ActivityActivity

Without checking the text how many functions Without checking the text how many functions can you identify by linking each one with the can you identify by linking each one with the following cluesfollowing clues

ProductionProduction CellsCells RegulationRegulation BufferingBuffering TransportTransport fuelfuel

Protein: an energy yielding Protein: an energy yielding nutrient composed ofnutrient composed of

CarbonCarbon

OxygenOxygen

HydrogenHydrogen

NitrogenNitrogen

Fill in the blankFill in the blank

DNA : proteins :: _____: model airplane kitDNA : proteins :: _____: model airplane kit Amino acids : proteins :: ____:alphabetAmino acids : proteins :: ____:alphabet

Amino Acids- building blocks of Amino Acids- building blocks of proteinprotein

Protein is broken down by enzymes and Protein is broken down by enzymes and absorbed by the body as amino acidsabsorbed by the body as amino acids

20 common amino acids20 common amino acids– 9 essential- body cannot produce, must be 9 essential- body cannot produce, must be

present in the dietpresent in the diet– 11 non-essential- body can produce; not 11 non-essential- body can produce; not

necessary in the dietnecessary in the diet

DenaturationDenaturation

When protein molecules change their shape When protein molecules change their shape and take on new characteristicsand take on new characteristics

Heat, acids, bases, and alcohol all effect Heat, acids, bases, and alcohol all effect denaturationdenaturation

Stomach acids break down protein to be Stomach acids break down protein to be used by the bodyused by the body

Think Steak!Think Steak!

Protein provides building Protein provides building material for body tissuesmaterial for body tissues

MusclesMuscles EnzymesEnzymes HormonesHormones Connective tissueConnective tissue AntibodiesAntibodies Red blood cellsRed blood cells

BBUUIILLDD

AANNDD

MMAAIINNTTAAIINN

TTIISSSSUUEE

» makes up 18-20% of your bodymakes up 18-20% of your body

» % of where body protein can be found: muscle 50%, % of where body protein can be found: muscle 50%, bone 20%, skin 10%, other 20%bone 20%, skin 10%, other 20%

» Needed to create new tissues during the growth yearsNeeded to create new tissues during the growth years

MMAAKKEE II

MMPPOORRTTAANNTT

CCOOMMPPOOUUNNDDSS

» AntibodiesAntibodies

» EnzymesEnzymes

» Hormones (insulin)Hormones (insulin)

RegulationRegulation

REGULATE MINERAL AND BODY FLUIDS: REGULATE MINERAL AND BODY FLUIDS: PLAY A ROLE IN SODIUM/POTASIUM PLAY A ROLE IN SODIUM/POTASIUM BALANCE IN THE CELLS; THIS BALANCE IS BALANCE IN THE CELLS; THIS BALANCE IS NEEDED FOR NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE NEEDED FOR NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE HEART, LIVER, ETC.HEART, LIVER, ETC.

BufferBuffer

MAINTAIN ACID BASE BALANCE: proteins MAINTAIN ACID BASE BALANCE: proteins act as a chemical buffer.act as a chemical buffer.

Prevents the blood from becoming too acidic or alkaline.Prevents the blood from becoming too acidic or alkaline.

TransportTransport

CARRY VITAL SUBSTANCES: proteins linked CARRY VITAL SUBSTANCES: proteins linked w/ fats form Lipoproteins, the compounds used to w/ fats form Lipoproteins, the compounds used to carry fat into the bloodstream. carry fat into the bloodstream.

OxygenOxygen

EnergyEnergy

Provides 4 calories per gram of proteinProvides 4 calories per gram of protein

Protein qualityProtein quality High quality proteins contain all essential High quality proteins contain all essential

amino acids in amounts needed to support amino acids in amounts needed to support protein tissue formation.protein tissue formation.– Missing amino acids = no tissue formationMissing amino acids = no tissue formation

Complete proteinsComplete proteins

Contain all 9 essential amino acids.Contain all 9 essential amino acids. Are found in animal products, such as meat, Are found in animal products, such as meat,

eggs and milk.eggs and milk.

Incomplete proteinsIncomplete proteins

Deficient in one or more essential amino Deficient in one or more essential amino acids.acids.

Eating incomplete proteins that are deficient Eating incomplete proteins that are deficient in different amino acids in the same meal in different amino acids in the same meal compliment each other and make a complete compliment each other and make a complete protein. protein.

PLANT SOURCES OF PROTEIN: legumes PLANT SOURCES OF PROTEIN: legumes (peanuts, lentils, chickpeas, soy, tofu), whole (peanuts, lentils, chickpeas, soy, tofu), whole wheatwheat

Protein in the dietProtein in the diet Nitrogen equilibrium: PRO in = PRO outNitrogen equilibrium: PRO in = PRO out 70% of protein in the American diet comes 70% of protein in the American diet comes

from animal products.from animal products. Plant protein sources are usually lower in fat. Plant protein sources are usually lower in fat. Protein deficient diets: Protein energy Protein deficient diets: Protein energy

malnutrition (PEM)malnutrition (PEM)– Kwashiorkor- protein deficient Kwashiorkor- protein deficient – Marasmus- protein-calorie deficientMarasmus- protein-calorie deficient– Both are usually accompanied by other nutrient Both are usually accompanied by other nutrient

deficienciesdeficiencies

Excess Protein in the DietExcess Protein in the Diet

– LIVER AND KIDNEY PROBLEMSLIVER AND KIDNEY PROBLEMS– CALCIUM LOSS: bone weakeningCALCIUM LOSS: bone weakening– EXCESS BODY FAT: converts to fat, EXCESS BODY FAT: converts to fat,

HOW MUCH PROTEIN DO YOU HOW MUCH PROTEIN DO YOU NEED?NEED?

RDA: 52-46gramsRDA: 52-46grams 10%-35% of your RDA10%-35% of your RDA MEETING THE PROTEIN RDAMEETING THE PROTEIN RDA

– Follow the FGPFollow the FGP

– Milk and meat groups are your primary sourceMilk and meat groups are your primary source

– Go low on saturated fat.Go low on saturated fat.

– Limit red meat—and avoid processed meat.Limit red meat—and avoid processed meat.

– Balance carbs and proteinBalance carbs and protein

– Choose low fat protein foodsChoose low fat protein foods

– Trim off fat from meat sourcesTrim off fat from meat sources

– Use low fat cooking techniquesUse low fat cooking techniques

– Avoid high fat oils, sauces, and graviesAvoid high fat oils, sauces, and gravies

Vegetarian DietsVegetarian Diets

With a little planning, diets that contain With a little planning, diets that contain only plant foods can provide enough only plant foods can provide enough protein. protein.

What are the main reasons a person chooses What are the main reasons a person chooses to become vegetarian?to become vegetarian?

VegetarianismVegetarianism

For most of the worldFor most of the world’’s people, vegetarianism s people, vegetarianism is not a choice.is not a choice.

People who choose to be vegetarians tend to be People who choose to be vegetarians tend to be health conscious individuals who also avoid health conscious individuals who also avoid alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and who alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and who participate in regular physical activity.participate in regular physical activity.

People may become vegetarian for health, People may become vegetarian for health, religious, cultural or environmental reasons or religious, cultural or environmental reasons or to not harm animals.to not harm animals.

Types of vegetariansTypes of vegetarians ““FarFar”” vegetarians vegetarians

– no red meat (fish and poultry OK)no red meat (fish and poultry OK) ““Quasi-vegetariansQuasi-vegetarians

– no red meat, may or may not include poultryno red meat, may or may not include poultry Lacto-ovo vegetariansLacto-ovo vegetarians

– No meats, poultry, fish but include eggs and dairyNo meats, poultry, fish but include eggs and dairy LactovegetarianLactovegetarian

– Plant and dairy products onlyPlant and dairy products only MacrobioticMacrobiotic

– Plant products and fish onlyPlant products and fish only VeganVegan

– Only plant products- may avoid honey and clothes made Only plant products- may avoid honey and clothes made from animal productsfrom animal products

Fruitarian- only fruits and olive oil Fruitarian- only fruits and olive oil

Vegetarian diets and healthVegetarian diets and health

Appropriately planned vegetarian diets are Appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful, are nutritionally adequate, and healthful, are nutritionally adequate, and provide health benefits in the prevention provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.and treatment of certain diseases.

– Position of the American Dietetic Association, 1997Position of the American Dietetic Association, 1997

Health benefits of vegetarian dietsHealth benefits of vegetarian diets

Vegetarians have a lower risk of developing:Vegetarians have a lower risk of developing:– Heart diseaseHeart disease– StrokeStroke– HypertensionHypertension– DiabetesDiabetes– Chronic bronchitisChronic bronchitis– GallstonesGallstones– Kidney stonesKidney stones– Colon cancerColon cancer

Complimenting proteinsComplimenting proteins

Dried beans + grains = complete proteinDried beans + grains = complete protein Seeds + dried beans = complete proteinSeeds + dried beans = complete protein

– Bean burrito on corn or wheat tortillaBean burrito on corn or wheat tortilla– Peanut butter sandwichPeanut butter sandwich– Red beans and riceRed beans and rice– Hummus and breadHummus and bread– Black-eyed peas and cornBlack-eyed peas and corn– Lima beans and corn succotash)Lima beans and corn succotash)

Diet recommendations for vegetariansDiet recommendations for vegetarians Choose a variety of foods. Choose a variety of foods. Choose whole, unrefined foods often. Choose whole, unrefined foods often. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables.Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables. If animal products are used, choose lower-fat If animal products are used, choose lower-fat

versions.versions. Vegans should include B12 in their diets and Vegans should include B12 in their diets and

Vitamin D if sun exposure is limited. Vitamin D if sun exposure is limited. Do not restrict dietary fat in children younger Do not restrict dietary fat in children younger

than two years. than two years.

Misinformation on vegetarian diets Misinformation on vegetarian diets

They are health-promoting They are health-promoting BUT……BUT……

They cannot cure cancer.They cannot cure cancer. They cannot cure AIDS.They cannot cure AIDS. They donThey don’’t lead to inner peace or spiritual t lead to inner peace or spiritual

renewal.renewal. They are not magic bullets that will cure all They are not magic bullets that will cure all

ills. ills.

What are the extra vitamin and What are the extra vitamin and mineral needs for vegetarians?mineral needs for vegetarians?

ProteinProtein

sourcessources

Vitamin B12Vitamin B12

Present only in animal productsPresent only in animal products Can obtain from B12 fortified soy milk, Can obtain from B12 fortified soy milk,

breakfast cereal, or B12 supplementsbreakfast cereal, or B12 supplements

Vitamin DVitamin D

Sun is a main sourceSun is a main source Dairy products are a main sourceDairy products are a main source If sunlight is limited and dairy products are If sunlight is limited and dairy products are

not consumed, a Vitamin D supplement is not consumed, a Vitamin D supplement is recommended.recommended.

Vitamin D is very toxic at levels 2-3 times Vitamin D is very toxic at levels 2-3 times the RDA. Avoid over-supplementation.the RDA. Avoid over-supplementation.

CalciumCalcium

Dairy products are the main source of Dairy products are the main source of calcium in the diet.calcium in the diet.

Dark leafy greens and dried beans are OK Dark leafy greens and dried beans are OK sources of calcium.sources of calcium.

Calcium-fortified orange juice and soy milk Calcium-fortified orange juice and soy milk may be used to increase calcium intake. may be used to increase calcium intake.

ZincZinc

Zinc is abundant in plant sources but is Zinc is abundant in plant sources but is poorly absorbed.poorly absorbed.

Whole grains, dried beans, fortified cereals, Whole grains, dried beans, fortified cereals, and zinc supplements can be used. and zinc supplements can be used.

Why is fish a good protein Why is fish a good protein choice? choice?

FishFish Is there Is there

any risk?any risk?