Action Spectra: A Review · 2017-07-13 · dependence of the photoresponse is not linear (as is...
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10 IUVA News / Vol. 19 No. 2 Action Spectra: A Review James R. Bolton Bolton Photosciences Inc., 628 Cheriton Cres. NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6R 2M5 Contact: 780.439.4709 or [email protected] Introduction and definitions Following the publication of an extensive review of the UV sensitivities of many microorganisms (Haji Malayeri, et al. 2016), it is appropriate to review the action spectra that have been determined for some of these microorganisms. Action spectra are important in analyzing data for UV experiments involving polychromatic UV lamps (e.g., medium pressure UV lamps). They are also very useful for modeling medium pressure UV systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based UV dose models. The germicidal factor [GF(λ)] or “action” of a microorganism is defined as the UV sensitivity of that microorganism at wavelength λ normalized to 1.00 at 253.7 nm (the primary emission wavelength of a low pressure UV lamp). In general terms, the action spectrum of a microorganism is a plot of GF(λ) vs. wavelength. However, there are several possible methods for determining GF(λ) from experimental data. Methods for determining germicidal factors The various methods for determining the GF(λ) values for a microorganism involve analysis of fluence (UV dose) – response curves (or photon fluence – response curves) carried out at several wavelengths. Ideally, the spectral width of the UV source should be very narrow (< 1 nm); however, in many cases, such as the use of interference filters or a monochromator with a medium pressure UV lamp, the spectral width is 10-12 nm. The best case is the use of a tunable laser, where the spectral width is <1 nm. As pointed out by Bolton et al. (2015), the rate of photochemical and photobiological processes is driven by the rate of photon absorption. Thus ideally, the GF(λ) values should be derived from plots of log(N 0 /N) vs. the photon fluence (einstein cm -2 ), where N is the number of viable microorganisms per mL at photon fluence F o,p (λ) and N 0 is number of viable microorganisms per mL at F o,p (λ) = 0. However, in most cases the GF(λ) values have been derived on an energy basis from plots of log(N 0 /N) vs. the fluence (UV dose) (mJ cm -2 ). Bolton et al. (2015) indicated that GF(λ) values derived from energy-based data can be converted to GF(λ) values derived from photon-based data by multiplying the former by (253.7/λ). Henceforth we designate GF ε (λ) as germicidal factors derived from energy-based data and GF p (λ) as germicidal factors derived from photon-based data. The various methods for the determination of GF ε (λ) values are as follows: 1. Fluence-based rate constant method Plots of log(N 0 /N) vs. the fluence often have a linear region, where one can derive a first order rate constant . GF 1ε (λ) then is defined as 2. Fixed fluence method Plots of log(N 0 /N) vs. the fluence are often non-linear. The International Union of Pure and Applied chemistry (IUPAC) (Braslavsky 2005) thus proposed that “In cases where the fluence dependence of the photoresponse is not linear (as is often the case in biological photoresponses), a plot of the photoresponse vs. fluence should be made at several wavelengths and a standard response should be chosen (e.g., two-log reduction). A plot of the inverse of the “standard response” level vs. wavelength is then the action spectrum of the photoresponse.” Thus where n is the fixed log reduction chosen (e.g., 2). Gates (1930) used this method. 3. Fluence-response mapping (curve mapping) method Coohill (1991) and Sutherland (2002) have pointed out that if the fluence-response curves at various wavelengths have a very similar fluence-response profile, then it is possible to apply a single constant that will map the fluence-response curve at given wavelength to that at 253.7 nm. This constant is 1/GF 3ε (λ). The advantage of this method is that all the data in the fluence- response curve are used to determine GF 3ε (λ). Beck et al. (2015) used this method to determine their germicidal factors. If the dataset are plots of log(N 0 /N) vs. photon fluence, the corresponding GF values are GF 1p (λ), GF 2p (λ) and GF 3p (λ), where where i = 1, 2 or 3. The choice of GF values based on fluence-response curves or those based on photon-fluence response curves depends on [1] [2] [3]
Transcript of Action Spectra: A Review · 2017-07-13 · dependence of the photoresponse is not linear (as is...
10 IUVA News / Vol. 19 No. 2
Action Spectra: A ReviewJames R. BoltonBolton Photosciences Inc., 628 Cheriton Cres. NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6R 2M5Contact: 780.439.4709 or [email protected]
Introduction and definitionsFollowing the publication of an extensive review of the UV sensitivities of many microorganisms (Haji Malayeri, et al. 2016), it is appropriate to review the action spectra that have been determined for some of these microorganisms.
Action spectra are important in analyzing data for UV experiments involving polychromatic UV lamps (e.g., medium pressure UV lamps). They are also very useful for modeling medium pressure UV systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based UV dose models.
The germicidal factor [GF(λ)] or “action” of a microorganism is defined as the UV sensitivity of that microorganism at wavelength λ normalized to 1.00 at 253.7 nm (the primary emission wavelength of a low pressure UV lamp). In general terms, the action spectrum of a microorganism is a plot of GF(λ) vs. wavelength. However, there are several possible methods for determining GF(λ) from experimental data.
Methods for determining germicidal factorsThe various methods for determining the GF(λ) values for a microorganism involve analysis of fluence (UV dose) – response curves (or photon fluence – response curves) carried out at several wavelengths. Ideally, the spectral width of the UV source should be very narrow (< 1 nm); however, in many cases, such as the use of interference filters or a monochromator with a medium pressure UV lamp, the spectral width is 10-12 nm. The best case is the use of a tunable laser, where the spectral width is <1 nm.
As pointed out by Bolton et al. (2015), the rate of photochemical and photobiological processes is driven by the rate of photon absorption. Thus ideally, the GF(λ) values should be derived from plots of log(N0/N) vs. the photon fluence (einstein cm-2), where N is the number of viable microorganisms per mL at photon fluence Fo,p(λ) and N0 is number of viable microorganisms per mL at Fo,p(λ) = 0.
However, in most cases the GF(λ) values have been derived on an energy basis from plots of log(N0/N) vs. the fluence (UV dose) (mJ cm-2). Bolton et al. (2015) indicated that GF(λ) values derived from energy-based data can be converted to GF(λ) values derived from photon-based data by multiplying the former by (253.7/λ). Henceforth we designate GFε(λ) as germicidal factors derived from energy-based data and GFp(λ) as germicidal factors derived from photon-based data.
The various methods for the determination of GFε(λ) values are as follows:
1. Fluence-based rate constant methodPlots of log(N0/N) vs. the fluence often have a linear region, where one can derive a first order rate constant . GF1ε(λ)then is defined as
2. Fixed fluence methodPlots of log(N0/N) vs. the fluence are often non-linear. The International Union of Pure and Applied chemistry (IUPAC) (Braslavsky 2005) thus proposed that “In cases where the fluence dependence of the photoresponse is not linear (as is often the case in biological photoresponses), a plot of the photoresponse vs. fluence should be made at several wavelengths and a standard response should be chosen (e.g., two-log reduction). A plot of the inverse of the “standard response” level vs. wavelength is then the action spectrum of the photoresponse.” Thus
where n is the fixed log reduction chosen (e.g., 2). Gates (1930) used this method.
3. Fluence-response mapping (curve mapping) methodCoohill (1991) and Sutherland (2002) have pointed out that if the fluence-response curves at various wavelengths have a very similar fluence-response profile, then it is possible to apply a single constant that will map the fluence-response curve at given wavelength to that at 253.7 nm. This constant is 1/GF3ε(λ). The advantage of this method is that all the data in the fluence-response curve are used to determine GF3ε(λ). Beck et al. (2015) used this method to determine their germicidal factors.
If the dataset are plots of log(N0/N) vs. photon fluence, the corresponding GF values are GF1p(λ), GF2p(λ) and GF3p(λ), where
where i = 1, 2 or 3.
The choice of GF values based on fluence-response curves or those based on photon-fluence response curves depends on
[1]
[2]
[3]
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how the GF values are to be used. For example, if one wishes to calculate the average germicidal fluence rate over a certain range, the following equation should be used (Bolton et al. 2015)
where Eλ is the spectral irradiance (W m-2 nm-1) at wavelength λ.
On the other hand, if one wishes to calculate the average germicidal photon irradiance, the following equation should be used
where Ep,λ is the spectral photon irradiance (einstein m-2 s-1
nm-1) at wavelength λ.
As an illustration of how much variation is caused by use of the various methods, the data sets from Chen (2007) were used to generate GF values using several methods. As can be seen, there is not much difference among the methods for the GFε(λ) values. The GFp(λ) values increase at wavelengths less than 254 and decrease at wavelengths greater than 254 because of Eq. 3.
[4a]
[4b]
Table 1. Comparison of GF(λ) values for Bacillus subtilis spores using various methods (taken from data sets in Chen (2007).
Wavelength/nm GF1ε(λ)
GF2ε(λ) (2 logs) GF3ε(λ) GF1p(λ)
222 2.48 2.32 2.37 2.84
225 2.24 2.42 2.39 2.53
232 1.63 1.70 1.68 1.78
243 1.03 1.00 1.00 1.08
251 1.03 1.00 1.01 1.04
254 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
264 1.34 1.32 1.33 1.29
268 1.26 1.34 1.37 1.20
279 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.91
292 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.17
303 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.02
Various methods have been used to select wavelengths from a broadband UV light sources for the determination of action spectra, such as:
1. Monochromators – the early work by Gates (1930) used a quartz monochromator; however, modern monochromators are usually are grating monochromators. A good monochromator can produce a narrow beam with a width of only a few nm.
2. Interference filters – these filters can be manufactured with specific center wavelengths, so a set of filters can be used to determine an actions spectrum. The problem is that the bandwidth is 10-12 nm (full width at half height), so the action values are somewhat “smoothed” by this bandwidth.
3. Tunable laser – this method is by far the best because the bandwidth for a tunable laser is much less than 1 nm. Most of the data in Beck et al. (2015) used this method.
Action spectra data and discussionAction spectra data has been extracted from the various references either by extracting data from tables or by interpolating off charts using the Web Plot Digitizer (http://arohatgi.info/WebPlotDigitizer/app/?). The data from the literature for which action spectra have been determined are collected in an Excel file (supplementary material), which is available as a pdf in the e-version of IUVA News (posted at www.iuvanews.com).
The type of wavelength filter and the method for determining the action spectra are specified in each worksheet. The supplementary material also contains curve fits of these data
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using the cubic spline method. The figure numbers in the following discussion refer to worksheets in the supplementary online file.
For microorganisms where more than one action spectrum study has been carried out, there are significant differences (e.g., adenovirus 2 and Bacillus subtilis spores) (see Figs. S1a and S1c), and for others they agree well (e.g., Bacillus pumilis spores, Cryptosporidium parvum, and MS2 coliphage) (see Figs. S1b, S1d and S1e). Perhaps future work will help resolve differences.
It often has been implied that microorganism action spectra match well to the DNA absorbance spectrum. However, as seen in Figures 1a-1g, this is true only for a few microorganisms (e.g., T1 and T2 coliphages). In other cases (e.g., MS2 coliphage and Adenovirus 2), the action spectra differ markedly from the DNA absorbance with sharp increases below 240 nm and an increase around 280 nm. These deviations appear to be correlated with the absorption spectra of aromatic amino acids. This could indicate a mechanism whereby these aromatic amino acids absorb UV and transmit the excitation energy to DNA nucleotides (e.g., thymine) by excitation energy transfer. n
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ReferencesBeck, S.E.; Wright, H.R.; Hargy, T.M.; Larason, T.C.; and Linden, K.G.
2015. Action spectra for validation of pathogen disinfection in medium-pressure ultraviolet (UV) systems, Water Res., 70: 27-37.
Bolton, J.R.; Mayor-Smith, I.; and Linden, K.G. 2015. Rethinking the concepts of fluence (UV dose) and fluence rate: The importance of photon-based units – A systemic review, Photochem. Photobiol., 91: 1252-1262.
Braslavsky, S.E. 2007. Glossary of terms used in photochemistry, 3rd ed., Pure Appl. Chem., 79(3): 293-465.
Cabaj, A.; Sommer, R.; Pribil, W.; and Haider, T. 2002. The spectral UV sensitivity of microorganisms used in biodosimetry, Water Sci. Technol. – Water Supply, 2(3): 175-181.
Chen, R-Z. 2007. Comparison of action spectra of microorganisms and DNA absorbance spectra for UV disinfection of Water, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Chen, R-Z; Craik, S.A.; and Bolton, J.R. 2009. Comparison of the action spectra and relative DNA absorbance spectra of microorganisms: infor-mation important for the determination of germicidal fluence (UV dose) in an ultraviolet disinfection of water, Water Res., 43: 5087-5096.
Coohill, T.P. 1991, Action spectra again? Photochemistry and Photobi-ology, 54(5): 859-870.
Fluke, D.J.; Pollard, E.C. 1949. Ultraviolet action spectrum of T1 bacterio-phage, Science, 110: 274-275.
Gates, F.L. 1930. A study of the bacterial action of ultra violet light. III The absorption of ultra violet light by bacteria, J. Gen. Physiol., 14: 31-42.
Haji Malayeri, A.; Mohseni, M.; Cairns, B. and Bolton, J. 2016. Fluence required to achieve incremental log inactivation, IUVA News, 18(3).
Linden, K.G.; Shin, G.; and Sobsey, M.D. 2001. Comparative effective-ness of UV wavelengths for the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water, Water Sci. Technol., 43(12): 171-174.
Linden, K.G.; Thurston, J.; Schaefer, R.; and Malley, J.P., Jr. 2007. Enhanced UV inactivation of adenoviruses under polychromatic UV lamps,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 73(23): 7571-7174.
Mamane-Gravetz, H.; Linden, K.G.; Cabaj, A.; and Sommer, R. 2005. Spectral sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis spores and MS2 Coliphage for validation testing of ultraviolet reactors for water disinfection, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(20): 7845-7852.
Rauth, A.M. 1965. The physical state of viral nucleic acid and the sensi-tivity of viruses to ultraviolet light, Biophys. J., 5(3): 257-273.
Rochelle, P.A.; Blatchley III, E.R.; Chan, P.; Scheible, O.K.; and Shen, C.Y. 2010. Challenge organisms for inactivation of viruses by ultravi-olet treatment. Final Report. Water Research Foundation and US EPA, Denver, CO.
Sutherland J.C. 2002. Biological effects of polychromatic light. Photo-chem. Photobiol., 76:164-170.
Zelle, M.R.; Hollaender, A. 1954. Monochromatic ultraviolet action spectra and quantum yields for inactivation of T1 and T2 Escherichia coli bacteriophages, J. Bacteriol., 68(2): 210-215.
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GF
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Adenovirus 2
Beck et al. (2015)
Linden et al. (2007)
DNA Absorbance
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GF
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Bacillus pumilis spores
Beck et al. (2015)
Rochelle et al. (2010)
Series3
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Bacillus subtilis spores
Cabaj et al. (2002)
Mamane-Gravitz et al. (2002)
Chen et al. (2009)
DNA Absorbance
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MS2 coliphage
Mamane-Gravitz et al. (2002)
Beck et al. (2015)
Rauth (1965)
DNA Absorbance
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T1 coliphage Fluke and Pollard (1949) Zelle and Hollaender (1954) DNA Absorbance
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Cryptosporidium parvum Beck et al. (2015) Linden et al. (2001) DNA Absorbance
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T2 coliphage Zelle and Hollaender (1954) Rauth (1965) DNA Absorbance
Microorganism: Adenovirus 2Filter type: Tunable laserMethod: Curve mappingReference: Beck et al. (2015)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)210 17.80 200 23.600220 12.00 201 23.006230 5.91 202 22.417240 0.97 203 21.831
253.7 1.00 204 21.249260 1.06 205 20.670270 1.61 206 20.093280 1.27 207 19.518290 0.61 208 18.945
209 18.372210 17.800211 17.228212 16.655213 16.082214 15.507215 14.930216 14.351217 13.769218 13.183219 12.594220 12.000221 11.402222 10.799223 10.193224 9.584225 8.972226 8.359227 7.744228 7.129229 6.514230 5.900231 5.288232 4.684233 4.095234 3.529235 2.990236 2.488237 2.027238 1.617239 1.262240 0.970241 0.746242 0.585243 0.479244 0.423245 0.408246 0.429247 0.477248 0.546249 0.630250 0.720251 0.810252 0.894253 0.963254 1.012255 1.038256 1.047257 1.047258 1.044259 1.046260 1.060261 1.091262 1.137263 1.195264 1.260265 1.330266 1.400267 1.466268 1.526269 1.575270 1.610271 1.628272 1.629273 1.616274 1.591275 1.554276 1.509277 1.456278 1.397279 1.335280 1.270281 1.205282 1.139283 1.074284 1.008285 0.942286 0.876287 0.809288 0.743289 0.677290 0.610291 0.544292 0.477293 0.411294 0.344295 0.278296 0.212297 0.146298 0.081299 0.015300 -0.050
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Adenovirus 2
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Adenovirus 2Filter type: Interfernce filterMethod: Rate constantReference: Linden et al. (2007)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)220 5.63 215 6.600228 3.93 216 6.389239 0.80 217 6.189254 1.00 218 5.998260 1.53 219 5.812280 1.17 220 5.630289 0.70 221 5.448
222 5.262223 5.071224 4.871225 4.660226 4.435227 4.193228 3.930229 3.646230 3.345231 3.032232 2.714233 2.395234 2.082235 1.781236 1.496237 1.234238 1.000239 0.800240 0.638241 0.514242 0.423243 0.365244 0.334245 0.330246 0.348247 0.388248 0.444249 0.516250 0.600251 0.693252 0.792253 0.896254 1.000255 1.103256 1.202257 1.297258 1.384259 1.462260 1.530261 1.586262 1.630263 1.663264 1.686265 1.699266 1.703267 1.698268 1.686269 1.667270 1.641271 1.609272 1.572273 1.531274 1.486275 1.437276 1.386277 1.333278 1.279279 1.225280 1.170281 1.116282 1.063283 1.010284 0.957285 0.905286 0.854287 0.802288 0.751289 0.700290 0.649
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Adenovirus 2
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Bacillus pumilis sporesFilter type: ?Method: ?Reference: Rochelle et al. (2010)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)220 8.84 215 8.442228 8.76 216 8.439239 2.55 217 8.491254 1.00 218 8.584260 1.31 219 8.705270 1.59 220 8.840280 1.11 221 8.975289 0.57 222 9.096
223 9.189224 9.241225 9.238226 9.166227 9.011228 8.760229 8.404230 7.955231 7.430232 6.846233 6.220234 5.570235 4.912236 4.264237 3.643238 3.066239 2.550240 2.108241 1.739242 1.437243 1.197244 1.012245 0.877246 0.787247 0.736248 0.719249 0.729250 0.761251 0.810252 0.870253 0.935254 1.000255 1.060256 1.116257 1.167258 1.216259 1.263260 1.310261 1.356262 1.402263 1.446264 1.486265 1.522266 1.552267 1.575268 1.589269 1.595270 1.590271 1.574272 1.547273 1.511274 1.467275 1.416276 1.360277 1.300278 1.238279 1.174280 1.110281 1.047282 0.985283 0.924284 0.864285 0.804286 0.745287 0.687288 0.628289 0.570290 0.512291 0.453292 0.395293 0.336294 0.276295 0.216
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Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Bacillus pumilis spores ASFUVRCFilter type: Interference filtersMethod: Curve mappingReference: Beck et al. (2015)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)220 9.07 215 11.367230 4.75 216 10.920244 1.53 217 10.465254 1.00 218 10.004258 1.24 219 9.538264 1.56 220 9.070270 1.30 221 8.602281 0.92 222 8.136292 0.38 223 7.675
224 7.220225 6.773226 6.338227 5.916228 5.509229 5.120230 4.750231 4.402232 4.074233 3.768234 3.481235 3.212236 2.962237 2.730238 2.514239 2.314240 2.130241 1.960242 1.804243 1.661244 1.530245 1.411246 1.305247 1.212248 1.133249 1.069250 1.020251 0.988252 0.974253 0.977254 1.000255 1.041256 1.098257 1.166258 1.240259 1.316260 1.389261 1.455262 1.509263 1.545264 1.560265 1.550266 1.519267 1.473268 1.417269 1.358270 1.300271 1.249272 1.204273 1.164274 1.129275 1.097276 1.068277 1.040278 1.012279 0.984280 0.953281 0.920282 0.883283 0.843284 0.799285 0.753286 0.704287 0.653288 0.601289 0.547290 0.492291 0.436292 0.380293 0.324294 0.268295 0.213296 0.159297 0.107298 0.056299 0.007300 -0.039
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F
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Bacillus pumilis spores
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: EMCFilter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Rauth (1965)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 1.37 220 1.756235 0.79 221 1.688240 0.86 222 1.614248 0.92 223 1.535266 1.21 224 1.453275 0.90 225 1.370290 0.41 226 1.287298 0.09 227 1.205303 0.03 228 1.126
229 1.052230 0.984231 0.924232 0.873233 0.832234 0.804235 0.790236 0.790237 0.802238 0.820239 0.841240 0.860241 0.874242 0.884243 0.891244 0.895245 0.899246 0.904247 0.910248 0.920249 0.934250 0.952251 0.972252 0.996253 1.021254 1.047255 1.074256 1.101257 1.127258 1.151259 1.173260 1.192261 1.208262 1.219263 1.226264 1.227265 1.222266 1.210267 1.191268 1.165269 1.134270 1.099271 1.061272 1.021273 0.980274 0.939275 0.900276 0.863277 0.829278 0.796279 0.765280 0.735281 0.705282 0.676283 0.647284 0.618285 0.587286 0.556287 0.523288 0.488289 0.450290 0.410291 0.367292 0.322293 0.277294 0.233295 0.191296 0.152297 0.118298 0.090299 0.069300 0.054301 0.044302 0.036303 0.030304 0.024305 0.016
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EMC
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Bacillus subtilis surface spores ATCC 6633Filter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Mamane-Gravetz et al. (2002)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)214 1.24230 0.98240 0.66
253.7 1.00254 1.17265 1.23280 1.16293 0.24
Cubic spline does not work
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Microorganism: Bacillus subtilis spores ATCC 6633Filter type: Interference filtersMethod: Ratee constantReference: Chen et al. (2009)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)222 2.57 220 2.809225 2.22 221 2.691232 1.65 222 2.570243 1.07 223 2.449251 0.87 224 2.331254 1.00 225 2.220264 1.35 226 2.117268 1.56 227 2.023279 0.98 228 1.937292 0.22 229 1.857303 0.01 230 1.784
231 1.715232 1.650233 1.589234 1.530235 1.474236 1.420237 1.367238 1.316239 1.267240 1.217241 1.168242 1.119243 1.070244 1.020245 0.973246 0.929247 0.893248 0.866249 0.852250 0.852251 0.870252 0.906253 0.952254 1.000255 1.042256 1.077257 1.108258 1.136259 1.163260 1.191261 1.222262 1.258263 1.300264 1.350265 1.409266 1.469267 1.522268 1.560269 1.576270 1.571271 1.547272 1.507273 1.453274 1.388275 1.314276 1.234277 1.150278 1.064279 0.980280 0.899281 0.822282 0.748283 0.678284 0.612285 0.550286 0.491287 0.436288 0.385289 0.338290 0.295291 0.256292 0.220293 0.188294 0.160295 0.136296 0.114297 0.094298 0.077299 0.061300 0.047301 0.034302 0.022303 0.010304 0.000305 0.000
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
Bacillus subtilis spores
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Cryptosporidium parvumFilter type: Tunable laserMethod: Curve mappingReference: Beck et al. (2015)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)210 0.88 205 0.884220 0.82 206 0.881230 0.55 207 0.879240 0.54 208 0.879
253.7 1.00 209 0.879260 1.26 210 0.880270 1.14 211 0.881280 0.88 212 0.881290 0.49 213 0.881300 0.08 214 0.880
215 0.876216 0.871217 0.863218 0.852219 0.838220 0.820221 0.798222 0.773223 0.745224 0.715225 0.685226 0.655227 0.625228 0.597229 0.572230 0.550231 0.532232 0.518233 0.508234 0.502235 0.500236 0.501237 0.506238 0.514239 0.526240 0.540241 0.557242 0.578243 0.601244 0.627245 0.655246 0.686247 0.719248 0.755249 0.793250 0.833251 0.876252 0.920253 0.967254 1.015255 1.064256 1.112257 1.158258 1.199259 1.234260 1.260261 1.276262 1.283263 1.281264 1.273265 1.259266 1.240267 1.217268 1.192269 1.166270 1.140271 1.115272 1.090273 1.066274 1.042275 1.018276 0.993277 0.967278 0.940279 0.911280 0.880281 0.847282 0.812283 0.775284 0.737285 0.698286 0.657287 0.616288 0.574289 0.532290 0.490291 0.448292 0.407293 0.365294 0.324295 0.283296 0.243297 0.202298 0.161299 0.121300 0.080301 0.040
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1.0
1.2
1.4
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Cryptosporidium parvumFilter type: Interference filtersMethod: Fixed fluenceReference: Linden et al. (2001)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)216 0.88230 0.82242 0.55255 0.54
253.7 1.00263 1.26271 1.14281 0.88290 0.49
cubic spline does not work
0.0
0.2
0.4
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0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
Cryptosporidium parvum
Data
Microorganism: Escherishia coliFilter type: Quartz monochromatorMethod: Fluence at fixed (0.3) log inactivationReference: Gates (1930)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)230.2 0.87 230 0.883237.9 0.48 231 0.818248.2 0.72 232 0.753253.7 1.00 233 0.691267.5 1.33 234 0.634280.4 0.68 235 0.582289.4 0.12 236 0.538302.2 0.04 237 0.503
238 0.478239 0.465240 0.462241 0.469242 0.485243 0.509244 0.540245 0.576246 0.617247 0.662248 0.710249 0.760250 0.811251 0.863252 0.914253 0.965254 1.015255 1.063256 1.108257 1.151258 1.191259 1.227260 1.259261 1.287262 1.310263 1.327264 1.339265 1.345266 1.344267 1.337268 1.322269 1.299270 1.270271 1.234272 1.192273 1.146274 1.094275 1.038276 0.978277 0.914278 0.848279 0.779280 0.709281 0.637282 0.564283 0.493284 0.423285 0.355286 0.292287 0.234288 0.181289 0.136290 0.099291 0.070292 0.048293 0.033294 0.023295 0.018296 0.017297 0.019298 0.022299 0.027300 0.032301 0.037302 0.040303 0.040304 0.039305 0.035
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1.2
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1.6
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
Escherishia coli
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: MS2 coliphageFilter type: Tunable laserMethod: Curve mappingReference: Beck et al. (2015)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)210 3.91 205 4.655220 2.40 206 4.505230 1.00 207 4.355240 0.57 208 4.207
253.7 1.00 209 4.058260 1.22 210 3.910270 1.10 211 3.762280 0.78 212 3.613290 0.36 213 3.465
214 3.315215 3.165216 3.015217 2.863218 2.710219 2.556220 2.400221 2.243222 2.086223 1.930224 1.776225 1.627226 1.484227 1.349228 1.222229 1.105230 1.000231 0.908232 0.829233 0.761234 0.705235 0.660236 0.624237 0.598238 0.581239 0.572240 0.570241 0.575242 0.586243 0.603244 0.625245 0.652246 0.682247 0.717248 0.754249 0.794250 0.836251 0.879252 0.924253 0.969254 1.013255 1.057256 1.099257 1.137258 1.171259 1.199260 1.220261 1.233262 1.238263 1.236264 1.229265 1.216266 1.199267 1.178268 1.154269 1.127270 1.100271 1.072272 1.043273 1.014274 0.983275 0.952276 0.920277 0.887278 0.852279 0.817280 0.780281 0.742282 0.703283 0.662284 0.621285 0.579286 0.536287 0.492288 0.448289 0.404290 0.360291 0.316292 0.272293 0.228294 0.184295 0.142296 0.099297 0.058298 0.025299 0.010300 0.005
0.0
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1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
MS2 coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: fdFilter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Rauth (1965)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 0.81 220 0.982235 0.55 221 0.951240 0.60 222 0.918248 0.83 223 0.883254 1.00 224 0.847265 1.19 225 0.810275 1.09 226 0.773289 0.40 227 0.737297 0.09 228 0.702302 0.02 229 0.669
230 0.638231 0.611232 0.588233 0.570234 0.557235 0.550236 0.549237 0.555238 0.565239 0.581240 0.600241 0.623242 0.648243 0.676244 0.705245 0.736246 0.767247 0.799248 0.830249 0.861250 0.890251 0.919252 0.947253 0.974254 1.000255 1.025256 1.049257 1.071258 1.092259 1.112260 1.130261 1.146262 1.160263 1.172264 1.182265 1.190266 1.195267 1.198268 1.197269 1.194270 1.187271 1.176272 1.161273 1.142274 1.118275 1.090276 1.057277 1.019278 0.977279 0.932280 0.884281 0.833282 0.781283 0.727284 0.671285 0.616286 0.561287 0.506288 0.452289 0.400290 0.350291 0.302292 0.258293 0.216294 0.178295 0.145296 0.115297 0.090298 0.070299 0.054300 0.041301 0.030302 0.020303 0.010304 0.000305 0.000
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
fd
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: φX-174Filter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Rauth (1965)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 1.25 220 1.645235 0.61 221 1.574240 0.61 222 1.497248 0.83 223 1.417254 1.00 224 1.334265 1.24 225 1.250275 1.09 226 1.166280 0.98 227 1.083289 0.43 228 1.003297 0.11 229 0.926303 0.03 230 0.855
231 0.789232 0.730233 0.680234 0.640235 0.610236 0.592237 0.584238 0.586239 0.595240 0.610241 0.630242 0.653243 0.679244 0.708245 0.738246 0.769247 0.800248 0.830249 0.859250 0.888251 0.916252 0.943253 0.971254 1.000255 1.030256 1.060257 1.089258 1.118259 1.145260 1.170261 1.193262 1.211263 1.226264 1.236265 1.240266 1.238267 1.232268 1.220269 1.206270 1.188271 1.169272 1.149273 1.128274 1.108275 1.090276 1.074277 1.057278 1.038279 1.013280 0.980281 0.937282 0.886283 0.827284 0.764285 0.697286 0.628287 0.559288 0.493289 0.430290 0.372291 0.320292 0.273293 0.231294 0.194295 0.162296 0.134297 0.110298 0.090299 0.074300 0.061301 0.049302 0.039303 0.030304 0.021305 0.011
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1.0
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
fx-174
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: MS2 coliphageFilter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Mamane-Gravetz et al. (2002)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)214 3.22230 1.24240 0.58
253.7 1.00254 1.10265 1.06280 0.68293 0.30
Cubic spline does not work
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
MS2 coliphage
Microorganism: MS2 coliphage, R17, fr and 7-SFilter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Rauth (1965)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 1.22 220 1.634235 0.56 221 1.559240 0.59 222 1.479248 0.87 223 1.395254 1.00 224 1.308265 1.13 225 1.220275 0.79 226 1.132280 0.58 227 1.045289 0.40 228 0.961298 0.09 229 0.881303 0.02 230 0.806
231 0.738232 0.678233 0.627234 0.588235 0.560236 0.545237 0.543238 0.550239 0.567240 0.590241 0.619242 0.652243 0.689244 0.727245 0.765246 0.803247 0.838248 0.870249 0.898250 0.922251 0.943252 0.962253 0.981254 1.000255 1.020256 1.041257 1.061258 1.081259 1.098260 1.114261 1.126262 1.135263 1.139264 1.137265 1.130266 1.116267 1.096268 1.070269 1.040270 1.005271 0.967272 0.925273 0.882274 0.836275 0.790276 0.743277 0.697278 0.654279 0.614280 0.580281 0.552282 0.529283 0.509284 0.493285 0.477286 0.462287 0.444288 0.424289 0.400290 0.371291 0.337292 0.300293 0.262294 0.223295 0.185296 0.149297 0.117298 0.090299 0.069300 0.052301 0.039302 0.029303 0.020304 0.011305 0.001
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
MS2 coliphage, R17, fr and 7-S
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: PolomaFilter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Rauth (1965)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 0.71 220 0.905235 0.54 221 0.877240 0.84 222 0.841254 1.00 223 0.800265 1.42 224 0.756275 1.19 225 0.710280 0.81 226 0.664289 0.39 227 0.620298 0.10 228 0.579303 0.03 229 0.543
230 0.515231 0.495232 0.486233 0.489234 0.507235 0.540236 0.589237 0.650238 0.717239 0.782240 0.840241 0.886242 0.921243 0.945244 0.961245 0.970246 0.974247 0.974248 0.971249 0.968250 0.966251 0.967252 0.972253 0.982254 1.000255 1.026256 1.060257 1.099258 1.142259 1.187260 1.233261 1.279262 1.322263 1.361264 1.394265 1.420266 1.437267 1.446268 1.445269 1.435270 1.417271 1.389272 1.353273 1.308274 1.253275 1.190276 1.118277 1.041278 0.962279 0.883280 0.810281 0.744282 0.685283 0.632284 0.584285 0.541286 0.501287 0.463288 0.426289 0.390290 0.353291 0.317292 0.280293 0.245294 0.211295 0.179296 0.149297 0.123298 0.100299 0.081300 0.065301 0.052302 0.041303 0.030304 0.019305 0.008
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
Poloma
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Qbeta coliphageFilter type: Tunable laserMethod: Curve mappingReference: Beck et al. (2015)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)210 3.58 205 4.253220 2.25 206 4.119230 1.11 207 3.985240 0.58 208 3.850
253.7 1.00 209 3.715260 1.24 210 3.580270 1.10 211 3.445280 0.72 212 3.310290 0.38 213 3.175
214 3.041215 2.907216 2.774217 2.642218 2.510219 2.380220 2.250221 2.122222 1.995223 1.871224 1.750225 1.632226 1.518227 1.408228 1.303229 1.204230 1.110231 1.023232 0.943233 0.870234 0.804235 0.746236 0.695237 0.653238 0.620239 0.595240 0.580241 0.574242 0.576243 0.587244 0.604245 0.629246 0.658247 0.693248 0.732249 0.775250 0.820251 0.868252 0.916253 0.966254 1.015255 1.063256 1.108257 1.150258 1.187259 1.217260 1.240261 1.254262 1.260263 1.259264 1.250265 1.236266 1.217267 1.192268 1.164269 1.133270 1.100271 1.065272 1.029273 0.991274 0.953275 0.914276 0.875277 0.835278 0.796279 0.758280 0.720281 0.683282 0.647283 0.612284 0.578285 0.544286 0.510287 0.477288 0.445289 0.412290 0.380291 0.348292 0.315293 0.283294 0.250295 0.216296 0.182297 0.148298 0.113299 0.077300 0.040
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
Qbeta coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Salmonella typhimurium LT2 SL3770Filter type: Interference filtersMethod: Rate constantReference: Chen et al. (2009)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)222 1.36 220 1.522225 1.12 221 1.442232 0.70 222 1.360243 0.59 223 1.279251 0.79 224 1.198254 1.00 225 1.120264 1.09 226 1.045268 1.06 227 0.974279 0.76 228 0.908292 0.29 229 0.847303 0.04 230 0.791
231 0.742232 0.700233 0.665234 0.638235 0.616236 0.600237 0.589238 0.583239 0.580240 0.579241 0.582242 0.585243 0.590244 0.595245 0.603246 0.614247 0.631248 0.655249 0.689250 0.733251 0.790252 0.860253 0.933254 1.000255 1.052256 1.089257 1.114258 1.127259 1.132260 1.129261 1.122262 1.111263 1.100264 1.090265 1.082266 1.076267 1.069268 1.060269 1.047270 1.030271 1.010272 0.987273 0.960274 0.932275 0.900276 0.867277 0.833278 0.797279 0.760280 0.722281 0.684282 0.646283 0.608284 0.569285 0.531286 0.494287 0.457288 0.421289 0.386290 0.353291 0.320292 0.290293 0.261294 0.234295 0.209296 0.185297 0.162298 0.140299 0.119300 0.099301 0.079302 0.059303 0.040304 0.021305 0.001
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
Salmonella typhimurium
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Staphylococcus aureusFilter type: Quartz monochromatorMethod: Fluence at fixed (0.3) log inactivationReference: Gates (1930)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 0.84 220 1.0337
230.2 0.64 221 0.9997234.5 0.56 222 0.9625237.9 0.60 223 0.9230248.3 0.93 224 0.8819253.7 1.00 225 0.8400267.5 1.04 226 0.7981280.4 0.80 227 0.7570289.4 0.47 228 0.7175296.7 0.15 229 0.6803302.2 0.03 230 0.6463
231 0.6164232 0.5915233 0.5730234 0.5622235 0.5602236 0.5670237 0.5815238 0.6023239 0.6284240 0.6587241 0.6920242 0.7274243 0.7638244 0.8003245 0.8357246 0.8690247 0.8993248 0.9254249 0.9465250 0.9629251 0.9758252 0.9860253 0.9945254 1.0023255 1.0100256 1.0175257 1.0246258 1.0312259 1.0371260 1.0423261 1.0464262 1.0495263 1.0513264 1.0517265 1.0506266 1.0478267 1.0431268 1.0364269 1.0277270 1.0170271 1.0043272 0.9898273 0.9734274 0.9552275 0.9353276 0.9137277 0.8905278 0.8657279 0.8393280 0.8115281 0.7823282 0.7516283 0.7193284 0.6854285 0.6498286 0.6123287 0.5729288 0.5315289 0.4880290 0.4424291 0.3952292 0.3475293 0.3004294 0.2551295 0.2126296 0.1741297 0.1405298 0.1123299 0.0886300 0.0682301 0.0501302 0.0333303 0.0167304 0.0000305 0.0000
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
Staphylococcus aureus
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: T1 coliphageFilter type: Quartz monochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Fluke and Pollard (1949)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)
224.5 0.38 220 0.088234.4 0.76 221 0.144
240 0.47 222 0.206248 0.52 223 0.273
253.7 1.00 224 0.344265 1.20 225 0.415269 1.06 226 0.486276 0.95 227 0.553280 0.95 228 0.616289 0.28 229 0.671297 0.17 230 0.717313 0.02 231 0.753
232 0.775233 0.782234 0.772235 0.743236 0.698237 0.642238 0.581239 0.521240 0.468241 0.427242 0.398243 0.383244 0.382245 0.394246 0.422247 0.464248 0.522249 0.594250 0.677251 0.767252 0.857253 0.944254 1.022255 1.089256 1.144257 1.189258 1.223259 1.247260 1.261261 1.266262 1.262263 1.250264 1.230265 1.203266 1.169267 1.131268 1.092269 1.055270 1.023271 0.996272 0.974273 0.959274 0.949275 0.946276 0.950277 0.959278 0.968279 0.968280 0.951281 0.912282 0.853283 0.778284 0.693285 0.602286 0.511287 0.423288 0.343289 0.277290 0.228291 0.194292 0.172293 0.162294 0.158295 0.160296 0.165297 0.170298 0.172299 0.173300 0.171301 0.167302 0.161303 0.154304 0.145305 0.134306 0.123307 0.110308 0.096309 0.082310 0.067311 0.051312 0.035313 0.019314 0.003315 0.000
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320
GF
Wavelength / nm
T1 coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: T1 coliphageFilter type: Quartz monochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Zelle and Hollaender (1954)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)222 1.34 220 1.474230 0.83 221 1.407238 0.55 222 1.340249 0.87 223 1.273254 1.00 224 1.206266 1.06 225 1.139281 0.62 226 1.074297 0.14 227 1.010303 0.04 228 0.948
229 0.888230 0.830231 0.775232 0.724233 0.677234 0.636235 0.602236 0.576237 0.558238 0.550239 0.552240 0.564241 0.584242 0.610243 0.642244 0.677245 0.716246 0.756247 0.796248 0.834249 0.870250 0.902251 0.931252 0.957253 0.979254 1.000255 1.019256 1.035257 1.050258 1.062259 1.071260 1.078261 1.083262 1.084263 1.083264 1.079265 1.071266 1.060267 1.046268 1.028269 1.007270 0.984271 0.958272 0.930273 0.900274 0.868275 0.835276 0.801277 0.765278 0.729279 0.693280 0.656281 0.620282 0.584283 0.548284 0.513285 0.478286 0.444287 0.411288 0.379289 0.347290 0.317291 0.288292 0.260293 0.233294 0.207295 0.183296 0.161297 0.140298 0.121299 0.103300 0.086301 0.070302 0.055303 0.040304 0.025305 0.010
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
T1 coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: T1UV coliphageFilter type: Tunable laserMethod: Curve mappingReference: Beck et al. (2015)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)210 3.30 205 4.144220 1.76 206 3.982230 0.99 207 3.816240 0.53 208 3.646
253.7 1.00 209 3.473260 1.27 210 3.300265 1.41 211 3.127270 1.37 212 2.954280 0.96 213 2.784290 0.48 214 2.618
215 2.456216 2.300217 2.152218 2.011219 1.880220 1.760221 1.651222 1.553223 1.464224 1.382225 1.308226 1.239227 1.174228 1.111229 1.051230 0.990231 0.929232 0.868233 0.808234 0.751235 0.698236 0.649237 0.607238 0.572239 0.546240 0.530241 0.524242 0.529243 0.543244 0.564245 0.593246 0.628247 0.669248 0.713249 0.761250 0.811251 0.862252 0.914253 0.965254 1.015255 1.062256 1.107257 1.150258 1.192259 1.232260 1.270261 1.307262 1.341263 1.370264 1.394265 1.410266 1.417267 1.416268 1.407269 1.392270 1.370271 1.343272 1.312273 1.277274 1.238275 1.196276 1.151277 1.105278 1.057279 1.009280 0.960281 0.911282 0.863283 0.815284 0.766285 0.719286 0.671287 0.623288 0.575289 0.528290 0.480291 0.432292 0.385293 0.337294 0.289295 0.241
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
T1UV coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: T2 coliphageFilter type: Quartz monochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Zelle and Hollaender (1954)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)222 1.13 220 1.255230 0.71 221 1.193238 0.69 222 1.130249 0.98 223 1.067254 1.00 224 1.005266 1.25 225 0.944281 0.93 226 0.887297 0.12 227 0.834303 0.04 228 0.786
229 0.745230 0.710231 0.683232 0.664233 0.653234 0.648235 0.650236 0.658237 0.671238 0.690239 0.713240 0.741241 0.770242 0.802243 0.834244 0.865245 0.896246 0.923247 0.947248 0.966249 0.980250 0.987251 0.991252 0.992253 0.994254 1.000255 1.011256 1.026257 1.046258 1.068259 1.093260 1.119261 1.145262 1.171263 1.195264 1.217265 1.236266 1.250267 1.260268 1.264269 1.264270 1.259271 1.250272 1.236273 1.217274 1.195275 1.168276 1.138277 1.103278 1.065279 1.024280 0.978281 0.930282 0.878283 0.824284 0.768285 0.710286 0.651287 0.593288 0.534289 0.476290 0.420291 0.366292 0.315293 0.267294 0.223295 0.183296 0.149297 0.120298 0.097299 0.079300 0.066301 0.070302 0.055303 0.040304 0.025305 0.010
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0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
T2 coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism:T2 coliphageFilter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Rauth (1965)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 0.58 220 0.714235 0.41 221 0.692240 0.53 222 0.667248 0.83 223 0.639254 1.00 224 0.610265 1.14 225 0.580275 1.01 226 0.550289 0.38 227 0.521297 0.08 228 0.493303 0.02 229 0.468
230 0.446231 0.428232 0.415233 0.406234 0.405235 0.410236 0.423237 0.442238 0.467239 0.497240 0.530241 0.565242 0.603243 0.641244 0.680245 0.719246 0.757247 0.794248 0.830249 0.863250 0.895251 0.924252 0.951253 0.976254 1.000255 1.022256 1.042257 1.061258 1.078259 1.093260 1.106261 1.117262 1.126263 1.133264 1.138265 1.140266 1.140267 1.138268 1.133269 1.125270 1.114271 1.100272 1.083273 1.062274 1.038275 1.010276 0.978277 0.943278 0.905279 0.864280 0.820281 0.774282 0.727283 0.679284 0.629285 0.579286 0.529287 0.478288 0.429289 0.380290 0.332291 0.287292 0.243293 0.203294 0.166295 0.132296 0.104297 0.080298 0.062299 0.048300 0.038301 0.030302 0.025303 0.020304 0.015305 0.010
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
T2 coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: T7 coliphageFilter type: Tunable laserMethod: Curve mappingReference: Beck et al. (2015)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)210 1.80 205 2.079220 1.22 206 2.022230 0.63 207 1.966240 0.51 208 1.910
253.7 1.00 209 1.855260 1.31 210 1.800270 1.49 211 1.745280 0.92 212 1.690290 0.46 213 1.634
214 1.578215 1.521216 1.463217 1.404218 1.344219 1.283220 1.220221 1.155222 1.090223 1.024224 0.959225 0.896226 0.835227 0.777228 0.723229 0.674230 0.630231 0.592232 0.561233 0.536234 0.516235 0.502236 0.494237 0.490238 0.492239 0.499240 0.510241 0.526242 0.546243 0.569244 0.597245 0.628246 0.662247 0.698248 0.738249 0.780250 0.824251 0.869252 0.917253 0.965254 1.015255 1.065256 1.116257 1.166258 1.215259 1.264260 1.310261 1.354262 1.395263 1.431264 1.463265 1.488266 1.506267 1.517268 1.518269 1.509270 1.490271 1.459272 1.418273 1.368274 1.312275 1.250276 1.185277 1.117278 1.050279 0.983280 0.920281 0.861282 0.806283 0.755284 0.707285 0.661286 0.618287 0.577288 0.537289 0.498290 0.460291 0.422292 0.383293 0.343294 0.302295 0.259
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1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
T7 coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: T7m coliphageFilter type: Tunable laserMethod: Curve mappingReference: Beck et al. (2015)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)210 2.12 205 2.516220 1.33 206 2.437230 0.65 207 2.358240 0.48 208 2.279
253.7 1.00 209 2.199260 1.13 210 2.120270 0.94 211 2.041280 0.70 212 1.961290 0.44 213 1.882
214 1.803215 1.724216 1.645217 1.566218 1.487219 1.409220 1.330221 1.252222 1.174223 1.098224 1.024225 0.952226 0.883227 0.818228 0.757229 0.701230 0.650231 0.605232 0.566233 0.533234 0.506235 0.486236 0.471237 0.464238 0.462239 0.468240 0.480241 0.499242 0.524243 0.554244 0.589245 0.627246 0.668247 0.712248 0.757249 0.802250 0.847251 0.891252 0.934253 0.974254 1.011255 1.043256 1.072257 1.095258 1.113259 1.125260 1.130261 1.129262 1.122263 1.109264 1.092265 1.071266 1.047267 1.022268 0.995269 0.967270 0.940271 0.914272 0.889273 0.864274 0.840275 0.817276 0.793277 0.770278 0.747279 0.724280 0.700281 0.676282 0.651283 0.625284 0.600285 0.574286 0.547287 0.521288 0.494289 0.467290 0.440291 0.413292 0.386293 0.359294 0.333295 0.306
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0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
T7m coliphage
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: VSWFilter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Rauth (1965)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 0.99 220 1.240230 0.74 221 1.195235 0.59 222 1.147240 0.58 223 1.096248 0.75 224 1.043254 1.00 225 0.990265 1.07 226 0.937275 0.72 227 0.884280 0.59 228 0.833289 0.31 229 0.785297 0.07 230 0.740302 0.03 231 0.699
232 0.664233 0.633234 0.609235 0.590236 0.578237 0.572238 0.570239 0.574240 0.580241 0.589242 0.601243 0.617244 0.635245 0.658246 0.684247 0.715248 0.750249 0.790250 0.832251 0.876252 0.920253 0.962254 1.000255 1.033256 1.061257 1.083258 1.101259 1.112260 1.119261 1.120262 1.116263 1.106264 1.091265 1.070266 1.044267 1.014268 0.980269 0.943270 0.905271 0.866272 0.827273 0.789274 0.753275 0.720276 0.691277 0.664278 0.639279 0.615280 0.590281 0.564282 0.536283 0.507284 0.477285 0.445286 0.413287 0.379288 0.345289 0.310290 0.274291 0.239292 0.204293 0.171294 0.141295 0.113296 0.089297 0.070298 0.056299 0.046300 0.039301 0.034302 0.030303 0.026304 0.021305 0.014
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
VSW
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: VacciniaFilter type: MonochromatorMethod: Rate constantReference: Rauth (1965)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)225 0.51 220 0.590230 0.43 221 0.569235 0.32 222 0.551248 0.74 223 0.536254 1.00 224 0.522265 1.22 225 0.510275 0.71 226 0.498289 0.32 227 0.484297 0.06 228 0.469303 0.02 229 0.451
230 0.430231 0.405232 0.379233 0.354234 0.333235 0.320236 0.317237 0.322238 0.337239 0.359240 0.387241 0.421242 0.460243 0.503244 0.548245 0.595246 0.644247 0.692248 0.740249 0.786250 0.831251 0.874252 0.917253 0.958254 1.000255 1.041256 1.082257 1.120258 1.154259 1.185260 1.210261 1.229262 1.241263 1.244264 1.237265 1.220266 1.192267 1.153268 1.107269 1.055270 0.998271 0.938272 0.878273 0.818274 0.762275 0.710276 0.664277 0.624278 0.589279 0.558280 0.531281 0.506282 0.484283 0.462284 0.442285 0.421286 0.399287 0.375288 0.349289 0.320290 0.287291 0.252292 0.215293 0.179294 0.144295 0.111296 0.083297 0.060298 0.043299 0.032300 0.025301 0.022302 0.020303 0.020304 0.020305 0.018
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 G
F
Wavelength / nm
Vaccinia
Cubic Spline Fit Data
Microorganism: Absorbance of DNA from Salmonella typhimurium LT2 SL3770Filter type:Method: AbsorbanceReference: Chen (2007)
wavelength GF wavelength GF/ nm (exptl.) / nm (cubic spline)200 1.71 200 1.705205 1.65 201 1.701210 1.42 202 1.696215 1.11 203 1.686220 0.79 204 1.671225 0.56 205 1.648230 0.47 206 1.616235 0.50 207 1.576240 0.62 208 1.529245 0.77 209 1.478250 0.93 210 1.422
253.7 1.00 211 1.364255 1.02 212 1.304260 1.03 213 1.242265 0.94 214 1.179270 0.81 215 1.114275 0.65 216 1.048280 0.49 217 0.982285 0.33 218 0.917290 0.20 219 0.854295 0.10 220 0.793300 0.04 221 0.736
222 0.683223 0.635224 0.593225 0.557226 0.529227 0.507228 0.491229 0.480230 0.474231 0.472232 0.474233 0.480234 0.490235 0.503236 0.520237 0.541238 0.564239 0.590240 0.618241 0.647242 0.678243 0.709244 0.742245 0.774246 0.806247 0.838248 0.869249 0.898250 0.925251 0.949252 0.970253 0.989254 1.004255 1.017256 1.026257 1.032258 1.034259 1.032260 1.026261 1.015262 1.001263 0.983264 0.963265 0.941266 0.918267 0.894268 0.868269 0.841270 0.813271 0.783272 0.752273 0.720274 0.687275 0.654276 0.620277 0.587278 0.553279 0.519280 0.486281 0.453282 0.421283 0.390284 0.360285 0.330286 0.302287 0.274288 0.248289 0.222290 0.198291 0.175292 0.153293 0.133294 0.115295 0.098296 0.083297 0.070298 0.059299 0.048300 0.037
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200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
GF
Wavelength / nm
Absorbance of DNA from Salmonella typhimurium
Cubic Spline Fit Data
