Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures...
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Transcript of Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures...
![Page 1: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Adaptations:BipedalismBrain Size
Hand FunctionsTeeth – size and shape
Social StructuresReproduction
Mother-Infant RelationshipCommunication
Culture – art, religionSkin Colour
![Page 2: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Habitual Bipedalism Bipedalism – to
habitually walk on two legs. Humans only primate with this adaptation
What had to happen for us to stand up straight?
![Page 3: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Bipedalism… Structural changes required
for us to walk upright:
1. S-shaped spine
2. Double arched foot
3. Pelvis – shorter and wider
4. More gluteus muscles
5. Fewer head / neck muscles – therefore a bigger brain
![Page 6: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Advantages of Being Bipedal
Free hands for carrying
Can walk longer distances
Can have a continuous good view of surroundings
![Page 7: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Disadvantages of Being Bipedal Highly dangerous
birthing process
Offspring very dependent and weak because the skull must grow outside of the womb
![Page 8: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hominids and Brain Size
Humans have the largest brain for our body mass compared to other mammals
![Page 9: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Refinements in Hand Structure -
A fully opposable thumb gives the human hand its unique power grip (left) and precision grip (right).
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Tooth Size Comparison
![Page 11: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hominid (human), Primate differences:
Primates Hominids / Humans
Social structures
Dominance HierarchiesAlpha males in a groupGroomingRelated to the hierarchies
Pair Bonding AND Group LivingHumans are the only primates to have both social characteristics simultaneously
![Page 12: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hominid (human), Primate differences
Primates Hominids / Humans
Reproduction Estrus cycle (in heat)No choice of when to mateWho gets to mate when ties into dominance and grooming hierarchies
No estrus cycleChoice in when to mate
![Page 13: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hominid (human), Primate differences
Primates Hominids / Humans
Mother – Infant relationship
Long infant dependency compared to other mammalsImportant in learning survival skills and culture
Longest infant dependency period of all primates
![Page 14: Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e845503460f94b8581b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hominid (human), Primate differences
Primates Hominids / Humans
Communication Facial displays, call, touch, gestures, non-verbal cues
Speech centre in the brainDevelopment of Broca’s area of the brain (language), Frontal Cortex (abstract thought), Hyoid Bone (chin to neck bone/muscle attachment), Capacity for memory in various areas of the brain (cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe)
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Culture
Horse in world's oldest painted prehistoric cave, 15,000-10,000 BC Lascaux, France
Dagger Carvings – Stonehengehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pXtHqAGN6E
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Humanity and Our Variations
Our bodies are essentially 50 000 years old.
Now culture, not physical evolution enables us to adapt very quickly to a changing environment
Race - Cultural construct – does not physically exist
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Skin Colour - Legitimate Explanations for Human
Variation
Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D (necessary for healthy bones – helps in the absorption of calcium)
Light skin absorbs vitamin D and burns more easily than darker skin Paler skin is found in areas further from the equator where there is less sunlight (environmental Fitness)
Skin colour (variation)