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ACRPAirport Cooperative Research Program
Enhancing Airport Land Use
Compatibility
Thursday, September 2, 2010
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Today’s Moderator
Mike Salamone, C.M.
Transportation Research Board
Airport Cooperative Research
Program (ACRP)
ACRPAirport Cooperative Research Program
Enhancing Airport Land Use
Compatibility
Thursday, September 2, 2010
Today’s Moderator
Mike Salamone, C.M.
Transportation Research Board
Airport Cooperative Research
Program (ACRP)
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For More Information
ACRP Report 27 - Enhancing Airport Land Use Compatibility
Presenters
Mead & Hunt, Inc.Stephanie Ward, AICP
HMMH, Inc.Nicholas Miller
Clarion AssociatesChristopher Duerksen
2
Presentation Outline Project Team Project Volumes Study Highlights Project Elements Importance of Land Use
Compatibility Common Concerns Roles & Responsibilities
Federal Land Use Regs &Guidance Economic Costs Noise Aircraft Accidents Tools & Techniques Templates Case Studies Questions
3
Project TeamMead & Hunt, Inc. – Principal Investigator
Stephanie Ward, AICPRegan Massey
Clarion Associates, Inc.Christopher DuerksenErica Heller, AICP
Harris Miller Miller Hanson, Inc.Nicholas MillerRobin Gardner
Aviation System Consulting, LLC Dr. Geoffrey Gosling, Ph.D.
Unison Consulting, Inc.Sharon Sarmiento
Dr. Richard Lee, Ph.D. 4
Project Volumes
Volume 1 (print)Land Use Fundamentals & Implementation Resources
Volume 2 (print)Land Use Survey & Case Study Summaries
Volume 3 (online)Additional Resources
Aircraft Accident Data/3rd Party RiskEconomic MethodologyAnnotated Bibliography
5
Study Highlights
Literature Review (Volume 3)Over 300 documents/sources
Over 120 Airport Surveys (Volume 2)19 Case Studies (Volume 2)
General AviationCommercial ServiceMilitary
6
Case Studies
Buckley AFBBaltimore/Washington Int’l AirportCentennial Public AirportCollin County Regional AirportDenver International AirportFort Bragg AFBFt. Lauderdale Executive AirportIndependence State AirportIndianapolis International AirportNaples Municipal AirportNAS PensacolaO’Hare International AirportRandall AirportSacramento County Airport SystemWillmar Municipal Airport
7
Primary Areas of Research
Common ConcernsSafety Related Issues
Characteristics Hazardous to Airspace and OverflightCharacteristics that Affect Accident Severity
Noise Related Issues
Economic Costs Tools & Techniques
8
History 1952 – The Doolittle Report
Value Airports create $507 billion annually in economic activities nationwide 6.7 million airport-related jobs $33.5 billion generated in local, state, and federal taxes
- The Economic Impact of U.S. Airports, Airports Council Int’l (ACI)
Consequences Economic Costs Safety Limited Airport Development Hindered Airport Services Impact to National Aviation System
Importance of Land Use Compatibility(Chapter 1)
9
US Airways Airbus A320 (flight 1549) struck a flock of migrating Canada geese at 3,100 feet
Four Common Concerns Population Density Tall Structures Visual ObstructionsWildlife Attractants
Land Use Types Residential Commercial Industrial/Manufacturing Institutional Infrastructure Agricultural/Open Space Parks & Recreational
Land Use Concerns & Types(Chapter 2)
10
Population Density
11
Tall Structures
12
Visual Obstructions
13
Wildlife Attractants
14
Noise
15
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Land Use Compatibility Chart – Residential Example
Roles & Responsibilities (Chapter 3)
Federal StakeholdersFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)Other Federal Agencies
State StakeholdersState Aviation AgenciesAdditional State Agency Stakeholders
Regional StakeholdersLocal Stakeholders
Planning & Zoning AuthoritiesAirport Related
Airport SponsorsAirport ManagersAirport Master Plan
17
Federal Land Use Regulations & Guidance (Chapter 4)
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Design Airspace Noise Environmental
Other Agencies
18
Economic Costs(Chapter 5)
Various Methods to Determine Economic Cost Numerous Variables such as:Cost of travel delaysValue of travel timeValue of statistical lifeAircraft replacement & restoration costsAnd more…
Aviation Aviation
ProvisionProvision
Aviation Aviation
UseUse
Capital Capital
OutlaysOutlays
MultiplierMultiplier
ImpactImpact
Initial Initial
Changes Changes
in Final in Final
DemandDemand
+ =TOTAL TOTAL
ECONOMICECONOMIC
IMPACTIMPACT
Business spending
Household spending
19
Sample Litigation Costs from Case StudiesSix airports ( 3 General Aviation, 3 Commercial Service)
Attorney fees ranging from $2,500- $4 millionStaff time ranging from $2, 734 - $500,000Settlements ranging from $8,500 - $130 million
Duration ranging from 30 months to over 9 years
Economic Costs(Chapter 5)
20
Noise remains a primary constraint on aviation capacityWhy? Airports and residential land uses are too close to each otherHistorical reasons – airports in citiesLack of coordinated planningMisunderstood assumptions about noise and land use compatibility
Noise(Chapter 6)
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DNL 65 selected in early 1970’sBased on limiting effects of noiseAnnoyanceSpeech interferenceSleep disturbanceComplaints
Aircraft were 10 to 20 dB louder and noise contours much largerReview of DNL 65 was recommended
Noise(Chapter 6)
22
Noise(Chapter 6)
23
Land use planningAirports and communities generally have different objectives, but both want to growPlanning with DNL 65 has helped, but may not work for all airport / community situationsBetter understanding of DNL might help communities / airports to address land use compatibility
Noise(Chapter 6)
24
Different types of operations yield DNL 65
Maximum
Aircraft Sound
Level
Required No. of
Operations in
24 Hrs
(none at night)
~Time Above
60 dB (A), Each
(speech
interference)
~Total Time
Above 60 dB (A)
95 dB (A) 10 50 Seconds 8 Minutes
85 dB (A) 100 35 Seconds 1 Hour
75 dB (A) 1000 20 Seconds 6 Hours
Noise(Chapter 6)
25
What’s an airport to do?Nothing – continue with DNL 65 for purposes of Part 150 and NEPA as need arisesEstablish on-going outreach to communities; keep them informedWork with communities to establish more effective land use compatibility by-laws
Noise(Chapter 6)
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A Land Use Ordinance to Address NoiseMust be cooperative effortBoth airport and community need long-term master plansChoosing compatibility criteriaUse FAA’s DNL 65?Explore an alternative level?
Noise(Chapter 6)
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Exploring an alternative levelFirst, understand the airport’s DNLUse supplemental / additional metricsnumber of operations above a levelPercent use of various corridors
See Australia’s approach:(http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviati
on/environmental/transparent_noise/index.aspx)
Noise(Chapter 6)
28
Exploring an alternative level
DNL Range
(dB)
Percent of Population Number of Aircraft Events that:
Awakened at
least once by
aircraft
noise
Annoyed
Interfere with
Conversation
Indoors
(windows open)
Cause Feelable
House
Vibration
>70 > 40% > 40% > 250 >200
65 - 70 35% - 40% 30% - 40% 100 - 250 50 - 200
60 - 65 30% - 35% 20% - 30% 50 - 100 <50
55 - 60 20% - 30% 10% - 20% < 50 negligible
Noise(Chapter 6)
29
Case Study – Naples FLLong-term effort to control aircraft noise (1970’s)Had no noise sensitive land in ≥ DNL 65 (1996 )Complaints from areas outside DNL 65Identified “High Noise Impact Area” as within DNL 60, 1997Since then, no residential land development permitted within DNL 60 30
Case Study – Naples FLStage 2 jets (<75,000 lbs) primary source of complaints (25 times more likely than Stage 3, 250 times more likely than propeller)
Part 161 recommended complete ban on Stage 2 jets
U.S. Court of Appeals agreed that DNL 60 is a significant threshold for Naples and complaints feature in this determination 31
Noise Summary
Aircraft noise continues as a source of conflict between airports and communities
Solutions, if any, will likely require efforts on both open dialog and mutual understanding of the details of aircraft noise exposure
32
67%
7%
26%
Commercial Aviation
On Airport
En Route
Airport Vicinity
66%3%
29%
General Aviation
On Airport
En Route
Airport Vicinity
Aircraft Accidents(Chapter 7)
33Source: California Airport Land Use Planning Handbook 2002
Primary Findings:Need for Additional Parameters in Accident Reporting
Terrain Phase of Flight Type of Aircraft Cause of Accident Time of Accident
Aircraft Accidents(Chapter 7)
34
Planning & ZoningComprehensive Plans, Master Plans, Compatibility Plans
Natural FeaturesWildlife Management Plan & Inventory
Acquisition & NotificationFee Simple, Avigation Easements, Real Estate Disclosure
Noise MitigationSound Insulation, Sound Barriers
Tools & Techniques(Chapter 8)
35
Case Study - NAS Pensacola, FL
36
Location—Florida Panhandle
Airport Operations Military Operations
History and Development Built in early 1900s through the Naval
Appropriation Act 3 runways (8,002’, 8,001’, 7,137’) Home to the Blue Angels Initial civilian growth surrounding was slow Today, encroachment is a concern
37
Governance Joint responsibility between
Escambia County and the U.S. Navy
Land Use Compatibility Conducted a Joint Land Use
Study (JLUS) which works with local comprehensive plans to protect the military installation and civilian community from incompatible land uses. It also works to minimize operational impacts on adjacent land.
Case Study - NAS Pensacola, FL
Templates
Model State Zoning LegislationModel Local Zoning Ordinance
38
Local Zoning: Primary local tool to control potentially incompatible land uses around airports
FAA Advisory Circulars 150/5190-4A: A Model Zoning Ordinance to Limit Heights Around Airports150/5020-1: Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports150-5190-4B: Compatible Airspace and Land Use (forthcoming)
State Airport Zoning Enabling LegislationGeneral Zoning Enabling LegislationSpecial Airport Zoning Legislation
Airport Zoning Background
39
Role of State Legislation: Encourage, Enable, Require Adoption of Protective Zoning
Case Studies:Clear State Guidance And Minimum Standards = Improve Compatibility
Target Audience: State/Regional Officials
Based On Most Effective State Airport Zoning Laws and Case Studies Provides Minimum Standards and Best Practice Options
Model State Legislation(Appendix B)
40
Model State Zoning Legislation
41
Enable or Require Local Protective ZoningMinimum Local Standards Required or State Adopts Model Guidelines
Residential/Assembly UsesStructure height controlsNoiseOther (smoke, lighting, landfills, etc.)
Non-Conforming Uses Airport Land Use Compatibility Zones Review Procedures and Enforcement
Model State LegislationKey Provisions
42
Primary Concerns: Incompatible land uses/densities Flight hazards that interfere with aircraft operations Noise Airport runway approach and departure zones
Target Audience:Local Elected/Appointed Officials, Staff, and Legal Counsel
Based On Effective Local Airport Zoning Laws, Case Studies, Interviews, Research Provides Suggested Minimum Standards Plus Best Practice Options
Model Local Airport Zoning Ordinance(Appendix C)
43
Model Local Zoning Ordinance
44
Airspace Obstruction/Height Limit Zone Airport Land Use Compatibility Zones Land Use Compatibility Standards
Option 1: Performance standards re density, lighting, etc. Option 2: Detailed airport zone use tables
Airport Noise Impact Zone Nonconforming Uses Administration: Who Decides and How
Decision-making authority, airport zoning permits, variances
Avigation Easements/Real Estate Disclosure
Model Local LegislationKey Provisions
45
Model Local Zoning Ordinance
46
Case Study - Willmar, MN
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Location 2 hours west of Minneapolis
Airport Operations General aviation—no
commercial flights 25,000 operations annually
History and Development Built in 1930s 2 runways (5,700 asphalt;
3,500 turf) Substantial
commercial/industrial development in city
Located next to industrial/business park
History and Development 1997 expansion thwarted by incompatible
land uses Lighted sports field 130-foot high grain elevator Single-family homes Nursing home
Relocation cost ($16.2 million) comparable to buy-out costs (city share = $2.7 million)
City can redevelop old airport site and use to finance move
New airport is two miles west of city in county
5,500-foot runway, improved instrument approaches, larger hangar area, modern terminal
48
Case Study - Willmar, MN
New Airport Land Use Compatibility
City purchased all Safety Zone A lands around new airport
City/county form joint airport zoning board (AZB) per state law
City staff acts as staff to AZB AZB applies state-recommended
height and land use regulations AZB has rejected several proposals for
potentially incompatible land uses Factory with 300-foot smokestack Large 400-foot wind turbines
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Case Study - Willmar, MN
Areas of Additional Research
Analysis of More Current Accident Data
– Review additional data and additional parameters
Avigation Easements
Value/impact of easements on a property?
Development Density
What are acceptable levels?
Development of a Third-Party Risk Model
Economic Implications of Incompatible Use
Noise Impacts and the 65 DNL Contour
Public Education/Involvement Methods
50
Additional Studies
Legal Research Digest 5, Responsibility for Implementation of Airport Land Use Zoning Restrictions
ACRP Project 02-05 – Aircraft Noise: A Toolkit for Managing Community Expectations
Mineta Transportation Institute Report 06-05
51
Additional Information
Please refer to the entire guidebook (Volumes 1-3) for additional information and guidance.
www.TRB.org/ACRP
Contact Information:Stephanie Ward, AICPMead & Hunt, Inc,[email protected](517) 321-8334
52
Question and Answer Session
Please type your
questions into this
box
We will answer as
many questions as
time allows
Today’s Moderator
Mike Salamone, C.M.
Transportation Research Board
Airport Cooperative Research
Program (ACRP)
Presenters
Mead & Hunt, Inc.Stephanie Ward, AICP
HMMH, Inc.Nicholas Miller
Clarion AssociatesChristopher Duerksen
2
Enhancing Airport Land Use Compatibility
Volume 1 (print)Land Use Fundamentals & Implementation Resources
Volume 2 (print)Land Use Survey & Case Study Summaries
Volume 3 (online)Additional Resources
Aircraft Accident Data/3rd Party RiskEconomic MethodologyAnnotated Bibliography
www.trb.org/ACRP5
Additional Information
Please refer to the entire guidebook (Volumes 1-3) for additional information and guidance.
www.TRB.org/ACRP
Contact Information:Stephanie Ward, AICPMead & Hunt, Inc,[email protected](517) 321-8334
52
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