ACCESS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN 2021
Transcript of ACCESS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN 2021
ACCESS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN 2021The APEC Women and the Economy Dashboard measures areas that a�ect women’s economic opportunities. The latest installment shows progress, however, weak and
contrasting policies as well as sociocultural gender biases remain.
SNAPSHOTS: MIXED RESULTS & CONTRASTING POLICIES
CAPITAL AND ASSETS
Women and men are enjoying equal rights
This may provide empowering income security that could impact socio-economic conditions well into the future.
The number of APEC economies with laws prohibiting such discrimination has remained persistently low.
Based on the 2021 APEC Women and the Economy Dashboard by the
APEC Policy Support Unit
The majority of APEC economies continue to uphold women’s rights to property and inheritance
Access to credit is constrained by creditors’ discrimination based on gender and marital status.
To own property To inherit property
JOBS
Women’s access to labor has improved in 2020
21
19
13
10
18
17
Laws allowing women to work the same night hours as men
2020
Laws allowing women to work in the same industries as men
Laws mandating non-discrimination in hiring based on gender
2008
NUMBER OF APEC ECONOMIES
Source: World Bank-Women, Business and the Law
Women and men are enjoying equal rights
Girls are at par with boys in math and better at reading.
PISA results, female (mean performance)
Women’s unemployment rate has decreased together with vulnerable employment
Girls have improved academic performance
Few economies allow women to work in the same industries as men.
No laws ensuring equal pay for women and men doing work of equal value in more than half of APEC economies.
SKILLS
Source: OECD-Programme for International Student Assessment Source: OECD-Programme for International Student Assessment
2008
4.4% 3.7% 2020
2009
Mathematics Performance Reading Performance
2012 2015 2018
483.6
471.2
487.0
472.7
480.4
471.1
479.6
473.9
PISA ratios
Ratio of boys’ scores to girls’ scores in mathRatio of boys’ scores to girls’ scores in reading
1.01 1.01 1.011.00
0.93 0.940.95
0.95
2009 2012 2015 2018
Those under vulnerable employment are less likely to have formal work arrangements, and are therefore more likely to lack decent working conditions, adequate social security and “voice” through e�ective representation by trade unions and similar organizations. (Source: ILO)
Women’s economic empowerment needs to be supported by political empowerment to ensure gender equality in policy decisions affecting access to economic opportunities and social programs.
HEALTH
Maternal mortality declined
The prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age reverted to 17.5% in 2019, the same as in 2008.
LEADERSHIP
Women lack representation in public leadership roles
Women's political empowerment
Sources: Inter-Parliamentary Union: Women in Politics for women in parliaments and ministerial positions; and the World Economic Forum-Global Gender Gap Report for the gender pariity at the highest levels of political decision-making
2008
70 472017
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Proportion of seats held by women in parliaments (%)
Women in ministerial positions (%)
How close women are to parity with men at the highest levels of political decision-making
18.2
14.4
18.8 18.816.1
18.7 19.6
14.3
19.9 19.5
16.2
20.8 21.3
18.7
22.5 23.3
18.2
23.9
19.120.1
15.5
Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
Fixed internet broadband subscriptions in APEC have steadily climbed
Internet subscription and bandwidth
INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
WANTED: MORE DATA
On women in private-sector leadership positions
On use of online transactions by men and women
On women who work in STEM
Women are estimated to be underrepresented in the field of research and development (R&D). However, data are incomplete and intermittent so there is no accurate picture.
The little relevant data show that women make up more than 50% of science,technology, engineering & mathematics (STEM) graduates in only one APEC economy.
With more internet users, we can assume more women have online access; however, sex-disaggregated data remain unavailable for most APEC economies.
Being equipped with STEM-related skills has become more urgent amid the COVID-19 pandemic that necessitates quicker and wider adoption of digital technologies to conduct daily activities.
Source: International Telecommunication Union
Fixed internet broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants, left scale)
Internet users (% of total population, left scale)
International internet bandwidth (in Gbit/s, right scale)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
19
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
00
32
21
36
24
41
27
44
29
48
30
50
31
52
37
55
41
59
47
62
48
66
527 753 1,008 1,320 1,7152,186
3,036
3,983
5,964
8,673
10,442
11,950
The ongoing pandemic has exacerbated gender inequalities with repercussions
expected to reverberate into the medium to long term if policy responses are late
and inadequate.
Travel & tourism, food & beverage and retail, hit hardest by social distancing
policies, employ women.
Rising cases of domestic violence due to lockdown conditions.
Telecommuting and online learning mean that women face increasing
challenges in balancing employment with unpaid care work.
COVID-19
THE ROLE OF POLICYMAKERS
Enforce measures that advance women’s empowerment
Integrate gender equality in all levels of education
Conduct information campaigns to change mindsets and counter
gender stereotyping
The 2021 dashboard is composed of 95 indicators and is published alongside extensive analysis. Download the full report at www.apec.org/publications