Accident Prevention Techniques

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Accident prevention techniques

V.SUNDARARAJU B.Tech Page 1

ACCIDENT PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

People- employees- represent high-risk, high-reward resources of an enterprise.

They are costly to employ and difficult to manage. They are the most productive

influence in the resource mix, however without them, there is no enterprise.Without their skills, knowledge, and judgment, few systems or machines could

perform as effectively as they do. It is the supervisors challenge, then, to select

and train these employees, determine how many are needed, and what their skills

should be. A supervisor is also held directly to task for employee safety and health.

Henrich E. W., The German Scientist, declares that The First Line Supervisors is

in a tremendously important position so far as attaining the results in ACCIDENT

PREVENTION is concerned. No safety programs can hope to be wholly

successful without the sympathetic and intelligent support of able supervisors.

The overriding principle the supervisor must follow- and sees that employee must

follow- is SAFETY FIRST: this means, literally, that a concern for safety must

precede all other considerations. It must come before production; it must come

before quality and it must come before cost.

SAFETY RULES AND REGULATION CODE:

If the company has established a set of Rules and Regulations or a code for safepractice, this becomes the Safety Bible: with this as a basis, a supervisor can set up

a continuing, three phase programs.

I. ENGINEER FOR SAFETY by planning the work, the job, and theequipment for the most fool-proof operation. As a starter, this means

safety goggles or glasses, hard hats, safety shoes and other protective

clothing; it is in this technical area that the safety officer can be of most

help;

II. EDUCATE FOR SAFETY by showing the employees why, where andhow accidents can happen. If a supervisor can show an employee, where

the danger spots are in the job, training the employee in ways to

minimize the exposure to them is also possible;

III. ENFORCE FOR SAFETY by never looking the other way when thesafety Rule is violated. Hard as it may seem, the only sure way to show


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employees that a supervisor means business about safety is to check

down on the slightest infringement- even if it is something as minor as

not holding on to a safety hand railing or removing safety glasses in a

required area.

CHECK-LIST AS PER THE FACTORIES ACT 1948:

1. Prescribed safety clothing and/or protective equipments (such as gloves,goggles, aprons, hard hats, etc.) must be worn at all times;

2. Protective devices (machine guards, gates, safety switches, lock-outswitches) on machinery and equipments must be in place and operative

before equipment is used;

3.No smoking or use of open flame (matches, cigarettes, lighters, candles andso on) will be permitted on all areas as designated;

4. No repairs will be made on machinery, while it is running without theexpress approval of the safety officer;

5. Any injury, no matter what its severity must be reported to the departmentalsupervisor immediately;

6. When in doubt, in an unsafe condition, do not proceed without first checkingwith the departmental supervisor;

7. In case of fire, unless otherwise instructed by a Fire Marshal, leave thepremises at once by the most convenient Fire Exit;

8. Do not obstruct the Fire Extinguishers, Fire Doors or Fire Equipment such ashoses and sprinkler heads;

9. Observe standards and safe conducts by avoiding horse-play, and byaccepting responsibility for your safety and health and

10.The company subscribes to these standards for safe operation pledges toprovide employees with safe and healthful working conditions pursuant to

standards, regulations and orders issued under the Tamilnadu Factories

Rules 1950.

TECHNIQUES OF DISCOVERING HAZARDS:

Accidents do not happen; they are caused. The prime concern of accidents is

unsafe conditions and unsafe acts. The way to prevent accidents is to discover and


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eliminate causes. The following are the most acceptable techniques of discovering

hazards:

I. ACCIDENT REPORTING & INVESTIGATIONCURATIVE

II. ACCIDENT RECORDS & STATISTICSIII. PLANT SAFETY INSPECTION

PREVENTIVE

IV. JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS.I. ACCIDENT REPORTING & INVESTIGATION:

In industry, every action is planned and expected; an accident is an

unplanned and unexpected occurrence. It disrupts the planned and

expected course of events. It is not necessarily the moment when the

accident happened; it usually precedes it. The purpose of investigation,

therefore, is to disclose the moment of divergence. When this moment

of divergence is disclosed, the true cause of accident is revealed.

II. ACCIDENT RECORDS & STATISTICS:Records of accidents are essential for efficient and successful

investigation. The completeness and accuracy of the entire accident

record system depend on the information transmitted in the individual

accident reports. Therefore simple forms which contain all essential

information should be used for reporting.

Records convey the information of situations; accurate information help

in formation of sound policies by the Government. Many studies are

being conducted with records and statistics. We look at the man- thetensions under which he is working; the place where he is staying- the

problems that he is facing; and why this? In our entire process, we have a

multidisciplinary approach. It is only when we look at all these facts, we

can know What can be done to bring about industrial discipline.


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III. PLANT SAFETY INSPECTION:Every inspector should make up his own check-list to suit his own needs

and methods, for such lists serve as a safe-guard against his memory

lapse and oversight. R.P. BLAKE, Principal Safety Engineer, Division of

Labour Standard, U.S. suggests the following as a foundation list:

1. House-keeping;2. Material Handling Methods;3. Adequacy of aisle space and working space;4. Guarding of transmission machinery;5. Points-of-operation guards;6. Maintenance;7. Hand-tools;8. Ladders, portable steps, horses, etc.;9. Hand trucks, power trucks, wheel-barrows, etc.;10.Floors, platforms, stairs, railings;11.Cranes, hoists, derricks, plant railways;12.Lighting;13.Electrical equipments, particularly extension chords;14.Elevators;15.Eye protection;16.Other personal protective equipments;17.Dust, fume, gases and vapors;18.Pressure vessels;19.Any other explosion hazard as volatiles, gases, chemicals;20.Other dangerous substances;21.Oiling methods;22.Inspection of chains, cables, slings and other lifting tackles;23.Access to overhead equipment;24.Exits;25.Yards, roofs and roadways and26.Any other conditions suggested by the accident records.


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IV. JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS:Job Safety Analysis requires getting down to the minute detail involving

all the operations of a job. A detailed description of each step from the

time the work is started should include the preliminaries of issuing thejob tickets, blue-prints, and special tools, as well as definition of the skill

and other qualifications required for the job.

STEPS= i. Select the job

ii. Break the job into successive steps

iii. Identify the hazards in each step

iv. Develop the way to eliminate the hazards.

(e.g.) Fettling of ferrous castings weighing about 10 Kgs. with a pedestalgrinder in a Foundry:

S. NO.OPERATION STEPS..HAZARDPRECAUTION

1. Start the machine Breakage of wheel Check and adjust

the guard;

Contact with wheel Adjust tool rest;

Flying particles Get wheel dressed;

If necessary, wear

Goggles/shield.

2. Pick up the job Sharp surface Use hand gloves;

Fall of casting Proper handling/

Wear safety shoes

Sprain Storing properly/

Proper handling.

3. Grinding Dust nuisance Use respirator;

4. Replace the job Same as in step.2 Same as in step.2.


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WORKING CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING:

It has taken long time for the full extent of the inter-dependence between working

conditions and environmental conditions to be properly recognized. The first move

in this direction came when people began to realize that occupational accidents haseconomic as well as physical consequences, although at first only their direct cost

(medical care, compensation) were perceived and subsequently attention was paid

to occupational diseases as well. As a final step, it was realized that the indirect

cost of occupational accidents (working time lost by the injured person, the

witnesses and the accident investigators, production stoppage, material damage,

work delays, possible legal and other costs, reduced output when the injured

person is replaced and subsequently when he returns to work and so on) are usually

for higher- as much as four times higher in some cases- than the direct costs.

The reduction in productivity and the increase in production-rejects and

manufacturing waste that result from fatigue due to excessively long working

hours and bad working conditions in particular, lighting and ventilation, have

shown that the human body, in spite of its immune capacity for adaptation, is far

more productive when working under optimal conditions. Indeed, in certain

developing countries, it has been found that productivity can be improved merely

by improving the conditions under which people work. The four basic methods of

controlling occupational hazards classified by decreasing order of effectivenessare:

1. Elimination of Hazard HazXard - Individual2. Removal of Individual from exposure Hazard - IndivXidual3. Isolation of the Hazard [Hazard] - Individual4. Protection of the Individual Hazard - [Individual]

ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATION AT WORK SPOT:

A few general notes as on laying out the work places may be useful:

y If similar work is being done by each hand, there should be a separate supplyof material or parts for each hand;


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y If eyes are used for selecting the material, as far as possible, the materialshould be kept in an area where the eyes can locate it without there being any

need to turn the head;

y The nature and shape of the material influence its position in the lay-out;y Hand-tools should be picked up with the least possible disturbance to the

rhythm and symmetry of movements. As far as possible, the operator should

be able to pick up or put down a tool as the hand moves from one part of the

work to the next, without making a special journey. Natural movements are

curved, not straight: tools should be placed on the arc of the movement, butclear of the path of movement of any material which has to be slid along the

surface of the bench;

y Tools should be easy to pick up and replace, as far as possible, they shouldhave an automatic return, or the location of the next piece of material to be

moved should allow the tool to be returned as the hand travels to pick it up;

y Finished work should be-

a. Dropped down a hole or chute;b. Dropped through a chute when the hand is starting the first motion of the

next cycle;

c. Put in a container placed so that hand movements are kept to a minimum;d. If the operation is an intermediate one, place in a container in such a way

that the next operative can pick it up easily and

e. Always look into the possibility of using pedals or knee operated levers forlocking devices on fixtures r devices for dispensing any finished work.


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Accident Prevention Techniques

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