AComparison of the otsego Lake Macrobenthos Communities between 1935 and 1993.

Willard N. Harman

INTRooocrION

Benthic macroinvertebrates have long been considered as important indicators of water quality in lakes and streams (Baker, 1916; Berg, 1938; Berg, 1966; Hutchinson, 1993; Loeb and Spacie, 1994). Recently the concepts of biodiversity, ecological integrity and biological sustainability have been defined relative to the benthic ccmmmity (Woodley, et al., 1993) utilizing species richness as a basis for quantitative analysis.

Briefly, species richness can be considered equivalent to the number of taxa in a particular habitat. Ecological integrity is a function of the species richness in a conterrporary camnmity cCXTi>ared to a "pyIstine" coomunity with identical lirrdting characteristics or, if available, historical records fram the same ccmmmity . The more the contel'ltlorary coomunity is I ike the "pristine" model, the more viable it is assumed to be.

Biological sustainability is a measure of ecological integrity including consideration of the presence or absence of, or the domdnance of, exotic species in a coomuni ty . Sustainabi I i ty measures the abi I i ty of a canmmity to maintain its ecological function while resisting successful invasion of exotic species.

Using data framNevin's (1936) 1935 work on otsego Lake and Field station data fram 1968 to present (Badgley, 1989; Berry, 1988; Ehlers, 1988; LaBarre, 1989; Harman 1970a; 1971a; 1971b; 1972a; 1976; 1977a; Harman and Sohacki 1975; Harman, et al., 1980; Fagnani and Harman, 1989; Montione , 1989), I have made calculations of the above phenanena for selected biotope types (based on substrate character) representing the entire shoreline of Otsego Lake.

METHODS

In 1935, Nevin included a small table of littoral macrobenthic biamss (wet weight in grams) ham various depths in otsego Lake. In 1968, I collected benthos at 53 shore (eulittoral) stations, from deep water stations and sites along 6 transects at various depths fram the surface to the deepest portion of the lake (Figure 1). Other citations mentioned above include collections ham specific locations (such as Goodyear Swamp or Rat Cove) or various sites along the 1968 transects. In 1993, Hayes (1994) repeated the transect studies and Wheat (1994) repeated the eulittoral studies. We lumped the 53 shore stations studied in 1968 into areas of sirrdlar substrate (bottom) character and location along the lake shore (Figure 1). The resultant collection areas became: Rat Cove, a protected embayment with substrates rich in silt and decaying organic matter (IXlM) in the Southwest; the exposed West Shore, unstable cobble and channery substrates; Goodyear Swamp sanctuary, sirrdlar to Rat Cove; the North

131

Figure 1. Numerals indicate eulittoral macrobenthos collecting stations: 1968 (Harman, et. aI., 1980). Outlined areas represent 1993 collection sites.

North End Goodyear Swamp

Sanctuary 648

Hyde Bay

West Shore

Rat Cove

132

End, sandy exposed shoreline; Clarke Point, a stable boulder and cobble substrate on the most exposed portions of the lakeshore; Hyde Bay, a site which in its pristine state was similar to Rat Cove and Goodyear Swamp, but which has been al tered greatly by backfilling and the construction of a sand beach and swinming area; the East Shore, similar to the West but IOOre exposed because of the prevailing westerly winds; and the South End, similar to the North End but more diverse with areas of silt and DaM and heavily impacted by Village waterfront activities.

Species richness at the eulittoral sites was calculated by combining the records of taxa available from 1968 through 1988 and comparing them to collections made fram 1989 through 1993. They are presented in Table 1. Table 2 is derived from the lists in Table 1. Table 2a illustrates the species richness at each site fram 1968-88 and fram 1989-93. Table 2b shows the dchness of Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and the Trichoptera (caddisflies), (EPT's); a group of generally pollution intolerant taxa collected during the same time periods. EFT's have been used widely for stream water­quality characterization (e.g. Bode, et al., 1993). Streams exhibiting low numbers of EFT's are considered highly impacted while those with comparatively high numbers are viewed as in "good" condition. Table 2c is a similar canparison, with a taxocene I am very familiar with, the Mollusca (Doremus and Haman, 1977; Harnan 1970b; 1972b; 1974; 1977b, c; Harman and Berg, 1970; Herrman and Haman, 1975a; 1975b; Katsigianis and HaDnan, 1973; MacNamara and Hannan, 1974; 1975; Weir, 1977). My ability to explain the reduction in these species numbers is based on more than 30 years experience developing a sense of the habitat preferences of the species under consideration.

Table 3 presents biomass represented by macrobenthos collections in 1935, 1969 and 1993. They are present~l relative to littoral and profundal species distribution. Figures 2 and 3 use the same data to illustrate percent biomass of major invertebrate taxa at vadous depths in 1968 and 1993.

Table 4 shows littoral macrophytes between 1935 and 1993 (derived fran Hannan, 1992). The introduction of ~Yt;"tQ.P_hY_Ul® ".B2t<::_a.i'lJ!Il (confused with M. ~](~lb_esG.~n§ in the 1986 study) has now resulted in the daninance of that exotic throughout the littoral plant cannunity (Brady and Lamb, 1977; Dayton and Swift, 1987; Haman, 1981; Hannan and Doane, 1970; Karl and Haman, 1981; Merrifield and RaDman, 1987; Phillips and Harman, 1982; Sanders, 1990; Stalter, 1988; Vertucci and HaD1kln, 1978a; 1978b; 1978c; 1979; Vertucci, Rat~an and Peverly, 1981).

RESULTS

Table 1 provides lists which include macrobenthic invertebrates collected by Biological Field Station personnel between 1968 and 1993. One hundred fifty­three taxa are represented. Hydracarina (watennites) collected in 1980 by Sinmons (1981) add 18 taxa (Table 5), Chirononudae (Diptera) studied by Fagnani (1979-82) add 121 species (Table 6) (Fagnani and HaDnan, 1987) for a total of 292 taxa. For purposes of temporal comparison, only taxa appearing in Table 1 are utilized because of the specialized nature of the data presented in Tables 5 and 6.

133

fable 1. Otsego Lake eulittoral (0-211) .acrobenthos arranged by lake shore regions. 0 presence between 1966-66. X

Porifera HaploBclerina

Spongillidae Spon']i11a

Cnidaria Hydrozoa

Hydridlle Chlorohydrs Hydra

Platyhelminthes Turbellaria

Planaridae Dugesis

Ectoprocta Phylactolaemata

Plumatellidae Fredrecells

Lophopodidae Pectinells

Entoprocta Urnatells

Nematoda Araeolaimida Tylenchida Rhabditida

Annelida Oligochaeta

Aeolosomatidae Aeolosoma

Lulllbricidae TubificJ.dae

Lilll1lodrilis Branchuria HydriluB

Enchytraeidae Lulllbricilidae

Sparganophilus

= presence between 1989-93.

Rat Cove

West Shore

Goodyear Swamp

Sanctuary North

End Clarke Point

Hyde Bay

East Shore

OX 0 0 0

OX 0 0 0 0 0

ox 0 0 0 0 0

OX 0 0 0 0 0 OX

ox 0 0 ox OX

0 0

OX 0 0

0 0

X X X

I

0

0 0 0 OX 0 0 0

OX 0 X X OX X 0 X OX 0

X X X

X X X X

South End

0

0

0

OX

OX

0

0

X X

134

Table 1. (cant.)

Annelida (cont.) Hirudinea

Arhynchobdellida Erpobdellidae

Erpobdella Nepbalopsis

Rhynchobdellida Glossiphoniidae

Helobdella Glossiphonia Placobdella

Branchiobdellidae Branchiobdella

Mollusca Bivalvia

Unionidae La~silis radiata Elliptio complanatus Anodonta cataracta Anodontoides ferrusacianus Strophitus undulatus Alasmidonta undulata

Sphaeriidae Sphaeriulll Pisidulll

Gastropoda Lymnaeidae

Lymnaea humil us Lymnaea palustris Lymnaea emarginata Lymnaea columella

Planorbidae Helisoma trivolvis Helisoma ancep, Helisoma ca~anulata

Gyraulus parvus Promenetus exacuous

Phyaidae Physa heterostropha

Viviparidae Viviparus georgianus

Pleuroceridae Spirodon carinsta

Valvatidae Valvata tricarinata

Goodyear Rat West SwalllP North Clarke Hyde East South Cove Shore Sanctuary End Point Bay Shore End

OX X 0 X ox X X ox ox X 0 0

OX X OX X X 0

OX 0

OX OX 0 X OX X

0 OX 0 OX 0 X OX 0

0 X 0 X X X

0 0 0

0 X 0 0

0

0 0

OX 0 OX 0 0

OX X 0

OX 0

0

X 0

0

0

0

OX 0 0 OX 0 0 OX OX OX 0

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

0 0 0 0

0

0

135

Table 1. (cont.)

Mollusca (cont.) Gastropoda (cont.)

Hrdrobiidae Amnicola limosa Amnicola lugtrica

Succinidae Succinea ovalig

Arthropoda Arachnida

Hrdracarina (see table Crustacea

Illopoda Asellidae

CaecidotH Amphipoda

Gallllll8.ridae Ga IIllll8r us

Cranqonrctidae Crangonynx

Talitridae Hyalella

Decapoda C8l1lbaridae

Orconect6B Insecta

Co 11 embo1a Isotomidae

Igotomrus Poduridae

Podura Plecoptera

Perlidae Hansonoperla Neoperla

Odonata Coenaqrionidae

Enallagma Ishnura

Lestidae Lestes

Aescnnidae Max

Aeschna Libellulidae

Libellula S rmpe t r UIJ

Goodyear Rat West Swamp North Clarke Hrde East Cove Shore Sanctuary End Point Bay Shore

OX OX 0 ox 0 0 ox 0 0 0

OX 0

ox OX OX ox ox OX OX

OX X OX X X

0 0

0 OX X

OX OX OX X OX OX

OX OX 0 X OX X

0 0 X

X

0 0

0 0

OX OX OX X 0 X

OX OX

0 0 X 0 0

X X

X 0

South End

0

OX

X

OX

OX OX

0

136

'fable 1. (cent.)

Arthropoda (cont.) Insecta (cont.)

Odonata (cont.) Corduliidae

fetra!lonuria Somatochlora Epicordula

Hacromiidae Hacromia

Gomphidae Ari!lo~hu8

Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae

Stenonema Hepta!lenJ.a Epeorus

Baetidae Baetis C4Illibaeti,8 Cloeon CEllItroptilu.

Siphlonuridae AlHletu. Siphlonurus

Leptophlebiidae Habrophl eboides Paraleptophlebia Leptophlebia

Ephemerel1 idae Ephe_rella

eaenidae Caenis

Ephemeridae Ephemera Hexa!limia

Heqaloptera Sialidae

Sialis Corrdalidae

Chauliode. Ni!lronia

Neuroptera Sisrridae

Sisyra Lepidoptera

P:rralidae Nymphula

Goodrear Rat Welt SwallP North Clarke Hrde Ealt South Cove Shore Sanctuarr End Point Bar Shore End

ox OX 0

X 0 0

0 0 0 X 0

X

OX OX 0 OX 0 OX 0

0 0 0 OX X

X X 0

0 0 X 0 0

0

0

X

0

X 0

OX 0 OX 0 0 0 0

OX OX 0

OX 0 OX X

OX X 0 X X OX OX

X X

0

OX 0 0

137

Table 1. (cant.)

Arthropoda (cont.) Insecta (cont.)

Hemiptera Pleidae N~plea

Corixid.ae PalDlOCorixa Hesperocorixa Sigara

Gerridae Gerrifi LillU109DnUS

TrepoN tes Notonectidae Noton~ta

Buenos 5alidiae

saluda Aphididae

RhopalosiphullI Coleoptera

Haliplidae HalipJus Pe1todytes

Psephenidae Psephenus

Elmidae Stene1mB Dubiraphia

Curculionidae Stenopellllis Eubrchiopis

Orrinidae DineutuB Grrinus

Hydrophilidae CY!Dbiodrta EnochruB Tropi6ternus HrdrobiuB

Drtiscidae LaccornuB Laccophilus Hrdrova tUB Hydroporus Hrgrotu6

Rat Cove

OX

0

X

0

OX

OX

0

OX OX

X

0

0

OX OX

X

OX

OX

West Shore

0

0

X

OX

OX OX

Goodyear Swamp

Sanctuary

OX

0

X

0

0

X

0

X

0

0

OX

0

X

Ox

OX 0

X X X X

X OX OX 0

138

North End

Clarke Point

Hyde Bay

OX

0

ox

X

0

OX

Ox

OX

0

OX

East Shore

South End

0

OX

0

OX

0

X

OX OX

0

OX

Table 1. (cant.)

Arthropoda (cont.) Insecta (cont.)

Coleoptera (cont.) Drtiscidae (cont.)

Bidessonotus Copelatus

Drropidae Helichus

ChrySOlll81idae Donacia

Trichoptera Leptoceridae

OBCetis Setocles Hrstacid.s NBC t opsrcbe 1riaenocles

Phrrganeidae PhryganH

Helicopsychidae Helicopsycbe

Polycentropodidae Polycootropus Neuroclipsis

Hrdroptilidae Agarlea

Limnephil idae Pycnopsrche Ironoquia

Philopotamidae liormsldia

Hydropsychidae Cheumstoptlyche

Diptera Chironomidae (see Table a) cera topogonidae

Pa1pomria Bezzia CsratoP'>9on AJ 1us udoaria SphaerOINis

Scioll"ll'zidae Tetanocera

Tabanidae Chrysops Tabanus

Goodrear Rat West SwallP North Clarke Hrde East South Cove Shore sanctuarr End Point Bar Shore End

0

0 0 0 0 0

X

OX X

X 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0

0 0 0

X

OX OX OX X OX OX

0 X 0 0

X

0 0 0 0 0

OX OX OX X

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

OX OX OX X 0 0 X

X X X

0 0

OX OX X X

139

. .

Table 1. (coot.)

Arthropoda (cont.) Insecta (cont.)

Dipter8 (cont.)

Tipulidae

fipula Pilaria Ped.icia Pseudolimnophila Lilll10phila Erioptera GoncIIyia Lon9vrio

Culicidae

CUlex Aed.lU

Stratiomridae

Odontoayia

Rat

Cove West

Shore

Goodyear Swamp

Sanctuary North

End

Clarke Point

Hyde

Bal'

x x X

X

X

X

X

X

x X

X

East South

Shore End

140

Table 2a. otsego Lake eulittoral macrobenthic invertebrate species riclmess: all taxa.

DATE RAT COVE

(a)

WEST SHORE

(b)

GOODYEAR SWAMP SANCIUARY

(c)

NORTH END

(d)

CLARKE POINT

(e)

HYDE BAY

(f)

EAST SHORE

(g)

SOUTH Ero)

(h)

LAKE WIDE

(i)

1968-88 81 49 66 16 28 31 45 30 43.3 (74)*

1989-93 61 26 66 19 14 18 28 19 31.4

*Prior to construction of the sand beach at Glimmerglass State Park in the 1960's, it is assumed species richness averaged between that of Rat Cove and Goodyear Swamp, other wetlands in protected embayments.

Table 2b. otsego Lake eulittoral macrobenthic invertebrate species richness: Ephereroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT' s). Pollution intolerant taxa.

DATE (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

1968-88 14 15 10 1 5 10 11 7 9.1

1989-93 8 4 6 1 3 4 5 1 4.0

Table 2c. otsego Lake eulittoral rracrobenthic invertebrate species richness: Mollusca.

DATE (a)

1968-88 14

1989-93 8

(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

8 12 7 6 5 11 6 8.7

5 3 6 1 2 4 4 4.1

1 41

Table 3. Biamss in gInO. of rracrobenthos in otsego Lake between 1935 and 1993.

DEPTH (m) 1935 (Nevin, 1936)

~-_._----_._._---_._-~---

0 1.7

0.5 3.0

2 13.2

4 12.9

6 11.1

8 4.4

10 4.3

15 3.1

20 1.6

30 5.9

40 2.5

50 0.1

1969 (Ha:rrran, 1980)

0.69

1. 90

12.33

8.01

9.63

3.40

2.68

2.12

0.58

4.68

1.49

1. 99

1993

._~-------_._.~-,_.-

5.89 (Wheat, 1994)

1. 79 (Fiorella, 1994)

10.02 (Hayes, 1994)

9.51 "

14.43 "

14.56 "

3.79 "

4.45 "

4.52 "

4.64 "

142

Figure 2. Percent biarass of macrobenthos in otsego Lake, 1968.

100

90

80

70 Ul Ul

60 ra E o

50 iii-l: Cll

40 ! ..(.)Cll 0.

30

I 20

o 2 4 6 10 20 30 40 48

Meters "--"" ----"--"-------"-"""---" -- ­

• Annelida __ Mollusca II Arthropoda ~ Other --"------------" ------------"--------- -- ­

143

Figure 3. Perce.~t bimass of rnacloD-.2':flthDs in otsego [,;::lke, 1993.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

(fj (fj <tI

E o iii-c: I1l o... I1l Q.

20

10

o o 2 4 6 10 20 30 40 48

Meters

• Annelida ~ Mollusca FJ Arthropoda ~ Other

144

---- --------------------

Table 4. Littoral I1Bcrophytes collected fran otsego Lake between 1935 and 1990 (A = Abundant, F = Frequent, C = carm:m, and R = Rare).

SPECIES ocaJRRENCE 1935 1969 1976 1986 1990

-~----_.__._------­ ._---~.-

Potamogeton ~nericanus F Potamogeton amplifolius F R R C Potamogeton angustifolius F Potamogeton crispus A A F C Potamogeton epihydrus R Potamogeton foliosus R Potamogeton freissi C Potamogeton grarrQneus A C C C Potamogeton illinoensis F F F C Potamogeton natans F R R R Potamogeton nodosus R R R Potamogeton panormi tanus F Potamogeton pectinatus C C A C C Potamogeton praelongus C F C C R Potamogeton pusillus F F A C C Potamogeton richardsonii C F C C Potan~eton zosterifotnUs C R F C C Na jas fl exi 1is A A A F C Vallisneria americana C C C C C Heteranthera dubia A A A C C Pontederia cordata R Ceratcphyllum demersum A F C C C Nymphaea odorata F C C F F Nuphar variegatum F C F C C Ranunculus aquatilis C F F F C Myriophyllum exalbescens C F F C R Myriophyllum spicatum A Megaldonta beckii C F F R Chara vulgaris A A A C C Nitella flexilis A C A F C

TOTAL NUMBER 27 23 23 17

145

23

Table 5. otsego Lake Watermites (Arachnida: Hydraccerina) (fran Simoons, 1981)

The following is a listing of all the hydrachnids known to occur in otsego Lake. Genera previously reported but not sampled in this study are denoted by an asterisk. Mites collected in the adult stage are followed by an (A), and by a (L) if collected in the larval stage. Classification is according to Cook (1974) and Krantz (1978).

class Arachnida Subclass Acarina

Order Acarifol~s

Superfan~ly Eylaoidea FarrQly Limnocharidae

, h *Genus Llmnoc ares Family Eylaidae

Genus _~yL~J§ "* Superfamily Hydryphantoidea

Family Hydrcylrarr~dae

Genus Hydrodroma A, L Superfamily Lebertioidea

Family Lebertiidae Genus Lel;lgx_ti~ A

Family Oxidae Genus fI.9D1:ilLoQ?! A

Ox~ A Family Torrenticolidae

Genus Torrenticola A Superfill~ly Hygrobatoidea

Family Limnesiidae Genus L:ilTUl~i?! A

Family Hygrobatidae Genus Hyglopat~~ A, L

Atractides L Fanuly Unionicolidae

Genus Unionicol~ A, L BClif:!digg!E A ,Neumania L

Family Pionidae Genus PionE A, L

\i~tJi1l9 L EQ.relia L

Family Aturidae Genus Woolf:!~t9okia L

Superfamily Arrenuroidea Family Mideopsidae

Genus Mi_~~9P~i§ A, L Family Arrenuridae

Genus f\.rJ_@._\!rus A, L

146

Table 6. A list of chironanids collected in otsego Lakeor believed to be present in or about the lake. [An asterisk (*) denotes species collected only as adults on or about the lake. A plus (+) denotes species whose immature stages were collected inthe lake with most being reared. Adult collection records reported by other authors are noted as 1 = Roback (1971), 2 = Townes (1945), and 3 = Nevin (1936).]4,5 (fram Fagnani and Hannan, 1987).

Subfami ly Tanypodinae Tribe Coelotanypodini

1. +l~linotan~ (~). pinguis (Loew) 1861:308. Tribe Pentaneurini

2. +lAblabesmyi~ (b.) armulata (Say) 1823:15. 3. :b. (b.) bas~H.§ (Walley) 1925:273. 4. b. (b.) janta (Roback) 1959:131. 5. :b. (b.) mallochi (Walley) 1925:273. 6. b. OS~relia) .illinoenEis (Malloch) 1915:376. 7. 1A • OS.) .peleenEis (Walley) 1926: 64. 8. +I~Qn.Qhaepelop.ia (~.) .Q1!Lrani (Walley) 1925:276. 9. 1~. (H~l..Q.P~lQ.pia) .P!l!£~udata (Wall ey) 1925: 277 .

10. +~_i?-_brll!1dini~ .pilosell~ (Loew) 1866:5. 11. +f~0t~D~ur~ ipC9PS-pi~1!§ (Malloch) 1915:371. 12. +1bi~rL~t1m[i~ (T.) norena (Roback) 1957:38.

Tribe Procladiini 13. +Pros:l~~ius (.r~i19_t_@.ypus) p~lLus (Loew) 1866:4; vaL 1 Roback

1980:31. 14. +P. (Holotany~us) d~1iculatus Sublette 1964:124. 15. t~. (B.-r:JOMs6fll RbMdCr9B"Q:-43.

Tribe Tanypodini 16. +Tanypus (T.) PWlctipeilllis Beigen 1818: 61.

Subfamily Diamesinae Tribe Diamesini

17 . +eotth~91J~ lQngir['an~ Kieffer 1922: 362. Tribe Protanypodini

18. +Prgtanypus x~sus Saether 1975:368. Slibfamily Chrionominae

Tribe ChironorrQni 19. ;~~f-Ql)._Ql]lUS (~bAetQlabi§) atLQ.Yi.Ki!iie (Townes) 1945: 114. 20. C. (Chironcmus) anthracinus Zetterstedt 1860:6499.+3-- ---_.__._------- ----..-~.--21. ~. (~.) !i~co£us Johannsen 1905:239. 22. :2~. (~.) .P1umos~ (Linnaeus) 1758:587. 23. ~. (~.) rip~rius Meigen 1804: 13. 24. 2~. (~.) tejltC},l}§ Fabricius 1805:38. 25. +~. (.Q.) sp. 3. 26. +~. (~.) sp. 5. 27. +~JagQ.2eIJffi amac1"@erE (Townes) 1954:168. 28. :~. y~l1~tor (Townes) 1945:169. 29.~. _~{j\o!ardsi (Kruseman) 1933: 194. 30. t~. sp. 4. 31. +GI~tQ~hiron_gm~ ~~~it~~~ (Malloch) 1915:483. 32. +~ . .tlIly~ gpo (sensu Curry 1958, p. 435 and Darby 1962, p. 73). 33 . +~. C?) sc_imiJ~.rJ.~ (Townes) 1945: 98 .

147

Table 6. (cant.)

SubfarrQly ChrionarrUnae (cont.) Tribe ChironorrQni (cont.)

34. +~rY]~t.9_t~nd:iR~~ ca,§_uari1.le (Townes) 1945: 162 . 35. +~. ~rsll.E1 (Townes) 1945:161. 36. 2Di9rot~n9ipes 1.QPiger (Kieffer) 1921:71.

37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79.

+D. ~llesi (Townes) 1945:110. +2~. ITPde~~U2 (Say) 1823:13. 2D. n~rY_~~\~ (Staeger) 1839:567. ;~iIlt~ldi§ P);JdDJl~~Il~llili.~ (Joharmsen) 1905: 205. ~. g9Ksali~ (Meigen) 1818:25.

2E . ~~~_~ (Meigen) 1838:7. +;~doghir~n~ n~gri9~ (Johannsen) 1905:219. +-~. s\lbtellq~!~ (Townes) 1945:65. 2QIY.£tQtend:iJ2~E (Q.) sen:!.liP (Johannsen) 1937b:37. 2g. (!'hYi9j:~~!Y:ti.Pt?~) 19t>tterLl,.? (Say) 1823: 12. 2g. C~.) P£L:i,P.~.9 (Edwards) 1929:392. +Hat~ischia curtilamellata (Malloch) 1915:474. *7L~;terb~rniella~r~l~ides (Kieffer) 1911:51.* ------_..--._-.._._.._- - ---_...­1. yariperm~~ (Coquillett) 1902:94.

+Microtendij2es caducus Townes 1945:24. +2M~-~~n~-·var~--.2~~Hus(De Geer) 1776:378. +Nj~Qth§~~ rrdrabile (Townes) 1945:35. ;paL~~h1£9n~ AQgKti~ (Malloch) 1915:465. E. ~~~~ti (Townes) 1945:159. :~ . .t~Il1di~<?'\JQ.gius (Malloch) 1915:475. P?~E~lEg.9p~lIT§ 1[lgt~~ (Townes) 1945:149. +7rarat~Ddip~~ ~lQ~~~ (Meigen) 1818:40. +~h?en.Qp_$_ectra (~~r~nti~) .f9I::£~:LIl~ (Zetterstedt) 1850: 3508. +.::~. (!' .) fl a.¥1Ee_::; (Meigen) 1818: 50 . +f:'. Ct.'.) 91>~i~I1E (Johannsen) 1905:286. 2p . (!'.) ~}lT!gJipgs (Wiedemarm) 1817: 65. +7p.Ql.TI?..~;jJum (PeI}.t~.~HlJITI) tritU!D (Walker) 1856:342. +r. (~Ql~(ht\g[l) l;>ergj. Maschwitz 1976:148. 3E. (E.) ~on~~cl~ (Walker) 1856:161. +E. (r.) crassurn Maschwitz 1976: 99.

illinoense (Malloch) 1915:471. 2")-

p . (P.) --_._­~P. (P.) nubeculosurn (Meigen) 1894:18.*- -

-._--_..

P. (TriP.odura) digH.Uer: Townes 1945: 45. +3r . h~lt~rale (Coquillett) 1901b:17. +P. (T.) ?caJj!~rL~ (Schrank) 1803:73. +2p . (T.) simulans Townes 1945:43. *2Sten~chi-r~~~·-bilaris(Walker) 1848:17. 2S. i~eni~~~is (Coquillett) 1901a:607. +2'§list()chj_ronc:rn~ .d~JJ:l.9tus (Say) 1829: 150. +5. ungui~~latus (Malloch) 1934:16. +2.Tripelos juc\,!l}dus var. dimo_illl\.~ (Mall och) 1915: 464. +2T. £r~l~xt~ (ToWfles) 1945:69. 2xenochirgnomus xeD..9labis (Kieffer-) in Thienemarm 1916:526.

148

Table 6. (cant.)

Subfamily Chrioncrni.nae (coot.) Tribe Pseudochiroocrni.ni

80. +Pseudochironamus banksi Townes 1945:17. 81. 2p . fulviventris (Johannsen) 1905:229. 82. 2p. netta~ownes 1945:19. 83. +CladOtanytarsus sp. 1. 84. +~. sp. 2. 85. +Micropsectra sp. 1. 86.

+.M. sp. 2. 87. +~~~ataQy.tarsus sp. 1. 88. +P. sp. 2. 89. +~J~.ffilPrllin~ sp. 1. 90. +S. sp. 2. 91. :ianytErsus sp. 1. 92. ~. sp. 2. 93. T. sp. 3. 94. +-T. sp. 4. 95. r T. sp. 5. 96. +-T. sp. 6. 97. +-1'. sp. 7.

Subf~ly Orthocladiinae 98. +.QDE_etocli!9J.~ sp. 1. 99. +.QorYrrQn~~~~ ~~£is Roback 1957:61.

100. +Qri£.QtQPus (~.) sp. 1 101. +.<:;. (Jsocli!.cliusl !fi'yJ:;'::!'Q2..hYl1i. Oliver 1984:1287. 102. +~. <.I.) .tlavipes Johannsen 1942: 73. 103. +~. (1.) ~Ylyestris (Fabricius) 1794:252. 104. +li~t.~];_QJ._~j.E.?oc:lagi~ (?) hirt~pex saether 1975:39. 105. +Bydrol:J<!.~!us jQllimn~eni (Sublette) 1967:504. 106. +QItD_Qg.tacUJ.!.2 (Q.) 9m"L~gt~.n~ Saether 1969: 6l. 107. +9.(9.) _()p~J.:.9-tus Joharmsen 1905:281. 108. +.p-~1;_aJzieU?_rj.~ll<:=! sp. 1. 109. +E. sp. 2. 110. +~~r.9.m~t1;..:ig.9Dl?Inus Jlll.lqpecki (Johannsen) 1905: 302. 111. +E;.H~_c:t.IQ9_1~gl.us (f.) ~:Lmulan~ (Johannsen) 1937a: 67. 112. +.~. (1'.) .,{~_illc~Jis (Malloch) 1915: 520. 113. +'!'.h:i@~~_l?Jla ~~D~ (Roback) 1957:61. 114. +Zalutschia .liill!lata ligulata Saether 1976:223.+_.__._----- --- ..._- -------­115. Orthocladiinae sp. 1 116. *Orthocladiinae spp.

4Near the completion of this study, Mr. Robert Montione collected larvae at Goodyear Swamp in otsego Lake of the following 5 species that were identified by the writer and are supplemental to this list: Nat_(lr~i9 (sp. A of Roback 1978, p. 191) (Tanypodinae: Pentaneurini); Sternp?lJj.nell.9 sp. 1 (Chironominae: Tanytarsini); .~ClIA<::Jl'!~tQ~JCl.ch~sp. 1, p~rql iTID..Q2hyes sp. 1 andPE.'.?1JdQ~m1 t UE- sp. 1 (Orthocladiinae).

5Rearings provided as many as eight undescribed new associations of irrmature stages with the respective adults [bbl~~esmy~~ (bblabesmyia) Pa~9lis (Walley) (Tanypodinae: Pentaneurini); ~t.9_9-h.t.r9E~ (?) .?Sj.mil~LU§ (Townes); RJsrotendipes mill~ri (Townes), Nilotha1.llTla mir~ile (Townes) );'.olyped.ilum (.EQlY.'p~ilum) ~La.§§um Maschwitz, ~tictQ.9bJIQl.l~Wl'Luigul'!...tus (Malloch) and Tribelos prote~tus (Townes) (Chironominae: Chironomini); and Zalutscl}ia ligulat.9 .U...ill!lata Saether (Qxj:.hQc::J~Qi,i,D~~)]. Several unidentifiable and possibly Wldescribed. new species were also associated.

149

Of the taxa collected between 1968-88 (109) 24 were not present in the 1989-93 samples. Eight of those were Trichoptera (caddisflies), a pollution sensitive taxocene. All (2 species) of the Plecoptera (stoneflies) have disappeared. Possibly more instructive, taxa encountered from 1968-88 occurred in 347 locations. Those same taxa were found at only 200 sites between 1989-93. Between 1989-93, 51 taxa were colI ected that were not observed in 1968-88. These data resul t in the mUTlerical information presented in Tabl es 2a, b and c. Species richness lakewide has decreased between 1968-88 and 1989-93 by 27.5%. The pollution intolerant "EFT's" species richness has decreased by 56.1%. Mollusca species have decreased by 52.9%.

sites along the lakeshore have been iTTi>acted in varying degrees. Hyde Bay has suffered the greatest stress. I assume the number of taxa present there before the construction of the sand beach and associated filling of wetland approximated the situation found in Rat Cove and Goodyear Swan"lp (wetlands associated with protected embayments), ca. 74 taxa. Using that figure (rather than the 31 that is, as expected, more indicative of sandy beaches with silty areas), this site has experienced a loss of 56 taxa or 75.7% since the 1960's. Aquatic macrophytes dominant in that area are the introduced exotics £. crj,spus and M. §~i~~t~ indicating a decreased sustainability.

Numbers of pollution intolerant taxa dropped even in areas where total numbers of taxa remained stable. Goodyear. Swamp Sanctuary maintained the same number of taxa, yet EFT's were reduced by 40%, moll usks by 75%. These calculations are an indication of serious lakewide problems regarding environmental quality. As illustrated by the leeches (Annelida, Hirudinea), sorne eurytopic taxa have become more abundant in euli ttoral regions.

In deeper- waters the distribution of larger taxa (Figures 2 and 3) and the bicrnass of benthic organisms (Table 3) have changed over the period of study. Figure 2, from data collected in 1968 (Hannan, et al., 1980), shows a preponderance of biomass attributed to mollusks in the euli ttoral environment, arthropods from 4-30 m in depth and oligochaete annelids in the deepest waters 40 m+. These distributions reflect shallow water diversity of substrates and the organisrrs living on them, the homogeneous substrates of the middle depths and the dominance of chi.ronomid fl ies there, with the oligochaetes dominating in the deepest water where they experience periodic low oxygen concentrations.

Figure 3, representing the sane distributions in 1993, shows a notable reduction of arthropod. biomass in the 4-20 m range and an increase in oligochaetes into shallower waters, dominating the substrate in the deepest part of the lake to the almost c~lete exclusion of arthropods and mollusks (fingernail clams).

Table 3 shows biomass in g/m2 in 1935, 1969 and 1993. Biomass rerrained stable between 1935 and 1969, but a trend towards increasing standing crop is evident in 1993.

Macrophytes species richness has tended to rerrain stable since 1969 after a reduction, apparently due to the introduction of Potamogeton crispus, which dominated the Iittoral carmunity through the 1970' s. Eurasian mi lfoi I

150

(Myriophyllum spicatum) invaded about 1985 and has since daninated in all littoral areas. Several plant species are becaning less common, apparently as a resul t of caT()eti tion with this species. Ecological sustainabi 1i ty has therefore been jeopardized.

At the same time that these faunal and floral changes have taken place, other water quality indicators, namely oxygen distribution patterns and concentrations, as well as indications of primary production (phosphorus concentrations and concentrations of chlorophylla)' have changed.

During 1988, Iannuzzi (1990a, b) studied the physical and chemical lirmology of otsego Lake. In May of that year, concentrations of total phosphorus over the total water colUIm averaged 4.05 ug/l. In 1992, similar data yielded values of 10.4 ug/l while in 1993 the average in May was 13.8 ug/l. Chlorophyll a concentrations in epilirmion waters in 1988 averaged 1.04 ug/l while in 1993, they were 6.84 ug/l. Oxygen concentrations in 1988 (Iannuzzi, 1990) are illustrated (Figure 4) as is oxygen in 1993 (Figure 5).

DISCUSSION

The observed reduction in eulittoral macrobenthic invertebrate species richness, especially stenotopic taxocenes and the Mollusca, has undoubtedly been affected by the alteration of water levels associated with the dam in Cooperstown. The surface of otsego Lake was raised about 0.6 m (2 ft.) in the early 1950's. Photographs fram the 1930-50 period show a eulittoral zone along much of the shoreline of ccrnpacted gravel and cobbles well colonized by emergent vegetation, even on all but the most exposed shorelines. Above that, a berm of unconsolidated gravel and channery, apparently heaved upward by the ice each late winter and spring, is evident. Since the water levels wet:e raised, that unconsolidated lnaterial is constantly exposed to wave action and the emergent plants are gone along the majority of the shores. About 20% of the shoreline has been protected by lillceside property owners with boulders or breakwaters in an attanpt to stabilize their eroding waterfronts.

Many of the arthropods and mollusks nonnally occupying stable cobble substrates were al ready uncOlTITtOn in the 1968 survey, probably due to molar action of loose gravel. Mollusks in that category, as well as those dependent on emergent vegetation for food and cover are those now missing fram the species lists.

Productivity, based on biomass calculations, has increased in eulittoral habitats since the 1960' s (Tabl e 3). Taken together with the reduction in diversi ty, this phenomenon may represent a classic si tuation indicating stressed environments (Hutchinson, 1993; ~th, 1974; Resh and Rosenberg, 1984).

The benthic C011lT11.ill.i ty from 4-20 m in depth has changed from a biomass d~nated by arthropoda (but:rowing mayflies and midges [Hannan, et al., 1980]) (Figure 2) to mollusks (Figure 3). It is assumed that this change in species abundance is associated wi th the introduction of Eurasian mi 1foi 1 (MYJ::t_QPDy111.JIT1 ,?mtg£l..t~) in the 1980' s and the resultant domination of the littoral plant ccrrrnunity by this species, greatly reducing plant diversity. Biomass of invertebrates has increased throughout these depths indicating a concurrent increase in productivity.

1 51

, , I I

Figure 4. Oxygen concentratioos at TR4C, otsego Lake, october 1988.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Temp. (0C) Oxygen (mg/I)

1- --­ Oxygen Temperature I

0

5

10

15

20 (I)-... G.IG.I -25-== .t:-a. G.I 30C

35

40

45

50

I I I I , I I I

I I I I I I

,I , , , ,

152

Figure 5. OXygen ccncentratians at TR4C, otsego Lake, October 1993.

0 I I I ,5 I I

10

, ~

I15 , \ ,

-CIl

20 I

-... , ,C1)

C1) 25-~ , s:Q. -C1) 30C I

I I35 ,

40 ,, , , ~45

, 50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Temp. (OC) Oxygen (mg/I)

1---- oxy~n

16 18

Temperature I

153

In deep waters (30-48 m) biomass has increased. The Oligochaete annelids have became dominant over a greater depth distribution at the expense of the fingernail clams (Mollusca: Sphaeriidae) and the Chironanidae (Insecta: Diptera). Since these annelids are generally more tolerant to low oxygen concentrations than the other groups (the taxa present have dcrmnated in the deepest regions since at least the 1960's), it is assumed the general trend towards lower oxygen concentrations in recent years (Figures 4 and 5) is beneb tting these organisms.

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