ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL...
Transcript of ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL...
![Page 1: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SOCIOLINGUISTICS FOR COMPUTATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE
SALI A. TAGLIAMONTE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
CANADA
![Page 2: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SOCIOLINGUISTICS Language in rela5on to society
Pa<erns in language tell us about Sex, Age, Educa-on, Job type, History, Culture, Place, Etc.
Pa<erns in language tap the norms and prac5ces of people Communi-es, Ethnici-es, Social groups, Individuals
![Page 3: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SOCIOLINGUISTICS Language in rela5on to society
Language is a system universals, varia5on, intricate pa<erns
Language perpetually changes transmission, diffusion, innova5on, lifespan
Language conveys more than just the meaning of the words
[bʌtɘ] [bʌdr] [bʌʔɘ]$
![Page 4: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SOCIOLINGUISTIC DATA
Toronto!
York!
![Page 5: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SOCIOLINGUISTIC CORPORA UK 1997-‐2001
M ALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKER S
TOTAL WORD S
York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport [MPT]
19 22 41 401,376
Lowland Scotland Cumnock [CMK]
18 22 40 346,428
Northern Ireland Culleybacky [CLB]
15 5 20 223,693
Northern Ireland Portavogie [PVG]
7 2 9 92,803
TOTAL 59 51 110 2,264,300
![Page 6: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SOCIOLINGUISTIC CORPORA CANADA 2003-‐2008
CANADIAN CORPORA Corpu s A g e Male Female Size (words) Toronto (2002-06 ) 9-92 101 113 1,796,670 Belleville (2007-08 ) 13-85 18 20 389,410 Belleville (1975) 55-96 32 25 246,922 Lakefield (2007 ) 21-85 5 7 146,315 Burnt River (2007-08 ) 15-86 8 11 175,959 Thunder Bay (2007-08) 12-88 17 20 256,856 Total 9-96 181 196 3,012,132
![Page 7: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
COMMUNITY DATA
A speech community sample need not include the large number of individuals usually required for other kinds of behavioral data … It is crucial however, that the sample be well chosen, and representa-ve of all social subsegments about which one wishes to generalize. Gillian Sankoff 1980:51-‐52
![Page 8: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
RESEARCH SITES
![Page 9: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PERSONAL & CONFIDENTIAL
And I was on a date actually with a really bad date, and I was like, "Hey, how are you doing?" 'Cause I 'd just come out of the bathroom, and he's like, "I 'm fine," and then he went and then they called him on stage and I'm like, "What? What 's going on?" and then he did some Stevie-‐Wonder thing and I freaked out and then he came back and I said "Oh that was great," and he just goes, "Yeah thanks," and like walks away. Annie Muscat, age 22, 2002
![Page 10: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
INNOVATIONS
And I was on a date actually with a really bad date, and I was like, "Hey how are you doing?" 'Cause I 'd just come out of the bathroom, and he's like, "I 'm fine," and then he went and then they called him on stage and I'm like, "What? What 's going on?" and then he did some Stevie-‐Wonder thing and I freaked out and then he came back and I said "Oh that was great," and he just goes, "Yeah thanks," and like walks away Annie Muscat, age 22, 2002
![Page 11: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
VERNACULAR LEXICON
And I was on a date actually with a really bad date, and I was like, "Hey how are you doing?" 'Cause I 'd just come out of the bathroom, and he's like, "I 'm fine," and then he went and then they called him on stage and I'm like, "What? What 's going on?" and then he did some Stevie-‐Wonder thing and I freaked out and then he came back and I said "Oh that was great," and he just goes, "Yeah thanks," and like walks away Annie Muscat, age 22, 2002
![Page 12: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
STRUCTURE OF DISCOURSE And I was on a date actually with a really bad date,
and I was like, "Hey, how are you doing?" 'Cause I 'd just come out of the bathroom,
and he's like, "I 'm fine,"
and then he went
and then they called him on stage
and I'm like, "What? What 's going on?”
and then he did some Stevie-‐Wonder thing
and I freaked out and then he came back
and I said "Oh that was great,"
and he just goes, "Yeah thanks,"
and like walks away.
![Page 13: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
CULTURAL INDICATORS
And I was on a date actually with a really bad date, and I was like, "Hey, how are you doing?" 'Cause I 'd just come out of the bathroom, and he's like, "I 'm fine," and then he went and then they called him on stage and I'm like, "What? What 's going on?" and then he did some Stevie-‐Wonder thing and I freaked out and then he came back and I said "Oh that was great," and he just goes, "Yeah thanks," and like walks away. Annie Muscat, age 22, 2002
![Page 14: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SOCIOLINGUISTIC DATA
Small!
Incredibly difficult to obtain, transcribe, maintain, etc.
Intensely personal, private and protected by ethics considera5ons
Key insights into language change, diffusion, socio-‐cultural developments, etc.
![Page 15: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CASE STUDIES
A real world puzzle A theore5cal issue Propaga5on and trends
![Page 16: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ANCESTRY AND CULTURE
“When the subject is a noun … the verb takes the termina5on -‐s in all persons.” Murray 1873:211
![Page 17: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
RESEARCH SITES
Samaná
The English people talks with grammar!
![Page 18: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A REAL WORLD PUZZLE
A gramma5cal error? L2 interference? Why is this variety different? Ethnicity? Ancestry? Origins? A dialectal pa<ern? A mystery and …. A woolley mammoth
![Page 19: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Interpreted quan5ta5vely -‐s can be expected to be more frequent ager a noun phrase than ager pronouns. The ca<le all goes to, to the big markets, these days… they go straight to the slaughter house. (Bryan James, age, 75, Devon, Southwest England)
NORTHERN SUBJECT RULE
![Page 20: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
0.54 0.51 0.52 0.57 0.59
0.72
1
0.65
0.8
0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48
0.04 0
0.07 0.05 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SAM NPR GYE GYV TIV BCK CMK WHL CLB
Full NP Pronoun PLACE MATTERS
![Page 21: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
INTEPRETATION & EXPLANATION
Variable verbal –s is a feature of dialectal varie5es of English The Northern Subject Rule In contexts of transmission, pa<ern is exactly as in historical record In contexts of diffusion, the pa<ern becomes quan5ta5ve
Next -me you hear –s …
Lindley Murray!
![Page 22: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A THEORETICAL ISSUE How does language change?!
I = K1 / ( 1 + K2 / N0 x e-rt )
The Verhulst model or logistic growth curve (generates the logistic distribution of the S-curve)
0
20
40
60
80
100
n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n 7n 8n 9n 10n
time
change
“If teenagers spoke only to octogenarians, there might indeed be breakdowns in intelligibility.” (Chambers 2002:365)
![Page 23: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TORONTO CANADA
Mul5-‐million word sample of 200+ individuals born and raised in Toronto
Stra5fied by age, sex, educa5on, job type
North American English at turn of 21st century
![Page 24: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SOCIALLY EMBEDDED DATA
![Page 25: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A THEORETICAL ISSUE
Transmission How does language change progress from one genera5on to the next?
IncrementaGon What is the mechanism that advances the change along the curve?
![Page 26: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
LOGISTIC INCREMENTATION (LABOV 2001:453, FIGURE 14.5)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
Age
Unit
s o
f change
2000
1975
1950
1925
![Page 27: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
AGE MATTERS! TAGLIAMONTE & DARCY (2007)
0!
10!
20!
30!
40!
50!
60!
70!
80!
90!
100!
9-12! 13-16! 17-29! 30-39! 40-49! 50-59! 60+!
%!
Age!
like!be like!so!have to!have!going to!
![Page 28: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
INTERPRETATION & EXPLANATION
The findings confirm that the logis-c incrementa-on model is indeed “a general requirement” of the evolu5on of linguis5c systems Labov 2001
![Page 29: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
TRENDS AND PREDICTION
Language change tends to start in urban centres and spread out to rural locales Chambers & Trudgill, 1980
Corpora of speech that represent communi5es provide insight into the stage of a linguis5c change or level of par5cipa5on of a community in ongoing linguis5c change Tagliamonte 2003, 2004
![Page 30: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
USING LINGUISTIC PATTERNS
Transmission Preserva5on of pa<erns (constraints) Complex phone5c, gramma5cal and lexical specifica5on Labov 2007: 371
Diffusion Loss of structural detail Loss or re-‐organiza5on of pa<erns (constraints) Labov 2007: 356, 378
![Page 31: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Kirkland Lake South Porcupine
Tri Towns
North Bay
![Page 32: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A FRESH INNOVATION
From the 1980’s, be like rising as a new quota5ve Tagliamonte 1995, et seq
Hypotheses: Torontonians (born and raised in the city) predicted be on the forefront of linguis5c innova5on in Canada; Ontario towns should lag behind
Change predicted move from the largest city to the next larger and so on Cascade Model, Trudgill (1974)
![Page 33: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
FREQUENCY
0102030405060708090
100
> 80 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 20-24 17-19
%
zero be likego bare likesay tellthink other
0102030405060708090
100
> 80 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 17-19 <17
%
zero be likego bare likesay tellthink other
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
> 80 79-70 69-60 59-50 49-40 39-35 29-25 24-20 19-17
%
South Porcupine! North Bay!
Toronto!
![Page 34: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
MODELING AND PREDICTING
What predicts when a person will use be like? 1st person I’m like, “Oh my god!”
Internal thought And then in my mind, I’m like, “Oh my god!”
Present tense I’m like vs. I was like
Females favour
![Page 35: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
MODELLING CONSTRAINTS Fixed effects:! Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) !(Intercept) -1.67514 0.73041 -2.293 0.021824 * !$TENSE MORPHOLOGOY!Present!Past -0.80174 0.21429 -3.741 0.000183 ***$GRAMMATICAL PERSON!First person!Other 0.62944 0.21195 2.970 0.002981 ** $SEX!Female!Male 1.16162 0.61082 1.902 0.057204 . $TYPE OF QUOTE!Direct!Internal dialogue 0.53784 0.35375 1.520 0.128406 !COMMUNITY!Belleville!Burntfield 0.08127 1.03754 0.078 0.937566 !NorthBay -0.54437 0.77625 -0.701 0.483127 !Porcupine -0.75553 0.87273 -0.866 0.386648 !!Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 $
![Page 36: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TORONTO [17-19 yrs]
SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO
NORTH BAY
PORCU-PINE
Input Total N
.73 3462
.66 586
.74 616
.79 567
MORPHOLOGY
Present .69 .70 .57 .67
Past .47 .39 .60 .27
Other .26 .19 .25 .14
MORPHOLOGY
![Page 37: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
GRAMMATICAL PERSON
TORONTO
[17-19 yrs] SOUTHEASTERN
ONTARIO NORTH
BAY PORCU-
PINE GRAMMATICAL PERSON
1st Person .53 .61 .57 [.54]
Other person .47 .41 .44 [.45]
![Page 38: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TYPE OF QUOTE
TORONTO
[17-19 yrs] SOUTHEASTERN
ONTARIO NORTH
BAY PORCU-
PINE TYPE OF QUOTE
Internal thought .57 .50 [.32] [.47]
Direct speech .48 .47 [.51] [.50]
![Page 39: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
TORONTO
[17-19 yrs] SOUTHEASTERN
ONTARIO NORTH
BAY PORCU-
PINE SEX
Female .55 .54 .49 .47
Male .38 .37 .54 .51
SEX
![Page 40: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
SUMMARY
TORONTO [17-19 yrs]
ONTARIO NORTH BAY
PORCU- PINE
GRAMMATICAL PERSON ! ! ! X TENSE MORPHOLOGY ! ! ! X X TYPE OF QUOTE ! ! X X SEX ! ! X X
![Page 41: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
OBSERVATIONS
Be like has arrived in the small towns of Northern Ontario! But to varying degrees correlated with distance from Toronto
The small towns of Northern Ontario exhibit a quota5ve system similar to, but systema5cally dis5nct from the variable grammar in the south
The effects of diffusing change can be viewed in Northern Ontario in the shiging pa<ern of constraints
![Page 42: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The landscape from south to north in Ontario shows the incremental degrada5on of structural detail on the variable grammar of linguis5c change the further north ones goes!
OBSERVATIONS
![Page 43: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
TAKE AWAY MESSAGE
Sociolinguis5c studies can address prevailing puzzles and offer solu5ons to real world problems
BUT … Sociolinguis5c research is only as good as the Quality and representa5veness of the data Capability of the technologies for extrac5ng and analyzing important trends
Relevance of the interpreta5ons, socially and sta5s5cally
![Page 44: ACL Tagliamonte 6-3-14 - Cornell University...SOCIOLINGUISTIC*CORPORA UK19972001 * MALE FEMALE TOTAL SPEAKERS TOTAL WORDS York English Corpus 92 1.2 million Northwest England Maryport](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042201/5ea12b1852b4a93ab7427cba/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
THANKS TO…
The Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRCC) for research grants 2001-present!
!
The Killam Trust Research Fellowship 2013-2015.!