Actinopterygian Relationships II - umich fishes | Biology
Transcript of Actinopterygian Relationships II - umich fishes | Biology
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Actinopterygian Relationships II Biology of Fishes
10.2.2012
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Group Projects
Exam I (10.9.2012)
Review (Actinopterygian Relationships I)
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Overview
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Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)
Actinopterygii (ray fins)
- Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish)
- Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)
-Holostei (gars, bowfins)
-Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)
Actinopterygian Relationships
Neopterygii
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Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Sarcopterygii
Actinopterygii
Vertebrates
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Teleostei (“modern fishes”)
Caudal fin symmetrical – homocercal
Uroneural bones in tail support upper lobe – both lobes
Scales reduced – more flexible body
Mobile premaxilla – suction feeding capabilities
Advanced modes of locomotion and feeding, and therefore success (~24,000 species)
Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)
Actinopterygii (ray fins)
- Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish)
- Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)
-Holostei (gars, bowfins)
-Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)
Actinopterygian Relationships
Neopterygii
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Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II Te
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Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
Most “primitive” teleosts (sister group to all other teleosts)
Leptocephalus larvae
Primarily marine
Includes Tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish, morays, freshwater eels, gulper eels, swallower eels
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Elopomorpha
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Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
Formerly most “primitive” teleosts
Asia, Australia, North & South America, Africa
Freshwater lakes and rivers; primarily tropical (2 N.American species)
Bony tongues – well-developed teeth on tongue, bite against teeth on roof
Arowana, arapaima, African butterflyfish, mooneyes, knifefishes, elephant fishes, gymnarchids
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Osteoglossomorpha
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Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Clupeomorpha (herrings, shads, sardines, relatives)
Mostly open water (pelagic), schooling, filter feeders
80% marine, large distribution
Important commercial group
Populations exhibit large fluctuations in abundance
Otophysic – special connection between gas bladder and inner ear (increases hearing sensitivity)
Herring, sardines, anchovies, shad, alewife, menhaden, pilchards, sprats
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Clupeomorpha
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Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Ostariophysi
64% of all freshwater fishes
Swim bladder divided into two parts – anterior for sound, posterior for buoyancy
Produce and respond to alarm substance
Includes Gonorynchiformes and Otophysi
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Otophysi
Weberian apparatus – series of bones transmits vibrations from swim bladder to inner ear; amplifies sound
Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, relatives)
Characiformes (characins, relatives)
Siluriformes (catfishes)
Gymnotiformes (“New World” knife fishes)
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Otophysi Cypriniformes
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Otophysi Characiformes
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Otophysi Siluriformes
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Otophysi Gymnotiformes
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Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Eute
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Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
95% of all teleosts
Stegural bones – uroneural with ossified outgrowth
Protacanthopterygii
Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, coregonids)
Osmeriformes (smelt, galaxiids, salamanderfish)
Esociformes (pikes, pickerels, mudminnows)
Neoteleosts
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Protacanthopterygii Salmoniformes & Osmeriformes
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Protacanthopterygii Esociformes
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Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleosts
Rostral cartilage – lies between skull and upper jaws
Retractor dorsalis – connects vertebral column to pharyngeal jaws
Trend of pelvics moving forward and pectorals upward
Stenopterygii, Aulopiformes, Scopelomorpha
Primarily deep-sea marine fishes
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Acanthomorpha
Spiny-rayed teleosts
Spines in dorsal and anal fins
Lampridioformes
Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)
marine
Paracanthopterygii
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Acanthomorpha
Spiny-rayed teleosts
Spines in dorsal and anal fins
Lampridioformes
Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)
marine
Paracanthopterygii
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Paracanthopterygii
Mostly benthic marine fishes
20 freshwater species
Cods, cavefishes, anglerfishes
Actinopterygian Relationships
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Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes)
- Acanthopterygii
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Acanthomorpha
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Actinopterygian Relationships II
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Acanthopterygii
Actinopterygian Relationships