Key Functions in Academic WritingLemmuela Alvita Kurniawati136332040

1.1 Introduction

Types of

Writing

Defini-

tion

Descrip-tion

Classifi-cation

Cause-effect

Compari-

son and contrast

Argumen-

tation

Functions

To categorize different sections of writing

To establish a particular function

DEFINITION

DESCRIPTION

1.2 Defining Terms and Ideas

Defining Terms and

Ideas

Defining specialized, controversial or ambiguous terminology

Making the meanings of key terms absolutely

clear

Using the terminology consistently

Purposes of defining terms

To demonstrate understanding of the concepts to which they refer

To begin the writing

To give structure to a piece of writing

Definition

Length

• Short• Long

Elements• Category• Characteristic

Detailed information

• Origin• History• Function(s)• Use(s)

In the present study, ____ refers to ____

____ can be defined as ____

This term refers to ____

Although there have been various interpretations of ____, I am using it to mean ____

I am taking ____ to mean ____

The term as used here refers not to ____ but instead/ rather to ____

Words and phrases associated with definition

1.3 Describing

PROCESSES

Finally/ Lastly

Next

Simul-taneously

Following

After this

Prior to

Describing processes

Language form

Imperative form

First, heat the oil. Next, pour the milk

into the hot pan.

Passive voice form

First, ripe grapes are harvested. Then, they are crushed by a mechanical

crusher.

Example:

Washing machines are operated by a motor, which

is connected to the agitator through a transmission. The

motor and transmission are near the bottom of the

machine, while the agitator is the middle of the machine.

The transmission is similar to the transmission in the

automobile which changes the speed and direction of the

agitator.

Describing component parts

Describing a sequence of eventsTime

sequence

Before

After

At the same time

Respec-tively

Next

Time frames/ time periods

From … to …

During …

By the time …

Between … and …

Until …

Thank You