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Activity 7.4 VIDEOS Activity 7.5 CANYON COLORING...
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111 Acvity 7.4 VIDEOS As usual, there are some really helpful videos over at the YouTube channel. If you don't have me to watch all of them, at least watch the ones on the P and S waves (if you haven't already). Acvity 7.5 CANYON COLORING PAGE This acvity is designed to be used with a video that is posted on the YouTube playlist (also listed at www. ellenjmchenry.com/downloads/GrandCanyonDrawing.mp4). The video will tell you exactly what to do. However, if you don't have Internet access, here are some instruc- ons to help you color and label it yourself. If you would like to see how the finished drawing is supposed to look, check the answer key. If the drawing looks too difficult, you can just do the parts that interest you. You could also use colors instead of those paerns. The locaon of the diagram is the South Rim of the canyon, which is the most popular place for tourists to visit. It is important to remember that the canyon is hundreds of miles long. The layers change their depth, color, and mineral content in various places in the canyon. If you read informaon that is slightly different from what you read here, both pieces of informaon are probably correct, but for different locaons. The canyon is very complicated! You may noce that some of the layers have very sloped edges, while other have relavely straight (vercal) edges. The sloped layers are the ones that erode more easily. Harder layers are resistant to erosion are more like straight cliffs. The reddish color of some layers is mostly due to the presence of iron oxide (rust!) in the minerals. 1) Start by labeling the layers of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic. (Write these words between the doed lines.) These top two layers are actually missing! These were removed before the canyon formed. (Geologists call this the Great Denudaon. One very convincing idea is that a huge nearby lake spilled over and washed these layers off. Slow erosion can't explain the flat sur- face.) The top layer is the Cenozoic. The second layer is the Mesozoic. (The Mesozoic contains those "dinosaur layers.") 2) The next secon is the Permian. There are 4 rock layers in the Permian. 3) The secon below the Permian is the Pennsylvanian. (This does not mean the layer is in Pennsylvania!) There are 4 rock layers in the Pennsylvanian layer. (In other places, the Pennsylvanian contains coal, but here it does not.) The layers of the Pennsylvanian are also called the Supai Group. Oſten, the individual names (listed in number 8), are not used because they are hard to remember. 4) The layer below the Pennsylvanian is the Mississippian. In the canyon, the Redwall Limestone is Mississippian. 5) The Devonian layer is that lile wedge-shaped piece. 6) The Silurian and Ordovician layers are missing. (Remember, we said that there are just a few places on earth where you can find all the layers.) 7) Below the wedge is the Cambrian layer. Below that (the side of that V-shaped notch at the boom) is the Precambrian. 8) The V-shaped notch is the Inner Gorge. The ny triangle at the boom is the Colorado River. 9) Now we'll write the names of all the rock layers. That very tall column on the right side is for names and extra notes you might want to jot down. (Write small!) The very top box will just say that these layers are missing. The first actual layer of canyon rock is the famous Kaibab Limestone. Going on down from there the boxes should say: Toroweap Formaon (you can abbreviate "Formaon" as "Fm"), Coconino Sandstone (you can abbreviate "Sandstone" as "Ss"), Hermit Shale, Esplanade Sand- stone, Wescogame Fm., Manakacha Fm., Watahomigi Fm., (don't worry about these hard names—you don't have to memorize them!), Redwall Limestone, Muav Limestone, Bright Angel Shale, and Tapeats Sandstone. That should bring you to that thick wavy line. (If you want to label that Devonian wedge on the leſt side of the Muav Limestone, it is called the Temple Bue Lime- stone.) All these names might sound strange and difficult to you, but to a geologist they are very familiar because these layers are studied so much. 10) The thick wavy line is called the Great Unconformity. This is a dividing line between the Cambrian and Precambrian ar- eas. What went on here? It looks like the Precambrian layers got pped and then cut off. Whenever there is a huge difference between two layers—something that looks abnormal or unexpected—it is called an "unconformity." There are smaller uncon- formies at the top and boom of the Redwall Limestone. 11) If you want to know the names of the pped layers, they are (from top to boom): Sixty Mile Formaon, Kwagunt For- maon, Galeras Formaon, Nankoweap Formaon, Cardenas Lava, Shinumo Quartzite, Hakatai Shale, and the Bass Limestone. (If you'd rather not label these, that's fine. Or, you can just label the whole group as the "Grand Canyon Supergroup.")
Transcript of Activity 7.4 VIDEOS Activity 7.5 CANYON COLORING...
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Activity 7.4 VIDEOS Asusual,therearesomereallyhelpfulvideosoverattheYouTubechannel.Ifyoudon'thavetimetowatchallofthem,atleastwatchtheonesonthePandSwaves(ifyouhaven'talready).
Activity 7.5 CANYON COLORING PAGE ThisactivityisdesignedtobeusedwithavideothatispostedontheYouTubeplaylist(alsolistedatwww.ellenjmchenry.com/downloads/GrandCanyonDrawing.mp4).Thevideowilltellyouexactlywhattodo.However,ifyou don't have Internet access, here are some instruc-tionstohelpyoucolorandlabelityourself.Ifyouwouldliketoseehowthefinisheddrawingissupposedtolook,checktheanswerkey.Ifthedrawinglookstoodifficult,you can just do the parts that interest you. You could alsousecolorsinsteadofthosepatterns.
ThelocationofthediagramistheSouthRimofthecanyon,whichisthemostpopularplacefortouriststovisit.Itisimportanttorememberthatthecanyonishundredsofmileslong.Thelayerschangetheirdepth,color,andmineralcontentinvariousplacesinthecanyon.Ifyoureadinformationthatisslightlydifferentfromwhatyoureadhere,bothpiecesofinformationareprobablycorrect,butfordifferentlocations.Thecanyonisverycomplicated! Youmaynoticethatsomeofthelayershaveveryslopededges,whileotherhaverelativelystraight(vertical)edges.Theslopedlayersaretheonesthaterodemoreeasily.Harderlayersareresistanttoerosionaremorelikestraightcliffs.Thereddishcolorofsomelayersismostlyduetothepresenceofironoxide(rust!)intheminerals.
1)StartbylabelingthelayersoftheCenozoicandMesozoic.(Writethesewordsbetweenthedottedlines.)Thesetoptwolayersareactuallymissing!Thesewereremovedbeforethecanyonformed.(GeologistscallthistheGreatDenudation.Oneveryconvincingideaisthatahugenearbylakespilledoverandwashedtheselayersoff.Slowerosioncan'texplaintheflatsur-face.)ThetoplayeristheCenozoic.ThesecondlayeristheMesozoic.(TheMesozoiccontainsthose"dinosaurlayers.")2)ThenextsectionisthePermian.Thereare4rocklayersinthePermian.3)ThesectionbelowthePermianisthePennsylvanian.(ThisdoesnotmeanthelayerisinPennsylvania!)Thereare4rocklayersinthePennsylvanianlayer.(Inotherplaces,thePennsylvaniancontainscoal,buthereitdoesnot.)ThelayersofthePennsylvanianarealsocalledtheSupaiGroup.Often,theindividualnames(listedinnumber8),arenotusedbecausetheyarehard to remember. 4)ThelayerbelowthePennsylvanianistheMississippian.Inthecanyon,theRedwallLimestoneisMississippian.5)TheDevonianlayeristhatlittlewedge-shapedpiece.6)TheSilurianandOrdovicianlayersaremissing.(Remember,wesaidthattherearejustafewplacesonearthwhereyoucanfindallthelayers.)7)BelowthewedgeistheCambrianlayer.Belowthat(thesideofthatV-shapednotchatthebottom)isthePrecambrian.8)TheV-shapednotchistheInnerGorge.ThetinytriangleatthebottomistheColoradoRiver.9)Nowwe'llwritethenamesofalltherocklayers.Thatverytallcolumnontherightsideisfornamesandextranotesyoumightwanttojotdown.(Writesmall!)Theverytopboxwilljustsaythattheselayersaremissing.ThefirstactuallayerofcanyonrockisthefamousKaibabLimestone.Goingondownfromtheretheboxesshouldsay:ToroweapFormation(youcanabbreviate"Formation"as"Fm"),CoconinoSandstone(youcanabbreviate"Sandstone"as"Ss"),HermitShale,EsplanadeSand-stone,WescogameFm.,ManakachaFm.,WatahomigiFm.,(don'tworryaboutthesehardnames—youdon'thavetomemorizethem!),RedwallLimestone,MuavLimestone,BrightAngelShale,andTapeatsSandstone.Thatshouldbringyoutothatthickwavyline.(IfyouwanttolabelthatDevonianwedgeontheleftsideoftheMuavLimestone,itiscalledtheTempleButteLime-stone.)Allthesenamesmightsoundstrangeanddifficulttoyou,buttoageologisttheyareveryfamiliarbecausetheselayersare studied so much. 10)ThethickwavylineiscalledtheGreatUnconformity.ThisisadividinglinebetweentheCambrianandPrecambrianar-eas.Whatwentonhere?ItlookslikethePrecambrianlayersgottippedandthencutoff.Wheneverthereisahugedifferencebetweentwolayers—somethingthatlooksabnormalorunexpected—itiscalledan"unconformity."Therearesmalleruncon-formitiesatthetopandbottomoftheRedwallLimestone.11)Ifyouwanttoknowthenamesofthetippedlayers,theyare(fromtoptobottom):SixtyMileFormation,KwaguntFor-mation,GalerasFormation,NankoweapFormation,CardenasLava,ShinumoQuartzite,HakataiShale,andtheBassLimestone.(Ifyou'drathernotlabelthese,that'sfine.Or,youcanjustlabelthewholegroupasthe"GrandCanyonSupergroup.")
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12)Nowwearereadytofillinthepatternsand/orcolors.(Leavethatsectionedoffstripblank.Wewillusethatstriptowriteafewtinynotes,suchastypesoffossils.)We'lldraworcolorthemintIfthepatternsaretoodifficult,youcanjustdecidetomakeeachoneadifferentcolor(withmudstoneasgray).Justcoloroverthepatternsandusethecolorsasyourkey.Someofthelayersareselfexplanatory,andhavethewordslimestone,sandstone,andshaleintheirnames.Theonesyouneedmoreinformationaboutarelistedbelow.(NOTE:Thelayersareactuallymuchmorecomplicatedthanthis,andincludethinstripesofmudstone,siltstone,shale,andconglomerateinalmostallofthelayers.Thepurityofthelimestonevariesgreatly,also.)a)TheToroweapFormationisoftencalledtheToroweapLimestone,butitalsocontainsdolomite,sandstone,mudstone,gypsumandshale.(Anymodelofthelayersofthecanyonisgoingtobeoverlysimplifiedandnotrepresentrealitybecausethereallayersareverycomplicated.)Sincewehavelimitedspace,trythisfromtoptobottom:onelayeroflimestone,somesandstonedots,alayerofshale,ablankspaceforgypsum,dolomiteonthebottom.Toindicatedolomite,justmakeyour"bricks"lookslanted.b)TheCoconinoSandstoneisa"cross-bedded"sandstone.Thismeansthattherearelayersgoingdifferentways,asshowninthepatternkey.Youcanaddlittledotsofsand,too,ifyou'dlike.c)IntheEsplanadeSandstonethereareafewlayersofmudstone.Justaddafewgraylineswithapencil.TheWescogameandWatahomigiFormationsalsohaveafewlayersofmudstone.d)TheRedwallLimestoneactuallyisn'tsolidlimestone.Ithasatinybitofsandstoneatthetop,thenalayerofmudstone,thenlimestone,thenconglomerate,thenathinlayeroflimestoneonthebottom.Canyoufitallthoseintothatspace?Thinksmall!e)ThatrectangleintheBrightAngelShaleisablockofquartzitethatisaboutthesizeofabedortable.It'sprettysmall,soyoumighthavetojustcolororlabelit,insteadoftryingtodrawthepatterninsideofit.(Unlessyoucanfitonewavylineinthemiddleandsomedotsaroundit.)Howdiditgetuptherefromthatquartzitelayerbelow(orsomewhereelse)?Perhapsthisshowsusthattheselayerswerenotsolidrockwhenthatblockmigratedupwards.Youcanseethisblockforyourselfifyoudoanimagesearchfor"quartziteblockinGrandCanyon."Youcanseehowthelayersofshalearefoldedaroundit.f)ThosetippedPrecambrianlayersare,fromtoptobottom:sandstone,shale,limestone,sandstone,basaltlava,sandstone,quartzite,shale,limestone.g)Thebigareasatthebottom,aroundandunderthetippedblock,areschist.Schistisametamorphicrockthatusedtobesomethingelse,inthiscaseperhapsgranite.Schist'slayeredlookisbecausetheoriginalrockgotsqueezed,causingtheatomsofSiO2torearrangethemselvesintomorecompactlayers.Thethingscomingupfrombottom,lookinglikeigneousmagmaintrusionsfrombelow,arecalledtheZoroasterGranite.Theschist'snameistheVishnuSchist.ThesenamesarenotNativeAmerican,butarefromPersiaandIndia.(NOTE:IfyoulookatotherdiagramsontheInternet,youwillseethatthesegraniteintrusionsaredrawnindifferentways.Theymightlookverydifferentonsomeoneelse'sdiagram.Remember,thesearejustdiagrams,notphotographs!)h)Don'tforgetthattinybitofBrightAngelShaleontheoppositesideofthecanyon.Ourpicturegotcutoffatthatpointsoyoucan'tseetheMuavLimestoneaboveit.
13)Nowwecanaddfossils.Youcandrawsimpleshapestorepresentthefossils,butyoucanalsowritenotesinthatstripontheright.Youcandrawthefossilsymbolsrightontopofthepatterns.(Ifyouwouldliketoknowmoreabouteachtypeoffossil,usetheInternettosearchforinformationorpictures.)a)TheKaibabLimestonehasmarinefossils:crinoids,clams,sponges,corals,bryozoans.b)TheToroweaphasfewerfossils,perhapsjustafewbrachiopodsatthetop.c)TheCoconinosandstonehasonlytracefossils,suchastracksofanimalsthatlookliketheymayhavebeenreptilesoramphibians.(Nobodies,justtracks.)TheCo-coninoalsohasmanyripplemarks,madeeitherbywindorwater.(Addripplemarks.)d)TheHermitShale,andall4Supailayers(Esplanade,Wescogame,Manakacha,Watahomigi)havemostlyjustplantfossils,suchasferns,horsetails(whichlooklikebamboo)andconifers(pines).TherearesomeanimaltracksintheWatahomigi.e)TheRedwallhaslotsofmarinefossils:crinoids,clams,brachiopods(similartoclams),nautiloids(whichlooklikesquidsthatgotstuckinlongicecreamcones),bryozoans,corals.f)TheMuavLimestonealsohasmarinefossils,buttrilobitesalsostarttoappear.g)TheBrightAngelShalehasmarinelifesuchastrilobites,brachiopods,andclams,butalsohastracefossilsofwormburrows.h)TheTapeatsSandstonehastrilobites,brachiopods,andtracefossilssuchasripplemarksandtrilobitetracks.i)ThetippedlayersofthePrecambrianthatareabove the lava layer, contain stromatolites,whicharefossilizedremainsoflargematsofblue-greenalgae(cyanobacteria).Youcanmakesomelittleringstorepresentthem,(asshowninphotograph).
Ifyouwanttoaddsomecolortoyourdrawingwithoutcoveringupthepatterns,youcanjustaddalittlecolortotheleftedge,whichisthesurfaceyouactuallyseeatthecanyon.Colorsuggestions:Kaibab:lightgrayortan;Toroweap:darkeryellowish-gray;Coconino:whiteorcream;Hermit:rustyred;Supaigroup:redlime-stone,tanoryellowsandstone(lotsofthinredstripsinthese4layers);Redwall:lightred;Muav:grayishyellow-green;BrightAngel:rustyred;Tapeats:lighttan;60-mile:tan;Kwagunt:reddishpurple;Galeros:greenishgray;Nankoweap:tan;Cardenaslava:darkgray;Dox:orange-tan;Shinumoquartzite:lightreddish-purple(orusepink);Hakatai:red;Bass:gray.stromatolites
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This is the "South Rim" area. The top of the rim is about 7,000 feet (about 2,000 meters) above the bottom of the gorge.
