ACR Diagnostic Guidelines

Osteoarthritis

ACR Clinical classification criteria for Osteoarthritis of the hip

ACR Clinical classification criteria for Osteoarthritis of the knee

ACR Clinical classification criteria for Osteoarthritis of the hand

ACR Guidelines for Medical Management of Osteoarthritis of the hip

ACR Guidelines for Medical Management of Osteoarthritis of the knee

Rheumatoid Arthritis

ACR Clinical Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis

ACR Clinical Classification Criteria for Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

ACR Classification Criteria for Determining Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis

ACR Classification Criteria for Determinining Clinical Remission in Rheumatoid

Arthritis

ACR Classification Criteria of Functional Status in Rheumatoid Arthritis

ACR Guidelines for the Medical Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis Updated

April, 2002

ACR Guidelines for Monitoring Drug Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis

ACR Definition of Improvement in RA trials

ACR Recommendations for Monitoring Hepatic Safety in Rheumatoid Arthritis

(RA) Patients Receiving Methotrexate (MTX)

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis Society of Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management

of Osteoporosis

ACR Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid Induced

Osteoporosis Updated July, 2001

Hear a lecture on Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis

Sjogren’s Syndrome

EED Criteria for Diagnosis of Sjögren’s Syndrome

Pain Management

American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Clinic Practice Guidelines forThe Management

of Chronic Pain in Older PersonsACR Clinical Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the hip

Using history, physical examination and laboratory findings:

Using history, physical examination, laboratory and radiographic findings:> Traditional format

> Classification tree

Reference: Altman, R, et al.: Arthritis Rheum 34:505, 1991

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ACR Clinical Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the knee:

Using history and physical examination

Using history, physical examination and radiographic findings:

Using history, physical examination and laboratory findings:

Reference: Altman, R, et al.: Arthritis Rheum 29:1039, 1986.

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ACR Clinical Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the hand

ACR Guidelines for Medical Management of Osteoarthritis of the hip

Updated 2000Steps should be followed sequentially, moving to the next step if the patients’

response proves inadequate.

Reference: American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines: Arthritis Rheum 43(9):1905-15, 2000.

ACR Guidelines for Medical Management of Osteoarthritis of the knee

Updated 2000Steps should be followed sequentially, moving to the next step if the patients’

response proves inadequate.

Reference: American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines: Arthritis Rheum 43(9):1905-15, 2000.

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ACR Clinical Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Using history, physical examination, laboratory and radiographic findings:

> Traditional

format 

> Classification tree

Reference: Arnett FC, et al.: Arthritis Rheum 31:315, 1988.

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ACR Clinical Classification Criteria for Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

GENERAL CLASSa. Persistent arthritis of at least six weeks duration in one or more jointsb. Exclusion of other causes of arthritis (see list of exclusions+)

onset subtypes-determined by manifestations during the first six months of disease although manifestations more closely resembling another subtype may appear later

Systemic onset JRA*

subtypes:PolyarthritisOligoarthritis

*Typical fever and rash will be considered probable systemic onset JRA if not associated with arthritis. Before a definite diagnosis can be made, arthritis, as defined must be present.

Pauciarticular*

subtypes:Antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive-chronic uveitisRheumatoid factor (RF) positiveSeronegative, B27 positiveNot otherwise classified

*Patients with systemic onset JRA are excluded from this onset subtype.

Polyarticular

subtypes:RF positivityNot otherwise classified

*Patients with systemic JRA onset are excluded from this subtype.

+EXCLUSIONS

1. Other rheumatic diseases

1. Rheumatic fever

2. Systemic lupus erythematosus

3. Ankylosing spondylitis

4. Polymyositis or dermatomyositis

5. Vasculitic syndromes

6. Scleroderma

7. Psoriatic arthritis

8. Reiter’s syndrome

9. Sjogren’s syndrome

10. Mixed connective tissue disease

11. Behcet’s syndrome

2. Infectious arthritis

3. Inflammatory bowel disease

4. Neoplastic diseases including leukemia

5. Nonrheumatic conditions of bones and joints

6. Hematologic diseases

7. Psychogenic arthralgia

8. Miscellaneous

9. Sarcoidosis

10. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

11. Villonodular synovitis

12. Chronic active hepatitis

13. Familial Mediterranean fever

Reference: JRA Criteria Subcommittee of the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association Arthritis Rheum 20(Suppl)195, 1977

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ACR Classification Criteria for Determining Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis

*These criteria describe either spontaneous remission or a state of drug-induced disease suppression.

Reference: Steinbrocker O, et.al.: JAMA 140:659, 1949.

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ACR Classification Criteria for Determinining Clinical Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis

5 or more of the following present at least two consecutive months:

a. Morning stiffness < 15 minutesb. No fatiguec. No joint paind. No joint tenderness or pain on motione. No soft tissue swelling in joints or tendon sheathsf. ESR (Westergren methold) < 30 mm/hour for a female or 20 mm/hour for a male

Exclusions: Clinical manifestations of active vasculitis, pericarditis, pleuritis or myositis, and unexplained recent weight loss or fever attributable to rheumatoid arthritis will prohibit a designation of complete clinical remission.

Reference: Pinals RS, et.al.: Arthritis Rheum 24:1308, 1981.

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ACR Classification Criteria of Functional Status in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Class I:

Completely able to perform usual activities of daily living (self-care, vocational, and avocational)*

Class II:

Able to perform usual self-care and vocational activities, but limited in avocational activities

Class III:

Able to perform usual self-care activities, but limited in vocational and avocational activities

Class IV:

Limited ability to perform usual self-care, vocational, and avocational activities

 

*Self-care activities include dressing, feeding, bathing, grooming, and toileting. Avocational (recreational and/or leisure) and vocational (work, school, homemaking) activities are patient-desired and age- and sex-specific.

Reference: Hochberg MC, et.al.: Arthritis Rheum 35:498, 1992.

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ACR Guidelines for Medical Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis (updated April, 2002)

Reference: Arthritis & Rheum 46(2):328, 2002. Guidelines for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACR Subcommittee.©American College of Rheumatology. Reproduced with permission of Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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ACR Definition of Improvement in RA trials

In the past, the outcome criteria used in clinical trials to determine the effectiveness of new agents has varied making the comparison between agents and between clinical trials difficult. Two well accepted composite measures of improvement have emerged-the Paulus Criteria and The American College of Rheumatology Criteria (ACR). ACR criteria is rapidly becoming the current gold standard.

Paulus Criteria*

*The level of improvement is set as a percentage improvement of each of these variables i.e. a Paulus 20 classification indicates a responder who has shown 20% improvement in 4 of the 6 parameters.

The American College of Rheumatology Criteria (ACR) Criteria

Improvement is denoted as either ACR 20, ACR 50 or ACR 70 reflecting either an improvement to the 20%, 50%, or 70% level in the parameters outlined. The ACR Success criteria (20, 50, 70) requires that the patient complete the trial and the patient meet ACR responder at the end of the trial.

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ACR Recommendations for Monitoring Hepatic Safety in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Patients Receiving Methotrexate (MTX)

1. Baseline

2. Monitor AST, ALT, albumin at every 4-8 weeks

3. Liver biopsy should be performed if:

4. If results of liver biopsy are:

5. Discontinue MTX in patient with persistent liver test abnormalities, as defined in 3, who refuses liver biopsy.

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Osteoporosis Society of Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Osteoporosis

Comments by Dr. Michele Bellantoni

Diagnosis RecommendationsThe Guidelines clearly recommend bone mineral density testing for individuals over age 50 years with at least one major risk factor or two or more minor risk factors. The Guidelines also clearly recommend that everyone over the age of 65 years should have a bone mineral density test. This statement is broader than the US Preventive Task Force Guidelines published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, Sept. 2003, that recommend universal testing only for women over age 65 years.

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

 

Major risk factors Minor risk factorsAge >65 years Rheumatoid Arthritis

Vertebral compression fracturePast history of clinical hyperthyroidism

Fragility fracture after age 40 Chronic anticonvulsant therapyFamily history of osteoporotic fracture (especially maternal hip fracture

Low dietary calcium intake (see nutritions section)

Systemic glucocorticoid therapy of >3 months duration

Smoker

Malabsorption syndrome Excessive alcohol intake

Primary hyperparathyroidismExcessive caffeine intake (see nutrition section)

Propensity to fall Weight <57 kg

Osteopenia apparent on x-ray filmWeight loss >10% of weight at age 25

Hypogonadism Chronic heparin therapyEarly menopause (before age 45)These data in the table below provide physicians and patients with useful data on which to base clinical decisions for treatment.

Average 10-year Probability of an Osteoporotis Fracture*

Age (years) Overall average probability (%) BMD expressed as T-score

1 0 -1 -2below-2.5

Men

50 3.3 1.8 2.7 4.2 6.3 9.2

55 3.9 1.9 3.0 4.6 7.0 10.4

60 4.9 2.5 3.6 5.4 7.9 11.6

65 5.9 3.0 4.3 6.2 8.8 13.0

70 7.6 3.4 5.1 7.4 10.9 16.2

75 10.4 4.1 6.3 9.6 14.4 21.5

80 13.1 5.3 7.7 11.1 15.8 23.2

85 13.1 5.3 7.5 10.4 14.3 21.4

Women

50 6.0 2.4 3.8 5.9 9.2 13.9

55 7.8 2.6 4.1 6.7 10.7 16.8

60 10.6 3.2 5.1 8.2 13.0 20.5

65 14.3 4.0 6.3 10.0 15.6 24.9

70 18.9 4.3 7.1 11.5 18.3 29.8

75 22.9 4.2 7.0 11.8 19.4 32.6

80 26.5 4.6 7.7 12.7 20.5 34.4

85 27.0 4.5 7.4 12.0 19.1 33.1*wrist, hip, proximal humerus, vertebra.Kanis et al. Osteoporosis Int 12:989, 2001.

Dietary RecommendationsIt is encouraging to find that the Canadian guidelines recommend Vitamin D daily intake of 800 IU for men and women ages > 50 years. The US RDA continues to be 400 IU, though the literature supports 800 IU for the older adults, though the minimum age for the higher recommendation has not been well established.

The Canadian Guidelines explicitly do not recommend supplementation with the following nutrients: magnesium, copper, zinc, phosphorus, manganese, iron, and essential fatty acids. The guidelines correctly state that that no evidence exists to recommend supplementation with these nutrients. Many people spend excessive amounts of money on these types of nutritional supplements. The Canadian Guidelines differ in the recommendation of daily calcium intake for men ages 50-65 years from the current US RDA for adult men (1500 mg vs. 1000mg). I am not aware of evidence to support this recommendation.

Recommended Daily Intake

CALCIUMPrepubertal children (ages 4-8) 800 mg/dayAdolescents (ages 9-18) 1300 mg/dayWomen (ages 19-50) 1000 mg/dayWomen (ages over 50) 1500 mg/dayPregnant and lactating women (ages > 18) 1000 mg/dayMen (ages 19-50) 1000 mg/dayMen (ages over 50) 1500 mg/dayVITAMIN D3

(Vitamin D2 shows less potency and more may be required to meet these recommendations)Women (ages 19-50) 400 IU (10ug/dayWomen (ages over 50) 800 IU (20ug/dayMen (ages 19-50) 400 IU (10ug/dayMen (ages over 50) 800 IU (20ug/dayADDITIONAL NUTRIENTSAdequate protein intake is importantAvoid excess caffeine (> 4 cups coffee/day)Avoid excess dietary sodium (> 2100 mg/day or > 90 mmol/day) as it reduces BMD in adult men and women.No evidence exists to recommend supplementation with the following nutrients for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis: magnesium, copper, zinc, phosporus, manganese, iron, essential fatty acidsTreatment RecommendationsThe Canadian Guidelines appropriately recommend oral bisphosphonates as first-line prevention and treatment of postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, and in the treatment of men with osteoporosis. These Guidelines appropriately do not recommend oral bisphosphonate therapy for premenopausal women of child-bearing potential due to lack of evidence of safety. Additionally, the Guidelines appropriately recommend intranasal calcitonin as second-line treatment because of the lack of efficacy in the prevention of hip fractures in the large-scale clinical trials.

The Canadian Guidelines incorporate the results of the Womens Health Initiative Study in which no cardiovascular benefits of estrogen and progestin co-therapy were found to offset the risks of breast cancer and thromboembolic events of this therapy. The Guidelines also recommend estrogen as a second-line treatment, and caution about the risks of hormone replacement when used as a first-line preventive therapy. The Guidelines appropriately list the selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene as first-line prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The Canadian Guidelines appropriately recommend against the use of Vitamin K and fluoride as treatments.

The Canadian Guidelines appropriately recommend parathyroid hormone therapy as first-line only for severe osteoporosis. The cost and potential side effects of the newly released preparation, hPTH (1-34), make this drug appropriate for use in extreme cases.

Optimal Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

*mainly vertebral fracture. Only alendronate and risedronate and recently continuous estrogen-progesterone have been shown to decrease hip fracture risk.

Reference: JAMC 167(10 suppl), 2002

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ACR Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid Induced Osteoporosis

Initial Evaluation

> Follow-up for abnormal laboratory findings

> Approach to the patient starting long-term glucocorticoid treatment

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Recommendations for the Preventions and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis **Updated 2001

The following updated recommendations are the result of work by the ACR Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis published in Arthritis Rheum 44(7), 2001.

> Patient beginning therapy with glucocorticoid (prednisone equivalent of > 5 md/day) with plans for treatment duration of > 3 months.

> Patient receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy(prednisone equivalent of > 5md/day)

Reference: Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum 44:1496-1503, 2001.

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EEC Criteria for Diagnosis of Sjögren’s Syndrome

FOUR OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA MUST BE PRESENT

Reference: Vitali C, Bomardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM. Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjögren’s syndrome. Results of a prospective concerted action supported by the European Community. Arthritis Rheum 36, 1993.

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AGS Clinical Practice Guidelines for The Management of Chronic Pain in Older Persons

Key Recommendations