Action Research in Elt
-
Upload
parlin-pardede -
Category
Documents
-
view
1.348 -
download
7
description
Transcript of Action Research in Elt
Action Research in ELT
Continuum of Research Methods
ELT RESEARCH METHODS
Action Research
Survey Research
Questionnaire
Interviews
Introspective Research
Verbal reports
Diary Studies
Qualitative Research
Case Studies
Ethnographies
ACTION RESEARCH • Action Research can be defined as a combination of the terms ―action‖
and ―research.‖ Action research puts ideas into practice for the
purpose of self-improvement and increasing knowledge about
curriculum, teaching, and learning. The ultimate result is improvement
in what happens in the classroom and school (Kemmis & McTaggert,
1982).
• Action research is a systematic procedure done by teachers (or other
individuals in an educational setting) to gather information about, and
subsequently improve, the ways their particular educational setting
operates, their teaching, and their student learning (Mills, 2011 ).
• Action research is a systematic approach to investigation that enables
people to find effective solutions to problems they confront in their
everyday lives. It does not look for generalization but focuses on
specific situations and localized solutions
Reasons Why Action Research is a Research
An AR addresses questions of interest to other practitioners;
An AR generates data;
An AR contains analysis and interpretation.
What Differentiated Action Research from other Researches – it is carried out by the practitioner (classroom
teachers);
– it can be collaborative or individual;
– it is situational (identification and solution of problems in a specific context);
– it can be aimed at changing things (improving the current state of affairs). (Nunan, “Research Methods in Language Learning” (1992:17))
ACTION RESEARCH FEATURES
• AR involves action in that it seeks to bring about change, specifically in local educational contexts.
• AR is a research because it entails the collection and analysis of data.
• AR is participatory and collaborative as it provides for collaborative investigation by teams of colleagues, practitioners and researchers.
• AR is contextual, small-scale and localized—it identifies and investigates problems within a specific situation.
Action Research Process
Question
Action Research Process
Action Research Procedures • Stage 1: Researchers identify, evaluate, and formulate a problem
that is viewed as critical to their everyday teaching. This problem need not be restricted to a particular class but could involve a system change such as curriculum innovations in a school system.
• Stage 2: Researchers consult with other interested parties—teachers, other researchers, and administrators—in order to focus the problem more clearly and perhaps suggest the cause of the problem. This stage is crucial because it involves the clarification of the objectives and assumptions of the study.
• Stage 3: Researchers review research literature to find out what can be learned from comparable studies.
• Stage 4: Based on their reading, researchers may modify or redefine the initial statement of the problem, which may take the form of a set of objectives or a testable hypothesis. They also explicitly state the assumptions underlying the project.
Action Research Procedures (cont.)
• Stage 5: Researchers specify the research design including the participants, choice of materials, and procedures.
• Stage 6: Researchers clarify how the project will be evaluated with an understanding that this evaluation will be continuous.
• Stage 7: Researchers implement the project undertaking the data collection process.
• Stage 8: Researchers analyze the data, draw inferences, and evaluate the project.
Data Collecting Methods
DATA
COLLECTION
OBSERVATION
SYSTEMATIC
(with observation guide)
NON-SYSTEMATIC INTERVIEW
QUESTION-NAIRE
DOCUMENTS
learner-diary
Teacher-diary
TEST
WRITTEN
ORAL
PRACTICE/ROLE-PLAYING
Data Triangulation in AR
RESEARCHERS TRIANGGULATION
• Assigning some researchers to collect similar data so that the obtained data is “saturated” or constants
TIME TRIANGGULATION
• Similar data are collected in different times along the research period.
SPACE TRIANGGULATION
• Collecting similar data from some different places.
THEORETICAL TRIANGGULATION
Comparing the obtained data to some different but interrelated theories (holistic approach)
As a process research which is naturalistic and transformative (aims to make changes) the situation of an AR continuously changes. To keep its reliability, the researcher needs to:
1) Attach original data (e.g. interview transcript and field notes
2) menggunakan lebih dari satu sumber data untuk mendapatkan data yang sama
3) berkolaborasi dengan sejawat atau orang lain yang terkait.
AR Proposal Outline
I. Introduction A.Background B. Problem Statement C. Research Objectives D. Research Significances
II. Review of Related Theories
A. Literature Review B. Conceptual Framework C. Hypothesis (optional)
AR Proposal Outline (cont.)
III. Research Methodology A. Research Method: Action Research B. Research Setting and Subjects Features C. Research Variables D. Action Plan (e.g. Lesson Plan) E. Data Types and Sources F. Data Collection technique G. Data Analysis technique H. Data Triangulation I. Research Procedure J. Bibliography
References
McKay, S. L. (2006). Researching second language classrooms. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers
Burns. A. (2010). Doing action research in english language teaching: A guide for practitioners. New York: Routledge:
Creswell, J. W. 2008. Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. New Jersey: Pearson
Denscombe, M. (2010). The good research guide for small-scale social research projects. New York: McGraw-Hill
Ross, Kenneth N. (ed.). (2005). Educational research: Some basic concepts and terminology. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning/ UNESCO.