortissimo
• NoE: they bring birds of a feather together
• Warwick as new core partner from 1st January 2007
• http://www.prolearn-project.org/
• 21 core partners now
• Hundreds of associate partners (Warwick included)
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IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Any questions?