acute diarrhoel disease
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ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASE
kottayam medical college
Dr.Mohemed sanowfer
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What is diarrhea?Diarrhea is the passage of loose watery stools
at least 3 times in a 24hr day
Recent change in the consistency of stools
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CLINICAL TYPES Acute watery diarrhea
Acute bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
Persistent diarrhea (>14 days)
Diarrhea with severe malnutrition
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WHAT CAUSES ACUTE DIARRHEA?VIRUS - ROTAVIRUS
BACTERIA - ENTEROTOXIGENIC E.coli
Shigella, Salmonella
Vibrio cholerae(5-10%)
EIEC,EHEC,LA-EC,DA-EC
C.JEJUNIOTHERS- E.histolytica, g.lamblia
50%
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Pathophysiology Diarrhea water & water soluble substances
like electrolyte , metabolites, vitamins are lost
ECF
50% cases – Na remains normal [140 mEq/L]
45% - hyponatremia
5% - hypernatremia[ underestimated]
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Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
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ECF
ICF
ECF
ICF
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Na
NaNa
Na
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ASSESSMENT OF CHILD WITH DIARRHEACLINICAL ASSESSMENT
HISTORY-Duration -watery/bloody -severity -associated symtoms -feeding
ASSESS IN EXAMINATION-1 Physical signs of dehydration -2 nutritional status of the child -3 pneumonia,otitis media
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS 1 STOOL MICROSCOPY 2 STOOL CULTURE 3SERUM ELECTROLITES,RFT 4TESTS FOR STOOL pH
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ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY ORT1 ORS Solution
2Solutions made from sugar & salt
3Food based solutions -rise water with salt -butter-milk with salt
4Other home made fluids- -1 plain water, lemon water, coconut water -2 thin rise kanji
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Comparison b/w low osmolarity ORS&WHO-ORS
INGRADIENTS CONC(MMOL/L)
LOW OSMOLARITY WHO-ORS ORS [NEW]
SODIUM 75 90
POTASSIUM 20 20
CHLORIDE 65 80
CITRATE 10 10
GLUCOSE 75 111
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ADVANTAGES OF LOW OSMOLARITY ORS
1 MORE EFFICIENT ABSORPTION OF SODIUM&WATER
2 REDUCED NEED OF IV FLUIDS
3 REDUCTION IN STOOL OUTPUT
4 LOWER VOMITING
5 NO SIGNIFICANT HYPONATREMIA
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ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY OF DEHYDRATIONLOOK AT
CONDITION
EYESTEARS
MOUTH&TONGUETHIRST
WELL ALERT
NORMALPRESENT
MOIST
DRINKS NORMALY,NOT THIRSTY
RESTLESS IRRITABLE,SUNKENABSENT
DRY
DRINKS EAGERLY
LETHARGIC/UNCONSCIOUS
VRY SUNKEN ABSENT
VERY DRYDRINKS POORLY ,NOT ABLE TO DRINK
FEEL SKIN PINCH GOES BACK QUICKLY
GOES BACK SLOWLY
GOES BACK VRY SLOWLY
DECIDE NO SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION
SOME DEHYDRATION
SEVERE DEHYDRATION
TREAT PLAN A PLAN B PLAN C
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TREATMENT OF ACUTE DIARRHEATREATMENT OF DEHYDRATION
ZINC SUPPLIMENTATION
NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT
DRUG THERAPY
SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
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TREATMENT PLAN APATIENT WITHOUT PHYSICAL SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION
Homely management with ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY
AGE Amount of ORS other ORT fluids Amount of ORS to provide for give after each loose stools use at home
<24 m 50-100 ml 500mL/day
2-10 yr 100-200ml 1000mL/day
>10yr as much as wants 2000mL/DAY
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Mother should be educated to increase the amount of culturally appropriate home available fluids
Describe and show the amount to be given after each stool using a local measure
Show mother how to mix ORS and how to give.Give a teaspoon full every 1 – 2 min under 2yrsIf the child vomits wait for 10min then give
slowly 2-3 min intervalIf diarrhea continues after ORS packets are used
up give other fluids or return for more ORS
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TREATMENT PLAN BPATIENT WITH PHYSICAL SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION
Rehydration therapyCorrection of existing water and elecrolyte deficit
as indicated by presence of signs of dehydration
Maintenance therapyReplacement of ongoing loses due to continuing
diarrhea to prevent the recurrence of dehydration
Provision of normal daily fluid requirements
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Rehydration therapy75ml/kg of ORS in the first 4 hr
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Maintenance therapyORS should be administered in volume equal to
diarrhea losses [10-20 ml/kg] for each liquid stool
Offer plain water in between
Encourage breast feeding
If the child continues to have some dehydration after 4hrs repeat another 4hrs treatment with ORS solution [ as in rehydration therapy]
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How effective is ORT 95 -97%
When ORT ineffectiveHigh stool purge more than 5ml/kg/hr
Persistent vomiting - >3/hr
Abdominal distention and ileus
Glucose malabsorption
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TREATMENT PLAN CCHILDREN WITH SEVERE DEHYDRATIONI V fluids immediatelyRL solution
[ ideal – RL + 5% dextrose]0.9% NS
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IV not accessible – ORS using naso-gastric tube @ 20ml/kg/hr [total 120ml/kg]
Reassess every 1-2hr
Repeated vomiting & abdominal distention – IV slowly
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MonitoringEvery 15-30min reassessNot improving – IV rapidlyAfter full IV fluids – REASSESSIf signs of dehydration still present repeat iv
fluids as outlined earlierImproving but some dehydration discontinue
iv and give ORS for 4hrs [plan B]Observe the child at least 6hrs before
discharge to confirm that mother is able to maintain child’s hydration by ORS solution
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Zinc in diarrhea
Zinc plays a critical role in metalloenzymes polyribosomes, cell membranes, cellular functions.
<6month – 10mg/day>6month – 20mg/dayAdv –
16% faster recovery31% reduction in stool output
10-14 days
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Dietary recommendations for management of diarrheaContinue feeding Breast feeding – continuedOptimally energy dense foods with least bulk [small
quantities but frequently]Staple foods enriched with fats and oilsAvoid foods with high fiber contentIn non breast fed infants – cow milk given undiluted During recovery a intake of atleast 125% of normal
RDA should be attempted with nutrient dense foods
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Drug Therapy
Antibiotics & chemotherapeutic agents [dysentery & cholera]
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Malnourished/ prematurely born with diarrheaWell nourished child diarrhea
Poor sucking Abdominal distentionFever/ hypothermiaFast breathingSignificant lethargy
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Binding agents
Formulations based on pectin, kaolin, bismuth salt
Anti motility agents – diphenoxylate hydrochloride [lomotil], loperamide
Anti secretory agents – racecadotril [ acetorphan]Inhibit intestinal enkephalinase
Probiotics – Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. plantarum, several strains of bifidobacteria
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Symptomatic treatmentVomiting
Severe- metoclopromide 0.1 – 0.2 mg/kgPhenothiazine 0.5mg/kg
• Abdominal distention•Bowel sounds present – no treatment
Absent/ Gross distentionKCl iv 30-40mEq/LIntermittent nasogastric suction
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PreventionHealth education
Exclusive breast feeding
Supplementary feeding
Sanitation & hygiene
Clean hand, Clean container & Clean environment
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Thank You