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19
Photo montage of the international competitors at a briefing session with Peter Land (in front of blackboard), against a picture of El Augustino, Lima, (taken f mm Urban dwelling environments by Horacio Caminos, John F, C. Turner and John A. Stejfian. MIT Report No. 16, 1969). PREVI/LIMA. LOW COST HOUSING PROJECT The Government of Peru has formulated an experimental project in housing which has as its objective the development of new concepts and techniques utilizing Peruvian and foreign experience. In August 1966 the Government submitted an application to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for the Experimental Housing Project (Prpyecto Experimental de Vivienda, 'PREVF) which was approved in June 1967. Following the preparation of the plan of operations, the work started in July 1968. The project will be carried out by the Government in collabora- tion with UNDP over approximately three years and consists of three pilot schemes to be implemented simultaneously in Lima. The entire project is to develop methods and techniques, to be afterwards applied on a larger and significant scale as part of Peru's housing policy. The first pilot scheme is for the design and construction of a community of approxi- 187 AD4/70 mately 1500 low-cost houses. The second pilot scheme is to develop pro- cedures and techniques to rehabilitate and extend the life of existing older houses. The third pilot project is to develop methods and techniques for planning the rational establishment and growth of spontaneous housing settlements to meet proper standards. Each of the pilot projects will be carried out by a separate Development Group consisting of Peruvian and foreign personnel comprising the different specialities needed for each scheme. A Board of Directors for the entire project consists of representatives of national housing and development agencies and the UNDP. The Government will provide the necessary personnel, services and plant to carry out the project and financing for the construction of the new houses. The contri- bution of UNDP will cover the international competition, specialized foreign personnel, pilot plant and equipmentforthedevelopmeni of materials and building methods. Pilot Project I To obtain ideas for Pilot Project I a competi- tion was organized which was open lo all Peruvian architects and to 13 invited foiviL- architects. The jurors were asked to vk\e wi Each received $5000. International winners: Atelier 5 (Switzerland); Herbert Ohl (Germany Fed. Republic); and Kikuiaki. Maki and Kurokawa (Japan) Peruvian winners: Elsa Mazzarri and Manuel Llanos; Fernando Chaparro, Victor Ramirez, Victor Smirnoff and Victor Wyszkowski; and Jacques Crousse. Jorge Paez, and Ricardo Perez Leon. It is now the intention of the sponsors to build a number of groups of houses utilising different designs by selected foreign and truvia he fin Juried insisti pginee JThe 13 Kiyon Fumih Charle Center (Chris Sara Angel Toi\ Esgu (Colu Knu Oska Herb Atel J. L Cas fand Jam Ald A ing ver Lai the Su Th lio 15 M dw 1 b a s t m f r

description

AD previ lima

Transcript of AD previ lima

Page 1: AD previ lima

Photo montage of the international competitors at a briefing session with Peter Land (in front of blackboard), against a picture of El Augustino, Lima, (taken f mmUrban dwelling environments by Horacio Caminos, John F, C. Turner and John A. Stejfian. MIT Report No. 16, 1969).

PREVI/LIMA. LOW COST HOUSING PROJECTThe Government of Peru has formulated anexperimental project in housing which has as itsobjective the development of new concepts andtechniques utilizing Peruvian and foreignexperience. In August 1966 the Governmentsubmitted an application to the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP)for the Experimental Housing Project(Prpyecto Experimental de Vivienda, 'PREVF)which was approved in June 1967. Followingthe preparation of the plan of operations, thework started in July 1968. The project will becarried out by the Government in collabora-tion with UNDP over approximately threeyears and consists of three pilot schemes to beimplemented simultaneously in Lima. Theentire project is to develop methods andtechniques, to be afterwards applied on alarger and significant scale as part of Peru'shousing policy.

The first pilot scheme is for the design andconstruction of a community of approxi-

187 AD 4/70

mately 1500 low-cost houses.The second pilot scheme is to develop pro-cedures and techniques to rehabilitate andextend the life of existing older houses.The third pilot project is to develop methodsand techniques for planning the rationalestablishment and growth of spontaneoushousing settlements to meet proper standards.

Each of the pilot projects will be carried outby a separate Development Group consistingof Peruvian and foreign personnel comprisingthe different specialities needed for eachscheme. A Board of Directors for the entireproject consists of representatives of nationalhousing and development agencies and theUNDP. The Government will provide thenecessary personnel, services and plant tocarry out the project and financing for theconstruction of the new houses. The contri-bution of UNDP will cover the internationalcompetition, specialized foreign personnel,

pilot plant and equipmentforthedevelopmeniof materials and building methods.

Pilot Project ITo obtain ideas for Pilot Project I a competi-tion was organized which was open lo allPeruvian architects and to 13 invited foiviL-architects. The jurors were asked to vk\e winners from each of the two group^

Each received $5000.International winners:Atelier 5 (Switzerland); Herbert Ohl(Germany Fed. Republic); and Kikuiak i .Maki and Kurokawa (Japan)Peruvian winners:Elsa Mazzarri and Manuel Llanos; FernandoChaparro, Victor Ramirez, Victor Smirnoffand Victor Wyszkowski; and Jacques Crousse.Jorge Paez, and Ricardo Perez Leon.

It is now the intention of the sponsors tobuild a number of groups of houses u t i l i s i n gdifferent designs by selected foreign and

truvian archhe final desiJuried out byinsisting of Ipgineers and

JThe 13 intermKiyonori KiFumihiko M?Charles CorrtCenter for(ChristopherSara Ishika'Angel (USA)Toi\ KorhoEsguerra,(Columbia)KnudSvenssOskar HanseHerbert OhlAtelier FiveJ. L. InigueCaslro (Spaifandilis JosJames StirlnAldo E. van

All their eing pages 'very compnLain! tor th ithe minorii;

SummaryThe projectlion of a co1500 lam ihMandatorydwelling 1<150m2, ofbetween 60and that 'storeys, sh<th i rd f loor ,module.

All othefree inter presources icencentratniques irwi th in thedensity atrow and cto considtstoried hi

Detailerequestedgeneral dfinal com

The 40ment are<be con noand to tNearby i;The site Iover whiiThe qualThe wattand elev

couplesfour chi25 per ctunits, fowners.plannedchildrencouple,of diffei

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ian architects (not only the winners),inal designs and construction to bed out by a Development Group in Limaiting of Peruvian and foreign architects,eers and other specialists.

13 international competitors were:nori Kikutake, Noriaki Kurokawa,ihiko Maki (Japan)'lesCorrea (India)er for Environmental Structureistopher Alexander, Sandy Hirshen,

Ishikawa, Christie Coffin, Shlomoel (USA)to Korhonen (Finland)iierra. Saenz, Urdaneta. Samperlumbia)id Svenssons (Denmark);ar Hansen and Svein Hatloy (Poland)•beri Ohl (Germany)ilier Five (Switzerland)L. liiiguez de Onzono y A. Vazquez destro (Spain)ndilis Josic, Woods (France)nes Stirling (England)do E. van Eyck (Holland)

All their entries are published on the follow-j pages together with extracts from thery comprehensive brief (prepared by Petermdfor the Sponsors), the jurors' report, and« minority report.

summary of the briefIk project was for the design and construc-kn of a community of low-cost dwellings for1500 families.tfam/flwr requirements were that eachdwelling lot should be between 80m2 and150m-. of which the dwelling should occupy

Mm2 and 120m-(includingall floors);that the buildings, initially of 1 or 2s. should be structurally able to carry a

third floor, and should be based on the 100mmmodule.

U1 other information in the brief was forfree interpretation and was not binding. Thertsourccs of the competition will however 'beancenirated to explore and develop tech-Bques in architecture and constructionniiton the general area of low rise, fairly high•jsiNi\d compact housing ... in terrace,

low and other formation ... It is not feasibletoconsider other alternatives, such as multi-sioried buildings'.

Detailed designs of the dwellings wererequested together with only a schematic(tneral design for the community, since theinal community plan has yet to be prepared.

, The 40 Hectares site is in a new develop-ment area of Lima 8km north of the centre, to

lltconnected to a local network of new roadsI aid to the Metropolitan Roadway System.

Nearh\s the coastal Pan-American Highway.I The site forms part of a 400H residential areaover which the project will eventually expand.The quality of the land and subsoil is excellent.The water supply will be based on tube wellsitid elevated storage tanks.

Dwelling types were to be 40 per cent for[couples with two children, 40 per cent withfour children, 20 per cent with six children.Bpercent of each type were to be incompletemils, for completion later by the houseowner:.. All dwellings were to be flexiblyplanned for eventual accommodation of eightchildren of different ages, and one elderlycouple, in addition to the owners. Dwellingsof different costs were also to be provided for

each size of family. Multi-use of space andfurniture was to be demonstrated.

Each dwelling had to provide for living,dining, kitchen, bedroom(s), bathroom(s) andservice patio. The living/dining/kitchen areas(generally separate in Peru) could be plannedfor multiple use, The living area had to haveaccess to a garden or patio, and the kitchen, ifcombined with dining, should open to thisgarden/patio, as well as having access to theservice patio which links to the outside.Bedrooms had to have built-in storage.Bathrooms were to contain basin, shower andw.c. (either of the latter two being separate).Long corridors were not desirable. Roof areaswere to be usable as additional outdoor space,(stair access not to come through the livingarea).Lots were to be entirely enclosed by a storey-high (2200mm) wall in combination with thewalls of the dwelling.

The dwelling was not to be conceived as a.fixed unit bin as a structure with a cycle ofevolution. The first phase accommodates theyoung family. The second provides additionsfor the growing and new children. The thirdintroduces temporary partitioning for one ortwo newly-marrieds among the children. Inthe last stage, the elderly original owners cedeplace to one of the younger couples and thecycle begins again. (Elderly people do notrequire separate houses: in Peru they live withmembers of their family.)

Construction technology was to be deve-loped around the concept of the growinghouse. The initial basic dwelling fabric andstructural system in all complete and incom-plete units will be contractor built; andtechnical advice and assistance in buildingwill be made to families completing theirhouses.

Services were to be simplified and coordi-nated. Public water, sewerage and electricalsystems will all be connected to the site.Kerosene will probably be used for cookingand heating; also bottled gas for cooking. Butany suggestions for new systems werewelcome.

Lima is situated at 12°04' latitude and77°02' longitude, and is 137m above sea level.It rarely rains, but there is high humidity. Insummer it is hot by day, pleasantly cool atnight. There are no strong winds—only alight prevailing SW wind in the afternoons.The elements of the dwelling were to bearranged so as to be sheltered against thiswind (with the exception of the kitchen) yetto make use of it for generous ventilation.Homes are occupied for long hours duringthe time for artificial illumination. In summerdaylight, the high level of brightness andreflection have to be considered in relation todesign of windows.

Furniture and equipment were requested tobe shown in the plans, designed on themodule, and simple and economical.

The income groups to be catered for werethose earning from 2800 to 5800 soles* amonth (about £333 and £690). Financing ofdwellings, for repayment periods of up to 20years, is calculated at 20 to 25 per cent ofmonthly incomes.

The current price of undeveloped land variesfrom 40-150 soles p. m2. The project site waspurchased at 40 soles. Cost of development isabout 100-150 soles p. m2 of dwelling lotarea. The price p. m2 of covered floor area oflow-cost dwelling is about 1500 soles exclud-ing movable furniture/equipment. (Detailed

breakdown of construction costs was pro-vided).

The target costs for complete units was tobe 1350 soles p. m2 (a 10 per cent reduction),and 1100 soles p. m2 for incomplete units.Thus the cost of dwellings was to be from78,000 to 164,000 soles (15 per cent-20 percent of this is for land and services).

Competitors were to submit a costestimate.

Conventional building materials are avail-able in Peru and others are being introduced.But quality control is still very new.Economy in construction was of overridingpriority and standardization desirable. Thereare already some pre-cast concrete techniquesbeing used, but steel production is limited.Any new building plant/equipment recom-mended by designers must prove to haveadvantages and be suitable for Peru in thefuture.

Earthquake resistance was not consideredmandatory at this stage, though it might bereflected in design proposals.

The other components of the community to beindicated schematically were three kinder-gartens, three primary schools, two secondaryschools, a sports centre, a community centreand a sub centre, gardens and open space.Comprehensibility within the communitywas to be based on and reflect the hierarchiesof association (vehicles, walking, shopping, etc)with the family as the basic consideration—always bearing in mind that the character ofurban life is Latin and not Anglo-Saxon,life and bustle continuing until much laterin the evening, and there is a long mid-daybreak.

The schools were to cater for over 4000children. Their open areas were to be used forother purposes by the community.

The community centre could include asupermarket and 20 shops, three restaurants,cinema, multi-purpose hall, church withoffices, petrol station, municipal and policeoffices, two community admin offices, library,health centre and clinic, and pedestrian area(plaza, mall, etc.).

Automobiles which will eventually beowned by families (though almost none doyet), were not to be parked on individual lots.Collective parking lots could be used forother purposes in the meantime. There was tobe pedestrian/cars separation, the convenienceof the pedestrian having design priority.

Road construction is very costly and was tobe kept to a minimum. Being unsubsidized,it was to be included in the cost of dwellings.

Open space was to have multi-purpose use.Areas were not to be very large, nor to breakup the more compact areas of the community.As all gardens in Lima have to be irrigated,the Spanish flower and water garden andMoorish patio are traditional, with paved andtiled areas, and planting kept to walls and pots.'Arrangement of spaces within lots shouldpermit home-owners to eventually build theirown gardens following the patio principle'.

"The traditional and compact open spaceelements to be found in Peruvian towns arethe plaza, the atrium and the paseo*—all areareas of pedestrian activity.

Land on the coast is expensive and inincreasing demand; urban residential densitiesare high, 'Designers were to exercise inven-tiveness and experiment to achieve highdensities bearing in mind all the aboveconsiderations.

• £1 = 105 soles. US$1 =43 soles

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The jurorsEduardo Barclay (Peru), Jose AntonioCoderch (Spain), Halldor Gunnlogsson(Denmark), Carl Koch, (USA/UIA),Peter Land (UNO), Ricardo Mala-chowski (Denmark), Alfredo Perez(Peru), Manuel Valega (Peru), ErnestWeissmann (UNO), Dario Gonzalez(Peru), and Alvaro Ortega (UNO).

Jurors' comments on 4 ofthe international submissionsAtelier 5An interesting method of constructionwith pre-cast concrete elements is pro-posed for use in both wall and roof con-struction, with good possibilities forreducing building costs. The design ofthe house is on two levels with somewhatcomplex combination of internal spacesand patios. The compact grouping ofhouses around small plazas is good,which together with the separation ofpedestrians and automobiles shouldprovide a tranquil environment forfamily life. The commercial and educa-tional facilities arc located on landscapedplazas in the centre of the community aridare conveniently accessible from thehousing clusters by means of a windingservice road.

Kikutake, Maki and Kurokawa andAssociatesThe building method employs pre-castconcrete wall and floor units which areassembled in single or double combina-tions depending upon the loading con-ditions. Foundations are also pre-castand the overall system is simple, wellworked out and could lead to buildingeconomies. The design of the housesseparates service and living functionsthrough the cross section of the houseand all nouses contain a central patio thesize of which depends upon the amountof living accommodation. The housedesign also includes proposals for servicezone equipment including kitchen, sani-tary and storage units. This approach tolow-cost housing design could produceinteresting new ideas and economies andcould encourage the local industry forproducing these elements. The overalldesign for the community proposes aseparation of pedestrians and auto-mobiles and landscaping proposals withwater gardens and channels. Somemembers of the jury felt however, thatthe central public area was too extensivefor effective use.

Herbert OhlThis project brakes away from conven-tional concepts of urban development.

It proposes a highly mechanized methodof manufacturing rectangular reinforcedconcrete elements which can be assem-bled in different patterns and numbers ofunits to create the shell of the house insizes accommodating different require-ments. The project also offers a newmethod of foundation which shouldresult in a reduction of constructiontime and costs. The internal arrangementof houses is independent of the shell thusoffering flexibility in use and a possibilityof changing the disposition of the built-in space in response to changing familysize or standard of living. The design ofthe community proposes a central spinebelow the pedestrian level which alsocontains the utility mains and under-ground parking which could be built instages as required in the future. Series ofsmall pedestrian streets and plazasconnect the spine with residential zonesnorth and south and also cross the spineat ground level as and where necessary.The design provides a safe environmentfor family and community life by exclud-ing cars entirely from the ground level inresidential areas. Jn connection with thisradical departure from conventionalurban design some members of the juryfelt that collective transportation was ameans of reducing the use of privateautomobiles, a major source of accidentsand environmental pollution.

The project combines contemporaryideas in urban planning with industrialhousing technology which, if used wiselyand guided by concern for human dignity,could provide flexibility for growth andchange.

See, below, a minority opinion on thisproject.

Center for Environmental StructureThis proposal recommends the use ofseveral traditional building materialssuch as bamboo and a new type of blockconstructjon for the walls. Patios areincluded in the houses which are placedon long lots and arranged in groups fromwhich the traffic is excluded. In thisproject special emphasis is put on the pro-cesses of building and exercising choiceby families, among a variety of housearrangements, in regard to individualrequirements and preferences. Thespecial contribution of this project is itssociological approach in analysingfamilyliving and providing a considerable levelof 'decency' at rents attainable tofamilies with low incomes. A group ofthese houses using the building processesand methods proposed would provide afeasibility test of methods and techniquesof social inquiry into family requirementsand preferences; the degree of flexibilityof the system in terms of changed family

requirements and levels of living; and thecontribution of self-help and the use oflocal building materials in combinationwith industrialized methods of construc-tion. Some members of the jury felt thatthis project therefore was highly applic-able in connection with the pilot projectof sites and services. They also felt thatthe house design as presented tends torespond to customs and traditions someof which have been already changedrather than accommodating a process ofchange and improvement as familyincomes rise. It also accepts the privatecar as the major means of urban trans-portation without suggesting alternativeways of organizing urban transport.Some members however stressed thatthough the street pattern was toocomplex; the convenience of readyaccessfrom the house to the family car wasimportant.

See, below, a minority opinion on thisproject.

Minority reportThe undersigned are in completedisagreement with the majority on twoprojects, as follows:

Herbert Ohl's is a personal regi-mented and expensive solution bothas to dwelling units and site plan. It isinhuman.

Christopher Alexander's (Center forEnvironmental Structure) attacks thelow-cost housing problem with specialapplication to Peruvian conditions andresources in an imaginative way farabove the level of all other projects. Itis the only project which effectivelymeets the programme requirements todevelop new ideas and techniques forlow-income housing. We particularlycommend it for emphasizing in everydesign decision the need to providefreedom of individual choice.

We strongly urge the UN to publishthis milestone in low-cost housingdesign as it is—now, so that it maybenefit the many in all countries whoneed and are awaiting new and betteranswers.*

The highly complex problem of low-cost housing in Peru, as in many othercountries all over the world, is perhapsnot a practical subject for an inter-national competition. Unanimity cannotbe expected on a problem still so far frombeing effectively attacked, let alone beingsolved. We wish to record our opinions ofthe aforesaid two internalional projectsin the hope that they may be useful toothers that may share our disappoint-ment with the results of this competition.

Herbert Ohl's c:of design which vfor determining afree families of irchoice, adequatepleasant living aneconomy or adrepetition havelimited and limitiThe precast rectaeven fail in thistheir main advanlto prefabricateinterior componen

The site plan wasas the dwellingcrane appeared tuseful tool, the dproject. To base tcentral sunken agarage is both eccand of questionablithe automobile is awhat Herbert OhI pable solution,

Christopher Alehand, throws a bigloomy subject. A fa commitment to 1of the individual,understanding of tbetween this indivibelongings, his nentire communitypart of their propo;practical level, theymcnt to provide a bthe fewest standardvide the maximum'solution. The techrcated a balance bet\d practicality

the context of presepractice, the propurethane structuralas the sulphur compiall original, nor yetmore in the spirit ofappeared to be recojof the jury. The vconcept, however, i:any or all of these tecin our opinion, eveproven materials anthe outstanding qu;submission remains

Fortunately for allcost housing (thoughagainst them in thissentation was also imof a booklet in both 1which included their [well related.

Carl Ah

* ft has already been publ

FOOTNOTEWho are we building for, and why*The answer to the first question is clearerin Lima than it is elsewhere in the worldsince Lintenos are neither mute as to theiraspirations nor are they passive withregard to effecting them step by step.What they wish is implicitly and explic-itly demonstrated by what they actuallydo. The barriadas offer an emphatictestimony.*

The question as to why one should buildin the way implied by this project pro-gramme is another and extremelyimportant issue from many aspects—economic, social and political as well asarchitectural. There are, of course,positive reasons why one should. However,less positive implications which could, butneed not, lurk around the corner if 'misused,must be kept in mind.

It would be a grave error ifpre-designedand partially pre-constracted urban envi-ronments such as this pilot project pro-poses should counteract the growth and

189 AD 4/70

development of the barriada idea andpractice, instead of stimulating it throughthe erection of improved dwelling types,construction systems and overall com-munity planning.

The needs and aspirations of the peopleare revealed in barriadas like Comas,San Martin de Par res and ditdadde Diosas well as in partially precontractedsettlements like Ventinilla and Pamplona.Each are, of course, different in theirpossibilities and lack of possibilities; yetbasically there is little or nothing to showthat initially people who will buy andextend a dwelling in a pre-designed andpartially constructed settlement are dif-ferent or have substantially different aspira-tions to those who go to the barriadas tobuild from scratch both their own houseand the community they have initiatedthemselves.

Aldo van Eyck (see page 205)•See AD 8J63 and 8168. The competition site (dotted line) superimposed onto an aerial vi»

Ciudad de Dios.

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The jurors Antonio

(Denmark), Can Ricard Ma a

- • " '

of manufacturing reciy ^

SSSS?fiSs«=?

reuuin... . mf E(.it-neiu *»**contribution o ™ P mDlIIBlw..local buildmg materials construc-«£h industrialized metnou» thal

SjS£r^S6s£able in connection with tn ^ ^ (hat

tf^^ssass-:«™mes rise, it also dj- ^ urban trans-

of design wl£;Yttvingcnvirom"™'jlfor determining a^mt R ^free families o^ ' 'ess ^ choice, adequate'^J^J indecd?»PIeasa"V1Vor8 advantage other toeconomy have been sacnhcedrepetition have tura; OT

^^ISW 'j.s

Sffl PStrian resident., —Sect the spine.with(res' ^ spme

north and south and^also c necessary

«s3t.1?5£S>fiS=3SS S onS Sresidential areas. In conn t,onal

Snme inciin""- r,atiern w«3

ggSsfesss.nnt . ._•-.:„., /ItJ (/IIS

crane appearcu ^ . Of lllvuseful tool, the; dgg , b on

sas:.TEssss&=%^s^ts^u^-s

complex.^"^-compact groupu.^-

SsSijSSrSiS5wS3Sffi^ssssss».-S""" ... s^FSias,

3S3BSSis»...- Chance. ... ltv nointon on this

SS5*d>i single, or oou , -

«« ««

inority report

fact- a* bamboo

the cei'11"1 'for effective use.

SSsssswsK

FOOTNOTE

^---S.'R?

arrangements, m| preferences.

feasibility test of; mf'Sly requirementscial inquiry W»«gS QMf flexib,hty

IVllUUnt-j -_r

The undersigned are in completedisagreement with the majority on twoprojects, as follows:Herbert OhVs is a personal regi-mented and expensive solution bothas to dwelling units and site plan. It is

inhuman.Christopher Alexander's (Center forEnvironmental Structure) attacks thelow-cost housing problem with specialapplication to Peruvian conditions andresources in an imaginative way farabove the level of all other projects. Itis the only project which effectivelymeets the programme requirements todevelop new ideas and techniques forlow-income housing. We particularlycommend it for emphasizing in everydesign decision the need to providefreedom of individual choice.

We strongly urge the UN to publishthis milestone in low-cost housingdesign as it is—now, so thai it maybenefit the many in all countries whoneed and are awaiting new and better

answers.*The highly complex problem of low-cost housing in Peru, as in many othercountries all over the world, is perhapsnot a practical subject for an inter-national competition. Unanimity cannotbe expected on a problem still so far frombeing effectively attacked, let alone beingsolved. Wewish to record our opinions ofthe aforesaid two international projectsin the hope that they may be useful toothers that may share our disappoint-ment with the results of this competition.

Wlttu i.w.-,able solution.Christopher Alexander, on the •hand, throws a bright new light on algloomy subject. A freshness of approach,!a commitment to the dignity and worthlof the individual, a recognition andlunderstanding of the complex linkagesbetween this individual, his family, Ibelongings, his neighbours, and 'entire community are implicit in eupart of their proposal. On the mundanpractical level, they met well the requirment to provide a building system to mthe fewest standard components to provide the maximum variety and choice <jsolution. The technical proposals indcated a balance between innovationassured practicality. We believe th-the context of present Peruvian huiVpractice, the proposed bamboo „.,—ti^nfi structural components as well!.c uihiie neithen

Testimony* . whyOneshould^The question as to w"y jec[ pro

SJ^rgASgteSfi^rv?*

'. .... ,•« mind. _ t^-.^noA

,!,„ erection of impru l( com.7^-^^»^'£»»"'•'""" ,m"^nSS-SSl' -aasft^ssSr1i,^f«rfe^?'=ja&^St&s is-

gwsirfc *•-wr^lA«m*'«5Xldo van Eyck (see page 205)

.S<xAJ>*t63and8168'

«Ciudad deDios.

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KIKUTAKE,KUROKAWA,MAKI

Attempts to ma\imi/e theinvolvement of each tiwclludiscovery lhat triangulardwellings provided the greatexposure tor each unit. Ovciof this pailern prinkii:coininon areas within the ias \\ell as common eontinuilie edges. ('ircuLiiion routeareas were derived naini'iiextension of iliesc eoniiniuareas. I'lie complc\f publcireulaiion routes ihus foninihc 'omniheir as a im\i.i- nits multifunctional naiure. Igrkl \\hieli.il ereaieil ni;uk-1;kiiHlt'ixiii'tciM. playgi'onmKcommunity facilities ii> Ienclosed comnion areas.

Onl\) si/es ot" plot \ \6 • 20ni and d • 16m

BatlirtMHi,

unit uas split into a living ,/one and possihle i:\iensiola tier /one to serve a-, an i>;in the event of an iiifican \e famil>. Such a concept ol

facilitated the adoption nt'prefabrication s\stem '1prospect of lone, term LXOIs>stcni achieves maximiinillexihiliiy in unii i»ri;ani/aminimum (if huilifing iSirticlural suihiliiy itH-mi-.addilion of further couipihcirsi/e and weight has hccto a level which will faeilii;or self-niodilicaiion h> I!K'I he quality of pretahric.itthat no additional internalnecessary apart from the atasphalt floor tiles. I \iernaleither precast concrete as ikmixture of glass hricks ;uularranged according lu llie ]ihc occupier, rath llooi an

J

spans full width anil eaJreadies ceiling htighi M> :and assenihly are freed ufoor teinporary strucuiral in^ser\e /one of each dweliui1wi th a modular loilei, »;hshouer. and, in the kiksimple modular sink cootunit. I he same modular v>for cupboards and other M^necessary.

Axonometrlc section <>/ .\tnictim' with element.'

191 AD 4 70

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VARIANTS IN FUNCTION = 15only elementary formswithout derivationsor forms in between

0 ChildOO Aging PE| H,0<en,c

n LMnH K Kitchen60 m Type

•linn ami elevation showing construction

doors ki * >od

90 rn Type

fed

120 m Type

S3

The establishment of minimum con-straints for an optimisation of freegrowth combining elements of user-design for boih the individual and thecommunii), forms the basis of thisproject.

The basic order devised is inlended loestablish a democratic interchange bet-ween human and technological factors.The order devised will stimulate multi-plicity, multiformity, micro and macrorelations: all expressed through logicallyderived dimensional and functionalmodules themselves articulated by asvsiem of guiding lines. The basic micro-planning module is 30cm, proceedingdo\\ to IOcm, 5 and 2-5cm in morerefined dimensional areas. Towardslarger dimensions 60, 90 and 120cm areused with the latter as the basic planningmodule. 7-2cm is established as theuniform span for all habitation struc-tures, whilst all plots are 9-60m wide,thai figure representing the larger urbanplanning module. The next module up isthe 2S-80m square which contains threelinear or nine square urban planningmodules. The functional module* arebased upon human communications andtravel data and involve a primary separa-tion into six neighbourhoods eachserved by a central pedestrian lane with acorresponding underground service roaditself linked to tangential service roads.The neighbourhoods themselves aredivided up into a number of standardplots capable of receiving dwelling unitsof various configurations. These plotmodules are further subdivided intomicromodules covering furniture, servic-ing and internal substructures.

The industrialized building swemproposed is adapted to the social andeconomic conditions currently reigningin Peru. One aspect of it features thecentral and continuous production ofhighly-finished three-dimensional build-ing frame sections: the other involvesthe on-site manufacture of housingelements. The design of the housing unitsthemselves permits universal use of anidentical frame structure —permitting aninitial production run of 16,999 units.The use of travelling cranes whose spancorresponds to the distance betweenfootways enables the work of construc-tion and alteration to proceed at amtime without disruption of communitylife. Similarly the replacement andmodernization of individual units canproceed without the necessitv for large-scale" redevelopment. I'he \\stem furtherpermits a combination of high densitywith considerable formal flexibilityimpossible to achieve by traditionalmethods. The reduction of the irulus-triali/ed frame to one standard structuralcomponent also has the efl'ect of mini-mi/ing the investment necessary at theinitial production stage, whilst the inJT//H preparation of the house componentscan proceed according to demand.

'.,n showing infill panelsI'/n-i'c basic plan*

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CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE

Site plan

Ground floor plan

First floor plan

Key to lite plan1 Primary school2 Secondary school3 Technical school4 Church5 Cinema6 Supermarket7 Market8 Municipal

office i9 Grove of trees

10 KindergartenI I Clinic12 Dance hall13 Sports Centre14 Parking5 S Outdoor room

Key to house plansI Entrance1 Sala (parlour)3 Family room4 Alcove5 Main patio6 Verandah7 KitchenB Laundry9 Kitchen patio

10 Storage patioI I Master

bedroom12 Bed alcoves13 Mirador14 Clothes drying15 Shower16 Toilet

Key to housing cellI Ground floor plan. 2 First floor plan. 3 Shop.4 Outdoor room. 5 Parking. 6 Cell gateway.7 Garden.

Key to structural detailsI Floating slab. 2 Bamboo/Urethane foambeam. 3 Bam boo ,'U re thane foam plank. 4Mortarless cavity

193 AD 4/70

Christopher Alexa

The siteThe site contains 1726 houses, al a

gross density of 43 houses per hectare.House lots are 5.20 metres wide and varyin length from 13 to 27 metres.

No two houses are alike. The exactform and length of each house is deter-mined by a choice process which allowsfamilies to fit their houses to their 0*1needs and budgets.

Once each family has made ils choio,it will be necessary to lay out a ncu si;cplan. This new plan will have the samemorphology as the one shown, but ihtexact number of houses of differentlengths will reflect the families' choice.The morphology of the plan is fluidenough to adjust to the new lengths.

The site contains a number of cells.Each cell contains 30-70 houses; it isapedestrian island, surrounded by Isunken one lane road, which feeds qua!.parking lots that surround the cell.

First, the basic form and circulationof each cell is unique—according to it!particular location in the large plan.

Second, during the choice process,people will be asked questions about thelocation they want for their house. Whenthey are then located according to thesechoices, people with similar altitudes andinterests will be living in the same eel

Third, the cells are physically separ-ated, and the pedestrian passes througha physical gateway whenever he enters acell: this will give each cell a betterchance to build up its own uniqueflavour.

Fourth, at the heart of each cell, theftis a small open place, surrounded by inunfinished, roofed arcade, II is iwintention that the people who li\ in thtcell will develop this arcade according tothose community uses they think modvaluable.

Over and above the cells, the siltcontains three major overlapping con-figurations: the road system, the peto-trian network, and the community spint

Vehicles travel on narrow one-wajloop roads, around the cells, with carparking at the entrances to the celtThere are enough parking spaces toprovide for 50 per cent car ownership.This figure was given to us by the UnitedNations: they estimate 50 per cent atownership in 30 years, and asked us towork to that figure.

'WonThe central spine of the pedestrii

systeiA, we call the paseo. The pastgive's people a high density pcdeslriispine of looped paths where a traditicof evening and Sunday walks ddevelop.

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At frequent intervals along the paseo,ftere are 'activity nuclei': small openplaces, with the community facilities andihops grouped around them.

ristopher Alex

726 houses, at aiuses per hectare,tres wide and vary7 metres.; alike. The exactich house is deter-jcess which allows>uses to their own

is made its choice,lay out a new site

A'ill have the samene shown, but theDUSCS of differentie families' choice.the plan is fluid

he new lengths.a number of cells.1-70 houses; it is asurrounded by a, which feeds smallround the cell.rm and circulatione—according to itsi the large plan.ie choice process,questions about ther their house. When, according to these.imilar attitudes andig in the same cell.•c physically separ-rian passes through'henever he enters aeach cell a betterp its own unique

rt of each cell, there;, surrounded by anarcade. It is ourople who live in thearcade according to;es they think most

the cells, the site>r overlapping con-i system, the pcdes-he community spine.>n narrow one-way, the cells, with cartrances to the cells.

parking spaces tocent car ownership,n to us by the Unitediate 50 per cent carars, and asked us to

ie of the pedestrianie paseo. The paseoh density pedestrianths where a traditionSunday walks can

The peripheral pedestrian paths con-nect cells to one another, and connectIhem to this main paseo. Each cell whichBlarge enough, has a pedestrian loop init; this will help to create the innercharacter of the cells, since it will becomenatural for people to take a walk 'around

the cell'. All pedestrian paths from theouter parts of the site lead towards oneof the eight activity nuclei: the nucleiwill always be full of people.

The houseAlthough the choice process guaran-

tees that no two houses will be exactlyalike, all houses are based on one generichouse.

This generic house is a two-storeyhouse, 5.20 meters wide, and about 20metres long, which has an alternation ofrooms and patios along its length, therooms connected by deep verandas.This alternation gives every room lightand air, and makes the house seem larger.The two main patios are always onebehind the other in the direction of thebreeze (which comes from the south)—so that cool air circulates through thehouse in summer. In winter, the patioswill be covered by dacron sailclothcovers which run horizontally on rodsat roof level.

The ground floor of the house con-tains two parts: a public part and afamily part. The main features of thepublic part are the front patio, and thea/a (formal living room or parlour).In Peruvian life there is a strong distinc-tion between members of the family, whomay go anywhere in the house, andstrangers, who must be entertained inthe sola. The sola is separated from therest of the house by the front patio, and,even in the smallest house allowsvisitors to be treated with properformality,

The family part of the house centresaround the family room (comedor estar).An alcove (two in large houses) opensoff this family room to make a placewhere children study at night, where

women can sew, where people can talkwhile the TV is on, etc. Behind thefamily room there is a kitchen, with twoservice patios, one on either side of it.The one between kitchen and familyroom is a pleasant place, where peoplecan eat, and work. The other providesstorage for the inevitable buildingmaterials, animals, and laundry lines.

Upstairs the house contains a masterbedroom, bathroom, and a number oftiny individual bed alcoves. These bedalcoves give each child a small spacewhich is his own, for his own things;very young children may double bunk ina single alcove. Since Peruvians don'tlike being isolated, these alcoves areclustered around common spaces. Thereare two clusters; one for boys and onefor girls. Every house, even the smallest,can be extended to make room for asmany as eight beds.

Every house can be extended to pro-vide room for a grandmother downstairsnear the family room, a sleeping placefor a servant, a room at the back whichcan be rented out, or a small shop.

Finally, each house has a very stronglymarked entrance, with deep recesses, aseat outside, and a gallery or miradorat the second storey. Peruvians spend agreat deal of time street watching: peoplehang out in doorways, sit on benchesoutside the doors, and watch the streetfrom windows above. They like to be intouch with the street, but from theseclusion of their homes. Most houses inour site plan command a direct view intothe centre of the cell in which they stand,so that activity can be seen from thefront window or the door.

ConstructionThe basic structure of the house

consists of a floating slab foundation,load-bearing walls, and a light weightplank and beam system. This form ofconstruction is conceptually very similarto traditional construction: but each ofthe components is a cheaper, lower-weight higher-strength version of itstraditional equivalent. The floatingslab is laid in large sections by a roadbuilding machine. The walls are inter-locking mortarless concrete-block walls,reinforced with sulphur, with a cavity forplumbing and conduits. The planks andbeams are made of urethane foam-plasticand bamboo, reinforced with a sulphur-sand topping.

All these building components can beproduced in Peru today with availableresources and skills. Further, the ideasembodied in these methods and productshave the potential for long-rangedevelopment of natural resources.

These building materials are especi-ally suited to the local earthquakeconditions.

To simplify building construction, allcomponents are prefabricated, on site.They all conform to the 10cm module.They are assembled dry. This makes themequally suitable for use by the contractor,when the houses are first built, and bythe families who live there, when theywant to change their houses later.

We have chosen these components withspecial emphasis on the idea of futuredo-it-yourself construction. Peruvianfamilies add to their houses, and changethem, continually. They can only do this

if the components are extremely small inscale, and easy to work with home tools.We have therefore tried very hard tocreate a system of components that areeasy to work, and can be used at therather low tolerances that correspond tothe realities of home construction. Inour opinion, this is more relevant topeople's needs, than a system of highlymachined components, which must bebuilt to very fine tolerances. Given theassumption that home construction willalways be done rather roughly, withhammer and nails, and fillers whererequired, our system will allow thehomeowner to do almost anything hewants to do.

For example: on the slab foundation,a new wall can be built anywhere, with-out needing extra footings. The mortar-less block wall can have individual blocksremoved or added, at will. The hollowwall makes it easy to add new plumbingfixtures or electrical conduit, cheaplyand simply, by taking out a block. Aperson can make his own blocks, insteadof buying them: the block moulds aredesigned to be operated by one unskilledperson. Extra block columns can beinserted at any point. The sulphur joints,unlike cemented joints, need only to bemelted by local application of heat, toloosen; when they cool they harden againThe bamboo foam beams are made infive metre lengths which fit across everyhouse; they can sit anywhere along thelength, on the continuous impost block.They can be hand cut to frame anydesired opening. The bamboo foamplanks can also be hand cut to anylength and any width. The beams whichsupport the roof are initially designed tocarry a minimal live load only: if thehouse owner wants to make a usablethird storey, he may insert extra beamsnext to the existing ones.

The choice process: The people who livein our houses will, because they are allPeruvians, share certain needs and allhave similar backgrounds. At the sametime, each person, and each family, willbe unique. The choice process tries to dojustice to this fact.

The needs which people share led us tothe patterns and these patterns led us tothe generic house design already pre-sented. But even if all families share theneeds which are solved by this generichouse, they wilt, because they are unique,also have very different attitudes to therelative importance of these differentneeds. One family, which tends to beformal, will consider the need for a salamost important of all; another family inwhich life tends to be informal, may livemost of the time in the kitchen. Althoughboth families will want a sola and akitchen, the first family would prefer alarge sala and small kitchen, if they hadto choose—and the second family alarge kitchen and a small sala. Theuniqueness of any family, will, in thisway, be reflected by the relative amountsof money they would want to spend onsatisfying their various needs.

This is essentially how the choiceprocess works. We ask each family todecide how much they want to spend;and then we ask them to divide thismoney up among the various parts of thehouse, in the way that best reflects theirindividual preferences. The form of thehouse allows its various parts to vary insize, independently of one another;without disturbing the unity of the whole.

Even though no one part of the housecan take more than a small number ofdifferent sizes, the total number of com-binations is extremely large—in theneighborhood of a million. In a com-munity of- 1500 houses, it is highlyunlikely tbat any two will be the same.Choices' would, of course, have to bemade before construction starts. To helppeople make the choices, it would beessential to build one or two modelhouses ahead of time, and allow people tovisit them. Otherwise they would

probably not be able to grasp the meaningof the choices.

The combination process: All houses areformed by the same sequence of rules,based on the form of the generic house.But each house has to meet certainparticular conditions: those imposed onit by the family's choices, and thoseimposed on it by its position in the site—orientation, the lengths of next doorhouses, location of nearby pedestrianwalkways, and so on. Each individualhouse is formed by the interaction of thelocal conditions which it has to meet,and the generic rules of the combinationprocess.

For example, in order to make thehouse-form coherent, the shape of thehouse entrance must be different forhouses with a small sala and houses witha medium sala, it must be different forhouses on a corner lot and houses on acentre lot, it must be different accordingto the length of the next door house onthe eastern side (since the entrance isalways on the east). The rules which formthe house entrance therefore depend onthe size of the sala, the type of lot, andthe position of the next door house on theeastern side,

It is very important to stress the factthat the rules of the combination processare almost mechanical, and can becarried out by any trained draughtsman.The low cost of the houses cannot supportany individual design time. We estimatethat a trained draughtsman will needabout one hour per house, to translatethe family choice sheet into a set ofworking drawings and specifications forthe contractor.

The draughtsman has one master siteplan with the house lots shown on it:and one file for each family, containingthe family choice sheet, and a blankhouse plan, which shows the side wallsonly, 5.20 metres apart, for both floors,and shows no end walls or interior walls.He now builds up the detailed design ofeach house, by using a set of clearlydefined rules, one step at a time (theseare given in detail in the architect'sreport).

Costs: The generic house will cost119,000 soles (32800) as of summer 1969.The smallest house will cost 79,000 soles(S 1800), and the largest, with all possibleextras will cost 163,000 soles (33800).These costs are within 1000 soles of thetargets set by the United Nations. Theygive an average of 1130 soles per squaremeter of interior space (not includingverandas or overhangs). This is 25 percent less than current low cost construc-tion in Lima.

Our major cost savings have comefrom the following sources: the founda-tion slab, without footings, costs 100soles/m2, compared with the usual priceof 200 soles/m11 for slab and footings.The mortarless concrete block walls rein-forced with sulphur, costs 120 soles/m2,compared with the usual price of 140soles/m2 for a mortared block or brickwall. The long side walls are two-leafparty walls, thus halving the usual costof individually owned walls. Thebamboo-urethane floors and roofs cost200 soles/ma, compared with the usualcost of 340 soles/m2 for reinforcedconcrete slabs. The finish of the mortar-less block wall and the finish of the bam-boo ceilings make plasteringunneccssary,and save the usual cost of 50-60 soles/mB

for plaster. The dacron sailcloth cover onthe patio, costs 250 soles/m* and savesthe cost of windows throughout thehouse, at a usual cost of 500-600 soles/m2. We have eliminated several doorsat a cost of 550 soles per door. The ABSaccumulator and use of the cavity wallas a vent, saves the cost of several metresof waste pipe, vent pipe, and connections.The fact that our site plan has 1726houses, as against the 1500 expected,saves 12 per cent of the cost of sitedevelopment. [>

194

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The patterns*Community patterns

Cells—subculture cells, degrees ofpublicness.

Road system—looped local roads, T-junctions, direct visible parking, tinyparking lots.

Pedestrian network—paseo, activitynuclei, car pedestrian symbiosis, pedes-trian 50cm above car, knuckle at roadcrossing.

Community spine—central market,evening centres, walk-through schools,visible kindergartens, social gardens,

Cell interior—cz\\, multi-purpose outdoor rooms, shops oncorners, centripetal pedestrian paths,street football, flowers on the street.

House patternsHouse shape and orientation—long thin

house, perimeter wall, cross-ventilatedhouse, light on two sides of every room,patios which live, tapestry of light anddark,

Public part 0//io</.«?—intimacy gradi-ent, bathroom position, puertoffalsa,fiesta, staircase is a stage, thick walls.

Family part of house—family roomcirculation, family room alcoves, kitchenfamily room relationship, home work-shop, two service patios, elbow roomkitchen.

Sleeping areas—individual bed alcoves,bed clusters, master bedroom location,master bedroom dressing spaces, oldpeople downstairs, servant sleepingspace, two compartment bathroom,clothes drying closet.

Entrance and facade—entrance transi-tion, front door recessed, mirador, frontdoor bench, gallery surround, no groundfloor windows on the street.

Patio section—translucent openingpatio roof, light from two storey patios,sunshine in patios, two meter balcony.

Shop and rental—shop front possi-bility rental.

Construction patterns—continuous float-ing slab, mortarless block wall, compositebamboo/foam beam, composite bamboo/foam plank, sulphur reinforcing andtopping, plumbing accumulator, con-tinuous electric outlet.

A pattern defines an arrangement ofparts in the environment, which is neededto solve a recurrent social, psychological,or technical problem. Each pattern hasthree very clearly defined sections:context, solution and problems.

The context defines a set of conditions.The problem defines a complex of needswhich always occurs in the given context.The solution defines the spatial arrange-ment of parts which must be present inthe given context in order to solve theproblem.

We have tried to state the observa-tions and evidence behind the patternsas clearly as possible, so that they canbe checked by others, and rejected whenincorrect.

The evidence we use cornes from threesources: the published literature, ourobservations in Lima, and our labora-tory tests and experiments. We spent amonth each living with low incomePeruvian families in Pampa de Comas,San Martin de Porras, La Victoria andRimac (districts of Lima) to betterunderstand their way of life. We builtand tested each of the major buildingcomponents, with supportive testingfrom professional laboratories. Whereour observations are hard to support, wehave stated them as conjectures.

•Of the total of 67 patterns listed, the full text!of 7 are reproduced here.

195 AD 4/70

Subculture cellsIn the Provecio Experimental, the com-munity is divided into 43 small residentialcells, each containing between 25 and 75houses. The cells are clearly separatedfrom one another. All houses in a cellface inwards, and the outer cells aresurrounded by a narrow road sunken50cm below grade, so that these cellsare elevated pedestrian islands.

Families choose the cell they want tobe in, according to its relative 'quietness',and according to the community facilitiesnearby. As a result, the families in anyone cell will probably share attitudes andinterests; we hope that each cell wiltdevelop a unique 'character*, differentfrom the others.

The general pattern is:Context: Any urban area which containsmore than a few hundred dwellings.Solution: The area is made up of a largenumber of small inward focused resi-dential 'cells'. The cells are separated assharply as possible from one another, ifpossible, by open land, communityfacilities, or public land.

Each cell is intended, in the long run,to sustain a different way of life: adifferent subculture. A subculture isdefined as a group of people (notnecessarily friends) who share certainattitudes, beliefs, habits and needs notshared by others, and who may requirespecial environments, local organiza-tions, or services, to support these specialneeds. The community facilities whichsurround any given cell should reflectthe particular interests characteristic ofthat sub-culture. All community facili-ties (including roads, schools, hospitals,churches, parks, industry, commerce,entertainment) are placed in the boun-daries between cells.

The arguments which define cell size,are not yet fully clear. At present itseems that no cell should contain morethan 1500 people, or less than 50, with amean cell population of about 500.Problem: People need an identifiableunit to belong to. They want to be ableto identify the part of the city where theylive, as distinct from all others. Avail-able evidence suggests that the areaswhich people identi1" with are extremelysmall—of the ordi, between 100 and 200metres in diameter. They cannot identifythese areas, unless the areas are welldifferentiated from one another: andstudies show that areas will not bestrongly differentiated from oneanother unless they support identifiablydifferent ways of life. This suggests thatany urban area should be broken into anumber of small 'subculture cells', eachsupporting an identifiably different wayof life. (See Frank Hendricks, "A situa-tions] approach to residential environ-mental planning: A Research Frame-work', unpublished report to the U.S.Public Health Service, March 1967.)

Psychological arguments lead to thesame conclusion. There is strong evidenceto suggest that a person cannot develophis own life style fully, unless he does soin an ambience where others share hislife style.

In a homogeneous urban area,differences of life style tend to vanish,and ego-strength, self-confidence andcharacter formation deteriorate. Thisagain, suggests that the urban area,should, as far as possible, support a largevariety of strongly differentiated lifestyles, each supported by a 'subculturecell'.

Ecological arguments help to fix thesuitable cell size, and the need for radicalseparation between cells. To developtheir own life style, the families in a cell

must be able to agree on basic decisionsabout services, community land, etc.Anthropological evidence shows that ahuman group cannot maintain the faceto face relations required to coordinateitself in this way, if its population isabove 1500; many people set the figureas low as 500. (See for example, AnthonyWallace, Housing and Social structure,Philadelphia Housing Authority, 1952;currently available through UniversityMicrofilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.)

It has been shown that the groupfeeling necessary to support a particularunique life style, is greatly strengthenedwhen the group is physically separatedfrom all adjacent groups. This suggeststhat cells should be inward looking, andwherever possible separated by com-munity facilities.

(The full arguments, and empiricalevidence for all these points, arepresented in Christopher Alexander,Cells of subcultures, Center for Environ-mental Structure, Berkeley, California,1968.)

Car—pedestrian symbiosisIn the Proyecto Experimental, the carroads form loops, and the pedestrianpaths form a diagonal network whichcrosses these loops at right angles. Wherethey cross, there are parking lots, cellgateways, and space for pedestrianactivity. The two systems form a doublegradient: car densities dominate towardsthe outside of the site, pedestriandensities dominate towards the inside ofthe site, with a smooth gradient betweenthe two.

The general pattern is:Context: Any area which containspedestrian paths and local car roads.Solution: The system of pedestrian pathsand the system of roads are two entirelydistinct orthogonal systems. They crossfrequently; so that no point on eithersystem is more than about 50 metresfrom a crossing. Every time they cross,both paths and roads swell out, makingroom for pedestrian activity and forparking and standing.

Problem: It is common planning practiceto separate pedestrians and cars. Thismakes pedestrian areas more human, andsafer. However, this practice fails to takeaccount of the fact that cars andpedestrians also need each other: andthat, in fact, a great deal of urban lifeoccurs at precisely the point where thesetwo systems meet. Many of the greatestplaces in cities, Piccadilly Circus, TimesSquare, the Champs Elysees, are alivebecause they are places where pedestriansand vehicles meet. New towns likeCumbernauld, where there is totalseparation between the two, seldomhave the same sort of liveliness.

The same thing is true at the localresidential scale. A great deal of everydaysocial life happens where cars andpedestrians meet. In many low incomeareas, for example, the car is used as anextension of the house. Men, especially,often sit in parked cars, near their houses,drinking beer and talking. (Clare Cooper,'Some social implications of house andsite plan design at Easter Hill Village: aCase study', Institute of Urban and

Regional Development, Center forPlanning and Development Research,University of California, BerklevCalifornia, 1966, pp. 39 ff.)

Many studies show that conversationand discussion grow naturally out of thecommunal car lots where men meet whenthey take care of their cars. Vendorsalways set themselves up where cars andpedestrians meet; they need all the traffcthey can get. Childr , always play inparking lots—perKps because theysense that this is the main point Karrival and departure; perhaps beeaustthey enjoy the cars.

In Peru, there is a new version of thepaseo: the auto-paseo—several friendshop into a car, and drive around, visitingtheir friends, often not even getting outof their cars, but talking from house tocar, and back.

None of these things can happen in iplan where car roads and pedestrianpaths are separated, unless the two rawfrequently, and the places where theymeet are treated as minor centers ofactivity.

Intimacy gradientIn the Proyecto Experimental, there is Istrict gradient from formal to informal,front to back. Each house containsentry-5Q/a-family room-kitchen in that order.Those houses too small to have a propersola, have a small receiving alcove, justinside the front door, which functions isa sola.

The general pattern is:Context: A house in Peru, or any otheLatin country.Solution: There is a gradient from frontto back, from the most formal at thefront, to most intimate and private at theback. This gradient requires ihefollottinjstrict sequence: Entry-rata-family room-kitchen -bedrooms.

The most important element in thissequence is the sola (parlor). It is essentialthat the house contain a sola. If thehouse is so small that cost rules this out,the house should at least contain a linyreceiving alcove immediately inside ihefront door.Problem: In Latin American countries,such as Peru, friendship is taken verjseriously and exists at a number of beltCasual neighborhood friends may neverenter one's house. Formal friends, suchas the priest, the daughter's boyfriendandfriends from work may be invited in buttend to be limited to a well furnished and!maintained part of the house, the sak 'This room is sheltered from the clutterand more obvious poverty of the familywhich are visible in the rest of the house,Relatives and intimate friends, such itcompadres, may be made to feel at homein the comedor-estar (family room)where the family is likely to spend mudof its time. A few relatives and friends,particularly women, wiil be allowed intothe kitchen, other workspaces, and.perhaps, bedrooms of the house, In thisway the family maintains both privacjand pride.

This is particularly evidenl at the matof a fiesta, Even though the house is to!of people, some people never get beyondthe sola; some don't even get beyond tothreshold of the front door. Others goalthe way into the kitchen, where tilcooking is going on, and stay thaithroughout the evening. Each person hia very accurate sense of his degree ointimacy with the family, and kno*exactly how far into the house he mapenetrate, according to this establish!level of intimacy.

Even extremely poor people try i

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lave a sola if they can. The photographshows a sala which a family has made ini barriada shack. Yet many modernraises and apartments in Peru combinejj'j and family room in order to saveQace. Almost everyone we talked tocomplained about this situation. As far asK can tell, a house must not, under anyarrumMances, violate the principle of theKvwcy gradient.

Thick wallsIn the Proyecto Experimental house, thetall connecting the sala, patio, verandaand family room, has a series of smallniches in it, formed by 40cm stub wallsiliat siiuk out at right angles to ihe mainrail. Each niche conlains a seal, shelves,cupboard or display.

Hie general pattern is:Context; Interior wall, in any part of aiuilding which is intended to be personal.Nation: The wall has 'depth', at leastJfcm, which is created by a hand-.i-vable rigid space frame, in which a

1'ious variety of niches, shelves,cupboards, leaning posts, andv seats occur at frequenl intervals.md-carvable space frame is madetrials which are readily available: retail market, and easily cut,:d, painted, nailed, glued, replaced

.iid, using only tools available at any:,:.ure store. Possible examples are\vi, plywood, fiberglass styrofoam,v-styrene. The space frame is highly:,iailant structurally: large sections

; may be removed, without weakening.mil pieces or sections may be added in

..i a way that these sections becomeaminuous with, and indistinguishablefrom, the original surface.bobiem: Rooms with large, flat, un-broken wall surfaces almost never haveE) personal character, and it is very

ird for people who live in such roomsimake them personal. A room becomes

onal, only when the imprint of its_jbitants is clearly visible, the wallsjwded with treasures and belongingsresents, pictures of sweethearts andindparents, flowers, vases, knick-Bcks, books, collections), these trea-RS built integrally into the fabric oferoom, and the surface of the roomuulded to the character of its inhabi-nls. If a room has large unbroken wall[faces, made of unmouldable materials,me of this is possible. It is hard to

things in the open, withoutItering up the room, and it is not;ible to build these things in a per-

J\y into the fabric of the room.In order to make a room personal,n, its wall surface must be deepiugh to contain a variety of niches and

:s, where special things can beWt without being in the way; andwall must be made of materials which

>w these niches and recesses to bejpled to the idiosyncracies of theings which are to be placed there, andihe habits which go with them. (Thisjument is presented in full, withipirical evidence, in Christopherxander, 'Thick Walls', Architecturaljsign, February 1968.)

Mortarless block wallIn the Proyecf Experimental, thebearing walls, sh;ar walls, and groundfloor partitions are cavity walls made ofinterlocking, self-aligning concreteblocks, moulded on site. No mortar isrequired. The blocks simply interlock toform the wall. Blocks are made of a dryconcrete mix, and may be 10 or 20cmthick: column and corner blocks aremade in special moulds. Walls andcolumns are reinforced with sulphur.Plumbing lines and eleclrical conduitsrun through the cavity.

The general pattern is:Context: Low cost, low rise building, inany place where concrete is one of thecheapest building materials.Solution: Bearing walls, shear walls,columns, partition walls, and founda-tions may be made from EDI-Thermo-mod blocks. The block is self supportingup to a height of three stories. Verticaledges, corners, and horizontal upperedges are either poured concrete, withsteel reinforcing, or are reinforced withsulphur-fiber. The EDI-Thermomodsystem is patented by EducalionalDesign, Inc.Problem: In areas where concrete is theprincipal building material, concreteblock is one of the cheapest forms of wallconstruction. One of the biggest costsof a concrete block wall is the labor cost:each block has lo be placed and mortaredby a skilled mason. The EDI-Thermo-mod block system eliminates almost allthese labor costs. The blocks are mortar-less and self aligning; they weigh only5kg apiece, and are very easy to handle.Two men can build a wall exlremely fasl,simply by stacking the blocks on oneanother. Masons are not required.

Another major cost in concrete blockconstruclion is the cost of the blockitself. Here again the EDI-Thermomodblock saves money. The block can behand-manufactured on site in a simplemould, or machine manufactured. Onemould produces about 400 blocks in 8hours; a battery of five moulds will pro-duce aboul 2,000 blocks a day—enoughfor the walls of an average 100 squaremeler house. Half blocks and blocks ofdifferent thicknesses can be made fromthe same mould. The blocks are curedafter 24 hours. On site manufactureeliminates expensive slorage andtrucking.

The wall has several other advantages:The syslem is light, and earthquakeresistant. The dry construction allowsthe blocks lo move during a quake, thuspreventing fracture of the wall. Sincethere is no mortar, blocks can be removedat any time to make new openings in thewall. The cavity can be made to serve asa conduit for plumbing and electricity—because the blocks can be removed, theconduits are easy to reach. Finally, likeany cavity wall, the wall has good ther-mal and acoustic insulalion.

The EDI block has been used to buildvery low cost buildings in Mexico andthe south-eastern United States. Manyof these buildings were built entirely byself-help; the buildings are performingwell in use; those in Mexico havesuccessfully withslood major earth-quakes.

Composite bamboo beam

In the Proyecto Experimental house, allbeams are rectangular section boxedbeams, 20cm wide, 40cm deep, and 5meters long. The beams are made of 6cmbamboos, placed over plywood tem-plates, with a core of two Ib. densitypolyurethane fire-retardant foam, foamedin place. The bamboos are pinned andspot glued together at 50cm intervals,with epoxy glue and wooden dowels.

The second storey floor beams areall supported by interior partitions orcolumns, and have clear spans of 3metres or less—except in the family room,where they span 4.50 metres betweenshear walls and impost blocks, and arespaced close together to make up for thelong span. The roof beams span the full4.80 metres between impost blocks, andare spaced at intervals ranging from 1.50to 2.40 metres.

The second storey floor is designed tocarry 200kg/ma (bamboo foam plank15 kg/m2, sulphur cement topping 45kg/m2, second floor partitions 50 kg/m11,and live load 90 kg/m2). The roof isdesigned to carry 80 kg/ma (bamboofoam plank 15 kg/m*, thin topping20 kg/m* and live load 45 kg/m2). To puta third storey on the house, additionalbeams will need to be inserted (they canbe slipped onto the impost block easily),and the lopping on ihe roof increased.

At these loads, the beams have adeflection of less than I /360 of the span,and can safely be plastered. (See tablebelow). Families who do not like theappearance of the exposed bamboocan plaster them.

The general pattern is:Context: Short spans and light loads incountries where bamboo is abundant andcheap.Solution: Beams may be made of bam-boos (pinned and glued with epoxy) toform a box which is filled with plasticfoam. Spans may range from 3 to 5metres with corresponding variation inbeam spanning. Allowable loads areshown in the problem stalement.Problem: Concrete beams are expensive,very heavy, hard to move around, andhard to work. In many buildings,especially those where people will bebuilding for themselves (as in self-helphousing) beams need to be light weight,and easy to work. In earthquake zones,it is also necessary to reduce dead loadsas far as possible. If bamboo is locallyavailable and petroleum resources allowlocal manufacture of urethane foams,then it is possible to make lightweightbamboo/foam beams, with excellentstructural characteristics.

We have built three different beams ofthis type, and tested them. It is clearfrom our tests that bamboo/foam beamsof this type are about as strong as soft-wood beams of the same size. The mostserious problem is deflection. Bamboo isextremely strong in tension, and theurethene foam makes the beam sectionrigid; but the bamboos tend to slip pasteach other in horizontal shears.

In the third of the three test beams, wepinned and spot glued bamboos togetherwith epoxy glue and dowels. This testbeam was 20cm wide, 40cm deep. Wetested it over a clear span of 3.50 metres.At a uniformly distributed load of1300 kilograms the deflection reached0.8cm after an hour, and showed no

sign of further creep 24 hours later.We may use the formula:

Deflection Max = (5/384)WL3/EIto obtain a value for El, and extrapolatethe following figures for maximumallowable uniform loads, at variousspans:Span (metres)

3.003.504.004.505.00

Load* (deflection less2200 thanL/360kg).16201240980800

*(where the design criterion is L/240, forunplastered conditions, these loads canbe increased by 50 per cent)

These beams will cost 100 soles permetre (compared with about 200 soles permetre for comparable reinforced con-crete beams), and weigh about 20 kilo-grams per metre (compared with 50 kgper metre for a reinforced concrete beamof similar strength). Furthermore, thesebeams can be cut with simple tools: theycan be lifted and inslalled by two men.

Sulphur reinforcing andtopping

In the Proyecto Experimental, the con-necting surfaces of blocks which makeup shear walls, bearing walls andcolumns are coated with molten sulphurand fibreglass for tensile reinforcement.Sulphur mixed with sand is placed 2.5cmthick on the bamboo/foam planks tocreate a walking surface, to create simplejoints between the planks and betweenplanks and beams, and to give conti-nuity to the structure. Sulphur is alsoused as the water-proofing agent in wetareas such as shower and^toiJet, sinkbacksplashes, etc.

The general pattern is:Context: Low cost dry block construe -lion and/or panel construction.Solution: Sulphur may be used as areinforcing agent or bonding agent,wherever tensile slrength is required inblock walls, shear walls, planks andbeams. It may be used by itself or withchopped fibres, applied hot, or as partof a sulphur-sand grout.Problem: Jointing and reinforcing is amajor part of the cost of a block wall,particularly in a high earthquake zone.In 1969 in Peru, Ihe cost of a mortarlessblock wall wilh sulphur jointing is20 per cent less than the cosl of a blockwall with mortar and reinforced concretecorners.

Test results show that the sulphurjointing has considerable tensile strengthand that a sulphur jointed wall performsat least as well as the standard block wallin low rise construction. (Data arepresented in John M. Dale and Allen C.Ludwig, "Sulphur Aggregate Concrete1,Civil Engineering, December 1967, pp.66-68; in Allen C. Ludwig, Utilization ofSulphur and Sulphur Ores as Construc-tion Materials in Guatemala, SouthwestResearch Institute, San Antonio, Texas,March 1969; and in John M. Dale,'Sulphur-Fibre Coatings', The SulphurInstitute Journal, Fall 1965.)

Sulphur adds colour and texture inthose areas where it is used. It may betinted to produce colours other thanyellow.

196

Page 12: AD previ lima

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Our project grew from the following fourobjectives:(1) Highest possible density commen-surate with (2) Individual land owner-ship; (3) Minimum road and servicingcosl;/(4) Pedestrian/vehicle separation.

i\ arrangement of narrow row houseswith access at both ends provided lliclogical answer both to vehicle segrega-tion and the minimization of sen ice runs\\ith porches and backyards acting astransition areas between pedestrian andcar access and the interior of (he houses.Proceeding from lliis basic row arrange-ment we aligned the houses alongdiagonal road and footpath routes so asto exploit the prevailing wind for venti-lation purposes aided byairscoopsoverthe central area of each house - and toachieve optimum orientation with respectlo sunlight. Tree planting along pedes-trian and service roadways can beemployed to modulate both sunlight andnatural vent Mation as well us trallienoise from the central thoroughfare,

The service structure of schools, shops,church and recreation areas is strung outin a disjointed diagonal moving in theopposite direct inn to the footpaths androads. They lake the form of covered,shaded areas set in well ventilatedclearings and can he as easily reached onfoot as they can hv vehicle. The shopscan be serviced from CHI-tie-sac serviceroads. I-rom individual porches one canwalk along pedestrian ways until thesejoin the central spine of patios culminat-ing in the central church and shoppingarea. A single underpass links bothhalves of the site across this central area.

I he houses themselves are designedin such a way that ihey can either hebuilt by their future occupants, with theassistance of the authorities as regardsprefabricated elements, subsidies, skilledlabour, etc.: or they can be completedb\e authorities themselves and sold

!>pcr floor ItiyinReinforced ftntci'dc flunk profiles

lo individual Families. I he lormer optionwot,Id allow greater flexibility and.bearing this in mind, we ha\ endea-voured lo minimi/e. bv design, thenumber of constraints thai would benccessuiA under these circumstances.The shape of the plots for examplepresenting a very narrow frontageensures that the facade to be 'controlled'is very small and set well back into theporch. I here is considerable structuralflexibility inherent in the t\pe of short-span housing chosen and ibis can beexploited by the occupants. A furtherelement of flexibility is incorporated intoa phased programme of constructionwhich can react either to improvingfinancial circumstances or increases inthe si/e of the family. I ifsl stagedevelopment allows for only the groundlloor to be constructed, incorporating afront porch, living 'dining area, bedroom,central patio, bathroom, kitchen and asmall service patio at the rear. Thiswould sullice for a young family \vithone or two children. Second stagedevelopment allows for (he addition of afirst lloor bedroom: third stage develop-ment completes the tirst lloor with twomore bedrooms and a second bathroom.I ourlh stage development allows for thesuperimposition of a third lloor.

Page 14: AD previ lima

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J.L.INIGUEZ DEONZONO AND A.VAZQUEZ DEC AST

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A\\W\e siic is divided inu> ion nti

hoods, each of about 500 duFeeder vehicular roads are kepiIhe neighbourhoods so as noi i <rupl pedestrian circulation. Hoi.grouped in rectangular blockdistance between perimeters runing 150m. and the maximum \e from any part of the ar

road is nol more lhan 75m. Paikepi adjacent to these roads.

A main pedestrian Mrcci o r /m\Mtle. runs central ly through (hothis paseo run the 3m wide \v>alleys to each group of dwel l ingLima tradit ion). A change of lew(heir junction w i l h the pa.\<-<>; ;>junction of the pti.seo centralChildren don't have 10 cross an\r road nor walk fur ther than ;

get to primary school. Main pci!ways are linked by 12m wide ;iwhich also lead to sub-centres amcommercial centres and the i r ]>L

Groups of one-family housibased on a standard house hpinternal and service patios, on s105m- and 132m-. Ground H o u rvary in si/e but are similar. Upperarc planned alongside access alleyshanging here and there accordlypes of house growth. When Ihe rupper floor, a circular staircase na ground-floor room.

The modular design allows Uplan arrangements in addition inutrieties specified in the brief.

The structural system of prefabrichosen is a series of permanent slunelements for poured reinforced cc(walls, p i l lar , beams). The pl;umaking these is cheap (I,22X,OWand can produce 250 dwe l l i ngs ;i

Isometric Key: J. Hollow concrete hfock wall. 2. In \itu r.c. .?. In .situ concrete beam.4. Hollow clay floor tiles. 5. r.c. beams. 6. Concrete block pillars with reinforcementand poured concrete. 7. In situ r.c. (3 cm) compression floor sltib. 8. Prefab r.c. stairtreads 9. Concrete rings forming central staircase newel. 10. Asbestos cement vent201 AD 4 70

/('/'.' singltlinttom: 2-s

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Page 17: AD previ lima

o ion neigh*1'u 500 dwdliis arc kept on'o as not to in.ation. Hoii^o,ular blocks.meters not ex^ma\imum w;i';-art of Ihc areaian T5m. Parkin .,e roads.i street or /WMVthrough the MK3m wide peik-i of dwellings (achange of level 11i the paxco', a»i(Kittv central

ve to cross any \ funher than 50

hool. Main pcdtby 12m wide av3 sub-centres anilres and their pta:me-family houvndard house lypt•vice patios, on si1

rvr. Ground floorare similar. Upperngside access alleyvand there accordgrowth. When thetcircular staircase nroom.

ar design allows Kicnts in addition U>,ncd in the brief.raUystemofprefabriries of permanent snupoured reinforced o- beams). The pi-'is cheap tl.22W.OW'.luce 250 dwellings a

4 « i A2

Mnn-iuntl v«n'ti(/om. Tii/>: rmi/wr. Bottom: light(Jrowili pattern for type A unit

The module of the main structuralgrid is 36m x 36m, ihe dimensionderiving from: practical requirements(liability of rooms and their subdivi-sion); international dimension andmodule standards and an adaptability tosystem building.

The advantage of separating thestructural grid from the (internal) moduleis that it becomes independent of anyparticular material so that the struc-tural dimensions need only be deter-mined at the building stage.

The plan of the dwelling type is basedon a functional separation of service andkitchen spaces, general spaces, andsleeping spaces. The ideal solution isconsidered to be one offering a flexibledwelling capable of accommodating allpossible family variations. The familyitself should determine the form of itsown immediate surrounding.

The boundary walls of all dwellings arebuilt first. The simplest dwelling thusconsists of an undivided space, with waterand drainage laid on in the service yard,which at the outset would serve as akitchen. From this basis the owner tills inand extends his house.

Fixed linings (sanitary and kitchen)are made up of standard components,quality and quantity depending on thesize and type of the dwelling. Servicesare concentrated lo avoid long installa-tion runs.

The structural system proposed hasshallow concrete foundation pads, a floorslab resting on the ground and concretecolumns and beams. These support acorrugated asbestos roof. All basicdwellings are single storey, which meansthat at the first stage investment need notbe made for the second stage. When thedwelling extends upward the originalroof could act as shuttering for concrete.steel reinforcement could be placed in thetroughs of the corrugations. Alter-natively the corrugated asbestos sheetscould be replaced by concrete elements.

Other materials arc also possible forthe overall structure.

There arc three types of lot. Thevarious si/es of dwellings are not zonedin their own areas, but distributedthroughout the community in such a waythat the larger ones border the central/.one.

Ihe Latin way of life is taken intoaccount in the layout, conditioning thesiting of various si/ed markets and streetsquares, not only in the central spine, butalso in side areas. Public green spaces;ire related to these openings, most ofthem being concentrated along the mainpedestrian axis. The irrigation channelneeded to maintain these green areascould perhaps be constructed by com-munity self help. This kind of vvork,improving the level of the environment,could be a way of increasing socialcontact, and getting the inhabitants tofeel that they belong to their neighbour-hood, and that their neighbourhoodbelongs to them.

There is no traffic within each de-veloped area, apart from service tratlicwhich penetrates on several wider roads.

Parking areas in the first stage aremainly reserved .for public buildings.

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