HIGHER SECONDARY TEACHERS SELECTION GRADE IN-SERVICE

TRAINING 2012

Roll no.:- A-11

Name: - Dr. Sanjay Narhar Karmarkar

College:- Vidya Bhavan high School and Jr. College

Model Colony, Shivajinagar, Pune-411016

Mobile no.: +919822341195

Action Research

Higher Secondary teachers Selection Grade:

In-service training program

1June to 5June 2012

ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF NAME REACTIONS AND ITS UTILITY IN

CONVERSIONS AND REAGENTS IN ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY (SECTION II)

Training Center: - S.P. College, Pune-411004

I declare that I have not published this small research anywhere or not used it anywhere. I have

given all details of quotations and references at the end.

I have completed this research for partial work of In-service Training of Selection Grade

which was organized by Maharashtra Board for Secondary and Higher Secondary.

Guide Candidate

Dr .U.D.Pradhan Dr.Sanjay.N.Karmarkar

M.A(English),M.Ed.Ph.D M.sc. (Organic Chemistry),D.H.Ed,Ph.D.

Dadawala Junior College Vidya Bhavan Junior College

Model Colony,Shivajinagar.

Pune-411011 Pune -411016

CERTIFICATE BY THE PRINCIPAL

This is to certify that Dr.Sanjay.Narhar.Karmarkar has completed the action research for In-

service training for selection grade

Date; 1June to 5June 2012

Training Center:- S.P. College, Pune-411004

Action Research

ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF NAME REACTIONS AND ITS UTILITY IN

CONVERSIONS AND REAGENTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

(SECTION II)

Principal

Vidya Bhavan High School and Junior College,

Model Colony, Shivajinagar, Poona- 411016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I take this opportunity to thank the people who have been instrumental in giving shape to this

project. Firstly I would like to give thank to my guide Dr .U.D.Pradhan M.A (English), M.Ed.

Ph.D,Dadawala Junior College Pune. Also I would like to thank to all others resource people

who conducted several lecturers to help us prepare project. I extend heartfelt thanks to our

principal, Rev. Father Godvyn Saldanha for always encouraging me to put my best in everything

I do and wholeheartedly appreciating my efforts.

A special thanks also goes to my wife Mrs.Saroj.S.Karmarkar who gives me unstinted support

in everything I do and my son Mr .Neeraj.S.Karmarkar who helps me in browsing reactions from

internet and putting it into pictorial form of desire format.

A word of appreciation also goes to all other staff members of Vidya Bhavan High School and

Junior College, Model Colony, Pune 411016.

INDEX

Sr

No.

Title Page No.

CHAPTER I

1. Introduction and importance of action research 6

2. Importance of Action Research 7

3. A Hypothesis. 8

B Scope and Limitations.

CHAPTER II

4 A Aim of project. 9

B Objectives.

5 Main Presentation 9

CHAPTER III

6 Literature Use. 51

7 Methodology Used 51

8 Observation 62

9 Duration of the Project. 62

10 Schedule. 63

CHAPTER IV

11 Appendix. 64

12 References 71

\

CHAPTER I

IntroductionAccording to NCF 2005, the new and updated curriculum is introduced at +2 stage. There is a

need to provide the sufficient conceptual background of chemistry which will help the students

to appear for different common entrance test at the state level and the national level. This new

syllabus will make them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses

like medicine, engineering, technology, etc, after the +2 stage. The syllabus is comparable to the

international level. The syllabus contains areas like physical, organic, inorganic, industrial,

analytical and polymer chemistry. The upgraded syllabus has taken care of new formulations and

Nomenclature of elements, compounds and IUPAC units of physical quantities. nomenclature,

symbols and formulations, fundamental concepts, modern techniques are given importance.

Objectives :

The broad objectives of teaching Chemistry at Higher Secondary stage are to help the learners :

1) To promote understanding of basic facts and concepts in chemistry while retaining the

excitement of chemistry. 2) To make students capable of studying chemistry in academic and

professional courses (such as medicine, engineering, technology) at tertiary level. 3) To expose

the students to various emerging new areas of chemistry and apprise them with their relevance in

their future studies and their applications in various spheres of chemical sciences and technology.

4) To equip students to face various changes related to health, nutrition, environment,

population, weather, industries and agriculture. 5) To develop problem solving skills in

students. 6) To expose the students to different processes used in industries and their

technological applications. 7) To apprise students with interface of chemistry with other

disciplines of science such as physics, biology, geology, engineering, etc.

This topic was selected to understand various organic reactions; but students cant

memorize at +2 level. By collecting all reaction alphabetically according to the New Syllabi

Students will get ready information and therefore it will be easy to remember all type of

reactions! As these reactions are not given in sequence in Text; It is difficult to remember

them together.

6

2Importance of Action Research:-

It is utmost important to write and recall correct chemistry equations all the times.

Correctness implies perfection about subject matter while representing these equations.

Therefore such an action Research is necessary which will help us to identify students’

mistakes, to find out reasons for these mistakes so as to modify our teaching methodology

and reduce the no. of errors in equations.

We, as teachers, have the power and ability to make a word of difference and therefore

decided to contribute something for their betterment through action research.

Such a action research is necessary to point out why students cannot remember variety of

equations and name reactions together.

Such a action research is necessary because after going through the research project,

students’ abstract thinking and clarity in 3-d structures should increase.

In Chemistry II in all 9 units are there in the new Syllabi. Compilation is done alphabetically

and tried to explain reactions in short so that one can expand his idea after reading these

reactions. Students of Std. XII will benefit this Information which is done collectively and

methodology used is Information Based / Factual Based.

7

3A: Hypothesis:-

1. The students have a casual attitude towards organic chemistry; especially when it comes

to writing equations

2. The student has limited understanding / limited abstract thinking about 3-D structures.

3. Each Name reaction is explained with condition and definition so that students can apply

skill.

4. Hence the students are able to write these reactions for other similar molecules without

guidance of the Mentor.

3B: Scope and Limitations: -

The action research is based on samples from Std. XII students of Vidya Bhavan Junior College.

The researcher has selected 16 students from Std. XII of Vidya Bhavan Junior College.

In last few days before exam it is important to recall all the reactions. This can be done with this

project. One will be easily able to understand write the name reactions as well other chemical

reactions and also reagents.

8

CHAPTER II

4A:Aim of project:-

Student of Std XII forget chemistry equations as they aren’t required in day-to-day life except

the concept. Hence collective Alphabetical information may help the students to memorize and

apply similar principles to different molecules.

4B:Objectives:-

1. Examining the difficulties of students and memorizing the reactions collectively.

2. To help the students to recall and reproduce equations and understand uses of the reaction.

3. To develop analytical mind of the students.

4. To make the students understand the application of the reactions while writing equations and

solving the problems.

5. To make Organic chemistry more interesting.

5:Main PROJECT

Acetalisation of carbonyl groups by alcohols: is acid catalysed with elimination of water. The

reaction can be driven to the acetal when water is removed from the reaction system either by

azeotropic distillation or trapping water with molecular sieves or aluminium oxid

9

10

Acylation:

HOME WORK:How 1) Benzene is converted Acetophenone.

2)Benzene to Benzophenone

Alcohol oxidation: is an important organic reaction. Primary alcohols (R-CH2-OH) can be

oxidized either to aldehydes (R-CHO) or to carboxylic acids (R-CO2H), while the oxidation of

secondary alcohols (R1R2CH-OH) normally terminates at the ketone (R1R2C=O) stage. Tertiary

alcohols (R1R2R3C-OH) are resistant to oxidation [1].

The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the

corresponding aldehyde, which is transformed via an aldehyde hydrate (R-CH(OH)2) by

reaction with water before it can be further oxidized to the carboxylic acid.

Often it is possible to interrupt the oxidation of a primary alcohol at the aldehyde level by

performing the reaction in absence of water, so that no aldehyde hydrate can be formed.

11

HOME WORK: write with equation oxidation of 1)Propanol,2)Isopropanol3)Tertiary alcohol

4)2-Butanol

Aldol condensation General: is an organic reaction in which an enol or an enolate ion reacts

with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone, followed by a

dehydration to give a conjugated enone.

12

HOME WORK:Write with equation i)1)Acetaldehyde.2)Propionaldehyde.3)Acetone.4)Ethyl

Methyl Ketone Aldol condensation

Ii )Write short note on Mixed aldol condensation

Amine alkylation: Amine alkylation (amino-de-halogenation) is a type of organic reaction

between an alkyl halide and ammonia or an amine.[1] The reaction is called nucleophilic

aliphatic substitution (of the halide), and the reaction product is a higher substituted amine. The

method is widely used in the laboratory, but is less important industrially, where alkyl halides are

not preferred alkylating agents. When the amine is a tertiary amine the reaction product is a

quaternary ammonium salt in the Menshutkin reaction:

13

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1)Diehyl amine to tetra ethyl ammonium iodide

2)Methyl amine to ethyl tri methyl ammonium iodide

3) Ethyl amine to Diethyl Dimethyl ammonium iodide

Aromatic Nitration: Typical nitrations use nitric acid and sulfuric acid, so-called "mixed acid.".[2] This mixture produces the nitronium ion (NO2

+), which is the active species in aromatic

nitration. This active ingredient, which can be isolated in the case of nitronium

tetrafluoroborate,[3] also affects nitration without the need for the mixed acid. The sulfuric acid

is not consumed and hence acts as a catalyst as well as an absorbent for water. In the case of

nitration of benzene, the reaction is conducted at 50 °C. The process is one example of

electrophilic aromatic substitution, which involve the attack by the electron-rich benzene ring:

14

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1)Aniline to 2:4 Dinitro Aniline

2)Toluene to o-Nitro Aniline.

Azo coupling: An azo coupling is an organic reaction between a diazonium compound and

another aromatic compound that produces an azo compound. In this electrophilic aromatic

substitution reaction, the aryldiazonium cation is the electrophile and the activated arene is a

nucleophile.[1] In most cases, including the examples below, the diazonium compound is also

aromatic.

Mechanism of Azo Coupling

15

Synthesis and properties of bis(hetaryl)azo dyesM. Wang, K. Funabiki, M. Matsui, Dyes and Pigments, 2003, 57, 77-86.

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1)Benzenediazonium chloride to Chloro Benzene

2) Benzenediazonium chloride toP-Amino Benzene

Beckmann rearrangement:, named after the German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann (1853–

1923), is an acid-catalyzed rearrangement of an oxime to an amide.[1][2][3] Cyclic oximes yield

lactams.

This example reaction[4] starting

with cyclohexanone, forming the reaction intermediate cyclohexanonoxime (in the image, the

ending 'ono' in the name is missing) and resulting in caprolactam is one of the most important

applications of the Beckmann rearrangement, as caprolactam is the feedstock in the production

of Nylon 6.

Mechanisum:

16

Baeyer's reagent: named after the German organic chemist Adolf von Baeyer, is used in organic

chemistry as a qualitative test for the presence of unsaturation, such as double bonds. The

bromine test is also able to determine the presence of unsaturation.

Benedict's reagent is used as a test for the presence of reducing sugars. This includes all

monosaccharides and the disaccharides, lactose and maltose. Even more generally, Benedict's

will detect the presence of aldehydes (except aromatic ones), and alpha-hydroxy-ketones,

including those that occur in certain ketoses. Thus, although the ketose fructose is not strictly a

reducing sugar, it is an alpha-hydroxy-ketone, and gives a positive test because it is converted to

the aldoses glucose and mannose by the base in the reagent.

17

Experiment Observation Inference

Substance in water + 3ml

Benedict's solution then boil

for few minutes and allow to

cool.

Red ppt or green ppt or yellow

ppt obtained

Reducing sugar e.g. Glucose is

present

Substance in water + 3ml

Benedict's solution, then boil

for few minutes and allow to

cool.

Solution remains clear Reducing sugar is not present

Biuret test:Procedure

An aqueous sample is treated with an equal volume of 1% strong base (sodium or potassium

hydroxide most often) followed by a few drops of aqueous copper(II) sulfate. If the solution

turns purple, protein is present. 5–160 mg/mL can be determined.

The Biuret reagent is made of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrated copper(II) sulfate,

together with potassium sodium tartrate.[2] The reagent turns from blue to violet in the presence

of proteins, blue to pink when combined with short-chain polypeptides.

Brown Hydroboration

The syn-addition of hydroboranes to alkenes occurs with predictable selectivity, wherein the boron adds preferentially to the least hindered carbon. This selectivity is enhanced if sterically demanding boranes are used.

18

Coupling the hydroboration with a subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti - Markovnikov alcohols. The hydroboration/oxidation sequence constitutes a powerful method for the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of alcohols.

The product boranes may also be used as starting materials for other reactions, such as Suzuki Couplings (see Recent Literature).

Mechanism of the Brown Hydroboration

The selectivity of the first addition of borane can be relatively low:

Cannizzaro reaction: named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction

that involves the base-induced disproportionation of an aldehyde.[1][2] Cannizzaro first

accomplished this transformation in 1853, when he obtained benzyl alcohol and potassium

benzoate from the treatment of benzaldehyde with potash (potassium carbonate). More

typically, the reaction would be conducted with sodium or potassium hydroxide:

2 C6H5CHO + KOH → C6H5CH2OH + C6H5CO2K

The oxidation product is a salt of a carboxylic acid and the reduction product is an alcohol.[3] For

aldehydes with a hydrogen atom alpha to the carbonyl, i.e. R2CHCHO, the preferred reaction is

an aldol condensation, originating from deprotonation of this hydrogen. This reaction restricts

the scope of the Cannizzaro reaction.

Mechanism:

19

An interesting variant, the Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction, uses formaldehyde as reducing agent:

At the present time, various oxidizing and reducing agents can be used to carry out such conversions (with higher yields), so that today the Cannizzaro Reaction has limited synthetic utility except for the abovementioned conversion of α-keto aldehydes.

The Cannizzaro Reaction should be kept in mind as a source of potential side products when aldehydes are treated under basic conditions.

HOME WORK:A)Write with equation following conversion?

1)Formaldehyde to Methonol

2)Formaldehyde to Sodium Formate

B)Write short note on Mixed aldol condensation

20

Claisen condensation:

The Claisen condensation (not to be confused with the Claisen rearrangement) is a carbon–

carbon bond forming reaction that occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl

compound in the presence of a strong base, resulting in a β-keto ester or a β-diketone [1] . It is

named after Rainer Ludwig Claisen, who first published his work on the reaction in

Clemmensen reduction: is a chemical reaction described as a reduction of ketones (or

aldehydes) to alkanes using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid.[1][2][3] This reaction is named

after Erik Christian Clemmensen, a Danish chemist.[4

he Clemmensen reduction is particularly effective at reducing aryl-alkyl ketones.[5][6] With

aliphatic or cyclic ketones, zinc metal reduction is much more effective.[7]

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

21

1)Acetone to Propane .

2)Ethyl methyl ketone to n-Butane.

Cyanohydrin reaction:is an organic chemical reaction by an aldehyde or ketone with a

cyanide anion or a nitrile to form a cyanohydrin. This nucleophilic addition is a reversible

reaction but with aliphatic carbonyl compounds equilibrium is in favor of the reaction

products. The cyanide source can be potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide or trimethylsilyl

cyanide. With aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, the benzoin condensation is a

competing reaction. The reaction is used in carbohydrate chemistry as a chain extension

method for example that of D-xylose.

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1) Ethyl Methyl Ketone to 2-Cyano 2-Butanol

2) Benzaldehyde to Benzaldehyde Cyanohydrin.

Dehydration reaction: In chemistry and the biological sciences, a dehydration reaction is

usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting

molecule. Dehydration reactions are a subset of elimination reactions. Because the hydroxyl

group (–OH) is a poor leaving group, having a Brønsted acid catalyst often helps by

protonating the hydroxyl group to give the better leaving group, –OH2+. The reverse of a

dehydration reaction is a hydration reaction.

22

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1) Write dehydraton reaction of Ethanol

2) Write dehydraton reaction of Propanol

3) Write dehydraton reaction of Isopropanol.

4) Write dehydraton reaction of Tertiary Butanol.

Dehydrogenation:is a chemical reaction that involves the elimination of hydrogen (H2). It is the

reverse process of hydrogenation. Dehydrogenation reactions may be either large scale

industrial processes or smaller scale laboratory procedures.

Diazonium compound: Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a

group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group R-N2+ X- where R can be any

organic residue such alkyl or aryl and X is an inorganic or organic anion such as a halogen.

Diazonium salts, especially those where R is an aryl group, are important intermediates in the

organic synthesis of azo dyes.[1]

23

Diels–Alder reaction:is an organic chemical reaction (specifically, a cycloaddition) between a

conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a

substituted cyclohexene system

Étard reaction:is a chemical reaction that involves the direct oxidation of an aromatic or

heterocyclic bound methyl group to an aldehyde using chromyl chloride.[1][2][3] It is named for

the French chemist Alexandre Léon Étard (5 January 1852, Alençon – 1 May 1910). For

example, toluene can be oxidized to benzaldehyde:

Fischer EsterificationFischer-Speier Esterification

The Lewis or Brønstedt acid-catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols to give esters is a typical reaction in which the products and reactants are in equilibrium.

24

The equilibrium may be influenced by either removing one product from the reaction mixture (for example, removal of the water by azeotropic distillation or absorption by molecular sieves) or by employing an excess of one reactant.

Mechanism of the Fischer Esterification

Addition of a proton (e.g.: p-TsOH, H2SO4) or a Lewis acid leads to a more reactive electrophile. Nucleophilic attack of the alcohol gives a tetrahedral intermediate in which there are two equivalent hydroxyl groups. One of these hydroxyl groups is eliminated after a proton shift (tautomerism) to give water and the ester.

Alternative reactions employ coupling reagents such as DCC (Steglich Esterification), preformed esters (transesterification), carboxylic acid chlorides or anhydrides (see overview). These reactions avoid the production of water. Another pathway for the production of esters is the formation of a carboxylate anion, which then reacts as a nucleophile with an electrophile (similar reactions can be found here). Esters may also be produced by oxidations, namely by the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and oxidative esterifications.

Fischer indole synthesis:is a chemical reaction that produces the aromatic heterocycle indole

from a (substituted) phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions.[1][2]

The reaction was discovered in 1883 by Hermann Emil Fischer. Today antimigraine drugs of

the triptan class are often synthesized by this method.

25

Friedel–Crafts reaction: involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using

a strong Lewis acid catalyst. With anhydrous ferric chloride as a catalyst, the alkyl group

attaches at the former site of the chloride ion. The general mechanism is shown below.[6]

Gabriel synthesis: is named for the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel. Traditionally, it is a

chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines using potassium

phthalimide.[1][2][3][4

26

Mechanism of the Gabriel Synthesis

Note: Phthalimide is acidic!

Cleavage:

27

Gattermann–Koch reaction

A formylation reaction in organic chemistry is the catch-all name for any organic reaction in

which an organic compound is functionalized with a formyl group (-CH=O).

Grignard reaction:is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl- or aryl-magnesium

halides (Grignard reagents) add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde or ketone.[1] This reaction is

an important tool for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds.[2][3] The reaction of an organic

halide with magnesium is not a Grignard reaction, but provides a Grignard reagent.[4]

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1)Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Ethane

2)Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to ethanol

28

3)Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Isobutanol

4) )Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Propanoic acid

5) )Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Propionaldehyde.

5) )Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Ethyl Methyl Ketone.

Haloform reaction: is a chemical reaction where a haloform (CHX3, where X is a halogen) is

produced by the exhaustive halogenation of a methyl ketone (a molecule containing the R-CO-

CH3 group) in the presence of a base.[1] R may be H, alkyl or aryl. The reaction can be used to

produce chloroform (CHCl3), bromoform (CHBr3), or iodoform (CHI3).

29

Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenations:halogenates carboxylic acids at the α carbon. The

reaction is named after three chemists, the German chemists Carl Magnus von Hell (1849–

1926) and Jacob Volhard (1834–1910) and the Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–

1953).

Hofmann rearrangement: The Hofmann rearrangement is the organic reaction of a primary

amide to a primary amine with one fewer carbon atom

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1)Benzamide to Anline

2)Acetamide to Methyl Amine

30

Lindlar catalyst: is a heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium

carbonate and treated with various forms of lead. The lead additive serves to deactivate the

palladium sites. A variety of "catalyst poisons" have been used including lead acetate and lead

oxide. The palladium content of the catalyst is usually 5% by weight. The catalyst is used for the

hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes (i.e. without further reduction into alkanes).

Markovnikov's Rule

Markovnikov Rule predicts the regiochemistry of HX addition to unsymmetrically substituted alkenes.

The halide component of HX bonds preferentially at the more highly substituted carbon, whereas the hydrogen prefers the carbon which already contains more hydrogens.

Anti-Markovnikov

Some reactions do not follow Markovnikov's Rule, and anti-Markovnikov products are isolated. This is a feature for example of radical induced additions of HX and of Hydroboration.

Mechanism

The proton adds first to the carbon-carbon double bond. The carbon bearing more substituents forms a more stable carbenium ion; attack of bromide ion follows in a second step:

Markovnikov:Radical reactions require an initiation step. In this example, a bromo radical is formed.

31

The reversal of the regiochemistry of addition is the result of the reversal of the order in which the two components add to the alkene. Radical addition leads to the formation of the more stable radical, which reacts with HBr to give product and a new bromo radical:

Anti-Markovnikov

Nef reaction: is an organic reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or

secondary nitroalkane (1) to an aldehyde or a ketone (3) and nitrous oxide (4).[1][2][3]

32

Ozonolysis: Alkenes can be oxidized with ozone to form alcohols, aldehydes or ketones, or

carboxylic acids. In a typical procedure, ozone is bubbled through a solution of the alkene in

methanol at −78 °C until the solution takes on a characteristic blue color. This indicates

consumption of the alkene. A reagent is then added to convert the intermediate ozonide to a

carbonyl derivative. Reductive work-up conditions are far more commonly used than oxidative

conditions. The use of triphenylphosphine, thiourea, zinc dust, or dimethyl sulfide produces

aldehydes or ketone

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1)Ethylene to Formaldehyde

2)Propene to Acetaldehyde

3) Bute-1-ene to Propionaldehyde

4)Bute-2-ene to Actetone.

33

Pinacol rearrangement: The pinacol rearrangement or pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement is a

method for converting a 1,2-diol to a carbonyl compound in organic chemistry. This 1,2-

rearrangement takes place under acidic conditions. The name of the reaction comes from the

rearrangement of pinacol to pinacolone.

Raney nickel: Raney nickel (  / ̍ r e ɪ n i ː ̍ n ɪ k əl / ) is a solid catalyst composed of fine grains of an

alloy of nickel and aluminum. It was developed in 1926 by American engineer Murray

Raney [1] as an alternative catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Now, it is used as a

heterogeneous catalyst in a variety of organic syntheses, most commonly for hydrogenation

reactions.

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1)Ethyne to Ethane

2)Prppene to Propane

34

3)Styrene to Ethyl Benzene

Reimer–Tiemann reaction:

The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is a chemical reaction used for the ortho-formylation of phenols.[1]

[2][3][4] The reaction was discovered by Karl Ludwig Reimer and Ferdinand Tiemann. In the

simplest case, the product is salicylaldehyde:

Reaction mechanism

Chloroform (1) reacts with strong base to form the chloroform carbanion (2), which will quickly

alpha-eliminate to give dichlorocarbene (3). Dichlorocarbene will react in the ortho-position of

the phenate (5) to give dichloromethyl substituted phenol (7). After basic hydrolysis, the desired

product (9) is formed.

35

Rosenmund reduction: The Rosenmund reduction is a chemical reaction that reduces an acid

halide to an aldehyde using hydrogen gas over palladium-on-carbon poisoned with barium

sulfate.[1][2][3] The reaction was named after Karl Wilhelm Rosenmund.

Sandmeyer reaction: is a chemical reaction used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium

salts.[1][2][3] It is named after the Swiss chemist Traugott Sandmeyer.

36

Saytzeff's Rule: is an empirical rule for predicting the favored alkene product(s) in elimination

reactions. While at the University of Kazan, Russian chemist Alexander Zaitsev studied a variety

of different elimination reactions and observed a general trend in the resulting alkenes. Based on

this trend, Zaitsev stated, "The alkene formed in greatest amount is the one that corresponds to

removal of the hydrogen from the β-carbon having the fewest hydrogen substituents." For

example, when 2-iodobutane is treated with alcoholic KOH, 2-butene is the major product and 1-

butene is the minor product.[1]

37

Wittig reaction: is a chemical reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenyl phosphonium

ylide (often called a Wittig reagent) to give an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide

Wolff–Kishner reduction: is a chemical reaction that fully reduces a ketone (or aldehyde) to an

alkan

Wurtz reaction: named after Charles-Adolphe Wurtz, is a coupling reaction in organic

chemistry, organometallic chemistry and recently inorganic main group polymers, whereby two

alkyl halides are reacted with sodium to form a new carbon-carbon bond:

2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2Na+X

HOME WORK:Write with equation following conversion?

1)Methyl Bromide to Ethane

2)Ethyl Bromide to Butane

3)Propyl Bromide to Hexane

38

Wurtz–Fittig reaction: is the chemical reaction of aryl halides with alkyl halides and sodium

metal to give substituted aromatic compounds.[1] [2]

39

List of organic reagents and important chemical reaction with suitable example.

40

41

42

;

43

44

45

;

47

48

49

.

50

CHAPTER III6Literature Use:-

The Main source of this project was the web!

References used were :

www.google.com/chemistry

www.wikipedia.org

www.chem.queens.ca

www.arizona.edu

Document is prepared in Times New Roman format (font size)

7Methodology Used:

Data is extracted from the internet. Data is information base on the facts from the syllabus of

std XII. from the name reaction and preparation of various organic compounds student should

study conversions some illustrative examples with chart is enclosed .after reading this chart

later on test was conducted in different groups to test the knowledge of student. A questionnaire

was distributed amongst the students and also they were asked to write small test regarding their

syllabi.

Class XII: Chemistry

Important Reactions used for Organic Chemistry ConversionsIn XII board exam, word problems (conversions) covering “Properties andReactions of Functional Groups” usually carry a weightage of 5 marks. So, itis important that you do not miss out on these particular types of questionswhile preparing for your exams.Students tend to get confused while solving questions based on organicconversions. Given below are a few conversions, explained in small logicalchunks which are easy to remember.Broadly you can classify conversions into two types – aliphatic and aromatic.1. Aliphatic Conversionsa. For stepping up the series:Stepping up the series means that the product has one carbon more thanthat of reactant. For such kind of a conversion, convert the given compoundto an alkyl halide and then to a cyanide and then to the required organiccompound as asked in the question. This way, the product has one carbonmore than the reactant.

b. For stepping down the series:Stepping down the series means that the product has one carbon less thanthat of its reactant. For such kind of a conversion, convert the givencompound to an amide and then let it undergo Hoffmann bromamidedegradation reaction. Then you convert it to the required product as asked inthe question.

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c. Reaction with Grignard’s reagent:Grignard’s reagent is a versatile reagent and can be used for many conversions.

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There are two types of conversions possible in this case:a. When the functional group contains carbon atom:

b. When the functional group does not contain carbon atom:

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The following chart will help student to understand preparation reactions quiz of organic compounds ,as illustrative example one reference site is given to the students , then they can memories varieties of equation by this method .

Functional Group Reactions

REFERENCE

URL:http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/orgrxs/alcohol/alcohorx.htm

alcohol (primary, secondary, tertiary)

reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

alkane reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

alkene reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

alkyl halide reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

alkyne reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

ether reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

aldehyde and ketone

reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

amine (primary, secondary, tertiary)

reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

carboxylate ester reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

carboxylic acid reactions syntheses organic quiz inorganic quiz

http://masterorganicchemistry.com/category/organic-reagents/

Similarly verity of list of reagents and its utility can be demonstrated an one can find these reaction easier to remember some illustrative examples are given below

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8:Observations:

It was observed that each student was easily able to memorize the equations. They found

chemistry II easy and scored very good marks in small class test.

9:Duration of the Project:

Within 60 days the project was completed.

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10Schedule:

Sr No. Time Table No. of Days

1 Action Research Format 2 days

2 Preparing Action Research 10 days

3 Review of Reference 10 days

4 Permission of School 2 days

5 Implementation of project 10 days

6 Compilation of project 5 days

7 Rough 10 days

8 Final touch-up 2 days

9 Binding/Xeroxing 9 days

Total 60 days

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11 APENDEX:CHAPTER IV

Questionnaire: Sample

Q1. Is project is presented Alphabetical Order of Name Reaction?

Q2. Whether reaction given to you in this project is clear to you

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q3. Whether explanation is given in all reactions?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q4. Is it possible to memorize all reactions together after reading project ?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q5.Can one design Equation on his/her own?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q6. Is it possible to writ equations with different compounds?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q7. Is this project useful at the time of examination?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q8. Is it useful as a last minute preparation before Exam?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q9. Can one find out new reactions from above data?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q10. Is this project Self-Explanatory?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q11. Is this project a systematic one?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

Q12. Does one find change in understanding ?

Yes /No /Can’t say.

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Class Test Analysis

A:Pre-test analysis

The statistical data of students as on Mid June 2012:

Questions Asked:

1. Write Short note on Cannizaros reaction.

2. How will You Convert ethane to methane?

3. How will you Dimethyl Ketone to Tertiary Butanol

Tabular representation of students’ performance:-

Marks % Q1 Q2 Q3

35-59 6 4 6

60-80 4 6 6

81-100 8 4 4

Conclusions:

QUESTION-WISE ANALYSIS

A:Pre test conclusions

Question 1:-

Students poor in Writing Short note in Cannizaros reaction :-37.5%

Students better in Cannizaros reaction:-25%

Students excellent in Cannizaros reaction :-50%

Question 2:-

Students poor in converting Ethane to Methane:-25%

Students better in Ethane to Methane:-37.5%

Students excellent in Ethane to Methane:-37.5%

Question 3:-

Students poor in converting Dimethyl Ketone to tertiary Butanol :-37.5%

Students better in converting Dimethyl Ketone to tertiary Butanol:-37.5%

Students excellent in converting Dimethyl Ketone to tertiary Butanol:-25%

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B: Post test Analysis

The statistical data of students as on Mid July 2012:

Questions Asked:

1. Write Short note on mixed aldol-condensation.

2. How will You Convert methane to ethane?

3. How will you Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Ethyl Methyl Ketone

Tabular representation of students’ performance:-

Marks % Q1 Q2 Q3

35-59 8 5 3

60-80 2 8 6

81-100 6 7 3

Graph:-

Conclusions:

QUESTION-WISE ANALYSIS

B:Post test conclusions

Question 1:-

Students poor in Writing Short note in Aldol condensation:-50%

Students better in converting methane to ethane :-12.5%

Students excellent in converting Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Ethyl Methyl Ketone :-

37.5%

Question 2:-

Students poor in Writing Short note in Aldol condensation:-31.25%

Students better in converting methane to ethane:-50%

Students excellent in converting Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Ethyl Methyl Ketone:-

43.75%

Question 3:-

Students poor in Writing Short note in Aldol condensation:-18.75%

Students better in converting methane to ethane:-37.5%

Students excellent in converting Ethyl Magnishium Bromide to Ethyl Methyl Ketone:-

18.75%

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Project Conclusions:-

1. The difficulties of students and their memory of writing the reactions collectively was

examined.

2. The students were able to recall and reproduce the equations in with various permutations and

combinations..

3. The students understood the applications of the reactions in chemical equations.

4. The grasping power of students increased drastically.

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12:References:-

1. Best John and Kahn,J.V Research in Education, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi 1986

2. Good Center A.S. Barr and Douglas E Scates, Methodology of Educational Research

Appleton Century Croft N.Y. 1941

3. Kelinger F.N. Foundation of Behavioral Research, 2nd Edn. Surjeet Publication, Delhi

(1973) 1978

4. Mouley G. J. the science of Educational research Eurasia Publication House, New

Delhi 1964.

5. http://masterorganicchemistry.com/category/organic-reagents/

6. http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/orgrxs/alcohol/alcohorx.htm

7. www.google.com/chemistry

8. www.wikipedia.org

9. www.chem.queens.ca

10. www.arizona.edu

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