Academic Reading 4

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    Cocnej`o [ecn`md >

    Pgu sagubn s|emn ckgu~ ;< j`mu~es gm Sues~`gms 3*3? ta`oa c{e kcsen gm ~ae [ecn`md \csscde kebgt-

    ^ae D`cm~ \cmnc

    Hg{ jg{e ~acm 3

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    ocbben ~ae {cn`cb sescjg`n- ^aep use ~a`s $hcbse ~aujk$ ~g {gbb kcjkgg becxes `m~g hc~" o`dc{sac|en tcns

    ta`oa ~aep ~aem sexe{ us`md ~ae`{ |gte{hub fcts- ^aep heen jc`mbp gm ~ae d{gumn ku~ c{e oc|ckbe gh

    ob`jk`md ~{ees cs tebb- ^ae s|eo~coben kec{ `s c jg{e h{euem~ ob`jke{ cmn t`bb exem ob`jk s|`ip oco~`

    |bcm~s ~g {ecoa h{u`~ c~ ~ae ~g|- ^aep cbsg ogms~{uo~ ~{ee mes~s ~g co~ cs c ken cs tebb cs c |bc~hg{j ~g heen

    h{gj h{u`~*bcnem k{cmoaes-

    Xe{p goocs`gmcbbp" ~ae d`cm~ |cmnc su||bejem~s `~s n`e~ t`~a jec~" ta`oa `~ socxemdes- _|eo~coben kec{sec~ oc{{`gm" ~gg" cmn sgje acxe keem imgtm ~g i`bb sjcbb ocbxes- _|eo~coben kec{s c{e a`dabp cnc|~ckbe cmn

    c{e hgumn `m c t`ne {cmde gh ack`~c~s `mobun`md {c`mhg{es~" n{p hg{es~ cmn ogcs~cb so{uk nese{~- @m ogm~{cs~"

    ~ae d`cm~ |cmnc$) b`xe c~ cm cb~`~une gh ke~teem 3"; ~ae ck`b`~p ~g cnfus~ ~g n`hhe{em~ emx`{gmjem~s

    5 ~ae use gh mg`ses ~g sgo`cb`ve t`~a ecoa g~ae{

    8 ~ae ck`b`~p ~g ob`jk ~{ees

    4 ~ae ec~`md gh jec~

    1 c s`j`bc{`~p ~g c ~p|e gh {cooggm

    Sues~`gms 0*3? Ogj|be~e ~ae sem~emoes t`~a tg{ns ~ciem h{gj ~ae |csscde- Use MG JG[E ^ACM ^TG

    TG[N_ hg{ ecoa cmste{-

    T{`~e pgu{ cmste{s `m s|coes 0*3? kebgt-

    0 ^ae |cmnc$s n`des~`xe sps~ej `s ~ac~ gh c -3< ^ae d`cm~ |cmnc jus~ ec~ ogms~cm~bp keocuse `~ ocm gmbp c sjcbb cjgum~ gh kcjkgg-

    33 @m t`m~e{" d`cm~ |cmncs ocmmg~ keocuse gh ~ae`{ heen`md ack`~s-

    3; _|eo~coben kec{s ku`bn ~g aeb| {ecoa ~ae`{ hggn-

    3? D`cm~ |cmncs jcp use ~ae`{ ~g ~a{ec~em g~ae{ |cmncs-

    ;

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    Pgu sagubn s|emn ckgu~ ;< j`mu~es gm Sues~`gms 3*3; ta`oa c{e kcsen gm ~ae [ecn`md \csscde kebgt-

    [gkg~`o c||{gcoa ~g o{g| k{een`md

    Femm`he{ Jcmptec~ae{s ~cies c bggi c~ c {gkg~ ~ac~ `s ke`md usen ~g `nem~`hp n{guda~*~gbe{cm~ o{g|

    xc{`e~`es

    C ^ae Cus~{cb`cm sumhbgte{ `mnus~{p `s ~ae jcfg{ sgu{oe gh |gbpumsc~u{c~en hc~~p co`ns hgumn `m

    jc{dc{`mes cmn s|{ecns- [eogdm`sen cs ~ae ~p|e gh hc~~p co`n jgs~ ckbe ~g |{g~eo~ cdc`ms~ aec{~ n`secse" `~

    `s `m exe{pkgnp$s kes~ `m~e{es~ ~ac~ Cus~{cb`c acs c ogj|e~`~`xe cmn aecb~ap sumhbgte{ `mnus~{p" ku~ `m

    Cus~{cb`c ~ae{e `s c ogms~cm~ s~{uddbe t`~a ~ae ac{sa ob`jc~e- Agtexe{" ~acmis ~g gme s|eo`cb {gkg~"hc{je{s jcp ke ckbe ~g t`m ~ae kc~~be cdc`ms~ n{guda~-

    K N{ Oa{`s Bcjk{`nes" c {esec{oa hebbgt c~ ~ae Um`xe{s`~p gh Sueemsbcmn" `s mec{`md ~ae emn gh c |{gfeo~

    ~ac~ c`js ~g nexebg| jg{e n{guda~~gbe{cm~ sumhbgte{s kp sebeo~`md hbgte{s ~ac~ use tc~e{ jg{eehh`o`em~bp- Ae$s ngme ~a`s t`~a ~ae aeb| gh c {gkg~ nexebg|en kp ~ae Cus~{cb`cm Mc~`gmcb Um`xe{s`~p$s

    [esec{oa _oaggb gh K`gbgd`ocb _o`emoes-

    O \bcm~s umne{dg |ag~gspm~aes s ~g |{gnuoe eme{dp `m ~ae hg{j gh sudc{- ^a`s `mxgbxes cbbgt`md oc{kgm

    n`gq`ne ~g em~e{ ~ae becxes ~a{guda |g{es ocbben s~gjc~c- ^{cms|`{c~`gm `s ~ae jeoacm`sj kp ta`oa |bcm~s

    bgse tc~e{ ~a{guda ~ae`{ becxes- ^a`s sps~ej `s ~aguda~ ~g hco`b`~c~e ~ae |csscde gh j`me{cbs ~a{guda ~ae

    |bcm~ cmn `s x`~cb hg{ aecb~ap |bcm~s-

    N Agtexe{" `m ogmn`~`gms gh n{guda~" ~ae |bcm~s ~ac~ ocm use ~ae cxc`bckbe tc~e{ ehh`o`em~bp cmn bgse bess

    ~g ~ae emx`{gmjem~ t`bb ke jg{e b`iebp ~g ~a{`xe cmn" `m c ogjje{o`cb semse keogje jg{e |{gh`~ckbe-

    ^aese |bcm~s c{e obcss`h`en cs acx`md c a`da ~{cms|`{c~`gm ehh`o`emop- Taem |bcm~s ~{cms|`{e" ~ae becxes

    keogje oggbe{ nue ~g exc|g{c~`gm- ^ae{ehg{e" kp jecsu{`md ~ae ~ej|e{c~u{e gh ~ae becxes" so`em~`s~s ocm

    ne~e{j`me agt juoa tc~e{ `s ke`md bgs~ ~a{guda ~{cms|`{c~`gm-

    E Taem ~ae |{gfeo~ h`{s~ kedcm" ~ae {esec{oae{s usen acmn*aebn `mh{c{en ~ae{jgje~e{s ~g jecsu{e ~ae

    ~ej|e{c~u{e n`hhe{emoe ke~teem becxes gh n`hhe{em~ xc{`e~`es gh sumhbgte{s `m cm eq|e{`jem~cb |bg~- T`mn

    ocm chheo~ bech ~ej|e{c~u{e" cmn ~ae {esec{oa ~ecj n`sogxe{en ~ac~ `~s `m`~`cb c||{gcoa n`n mg~ oc~e{ hg{

    oacmdes `m t`mn s|een" ta`oa ogubn mg~ ke ogm~{gbben cs cm eq|e{`jem~cb xc{`ckbe- ^ae ~ecj ~ae{ehg{emeenen c ~eoam`ue ~g jecsu{e ~ej|e{c~u{e ogm~`mugusbp ~ac~ tgubn cbbgt `~ ~g eqcj`me ~ae ehheo~s gh

    g~ae{ xc{`ckbes suoa cs auj`n`~p- ^aep meenen c {gkg~-

    H ^aep nes`dmen c {gkg~ t`~a ~tg `mh{c{en ~ae{jgje~e{s se~ c~ 31

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    ~ae{jgje~e{s tgubn gmbp jecsu{e ~ae ~ej|e{c~u{e gh ~ae |bcm~s cmn mg~ ~ae su{{gumn`md emx`{gmjem~-

    E`da~ xc{`e~`es gh sumhbgte{ te{e eqcj`men- ^ae nc~c ogbbeo~en kp ~ae {gkg~ acs keem usen kp ~ae

    {esec{oa ~ecj ~g ne~e{j`me ta`oa xc{`e~p acs ~ae a`daes~ ~{cms|`{c~`gm ehh`o`emop-

    @ ^a`s `s mg~ ~ae h`{s~ ~`je suoa je~agns acxe keem usen ~g ne~e{j`me n{guda~*{es`s~cmoe `m |bcm~s- ^ae

    ~ecj cmn ~ae`{ {gkg~ acxe cb{ecnp jcne c jcfg{ k{eci~a{guda `m ~ae Cus~{cb`cm taec~ `mnus~{p t`~a

    N{psncbe Taec~" ta`oa s`dmcbben ~ae c{{`xcb gh c met ~eoam`ue hg{ sebeo~`md n{guda~*{es`s~cm~ s|eo`es-

    Sues~`gms 3*>

    Ogj|be~e ~ae sem~emoes t`~a tg{ns ~ciem h{gj ~ae |csscde- Use MG JG[E ^ACM ^TG TG[N_ hg{

    ecoa cmste{- T{`~e pgu{ cmste{s meq~ ~g Sues~`gms 3*>-

    3 @m ~e{js gh gu{ aecb~a" sumhbgte{s c{e `j|g{~cm~ m nehemn`md aujcms cdc`ms~ WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW-

    ; ^ae {esec{oa ~ecj tcm~en ~g h`mn c sumhbgte{ ~ac~ ogubn og|e tebb `m ogmn`~`gms- WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW-

    ? ^ae mcje gh ~ae |{goess ta`oa `s keb`exen ~g aeb| iee| |bcm~s `m dggn ogmn`~`gm `s WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW-

    > ^ae {esec{oa ~ecj acn ~g {e~a`mi ~ae`{ `m`~`cb c||{gcoa taem ~aep {ecb`sen ~aep meenen ~g jecsu{e ~ae

    `j|co~ gh eq~e{mcb ogmn`~`gms suoa cs WWWWWWWWWW cmn WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW-

    Sues~`gms 5*3;^ae {ecn`md |csscde acs m`me |c{cd{c|as bckebben C*@- Ta`oa |c{cd{c|a ogm~c`ms ~ae

    hgbbgt`md `mhg{jc~`gm7 T{`~e ~ae og{{eo~ be~~e{C*@ meq~ ~g Sues~`gms 5*3;-

    5 ~ae |{eo`se d{gt`md ogmn`~`gms {eu`{en ~g cbbgt ~ae eq|e{`jem~ ~g tg{i

    8 c neso{`|~`gm gh ~ae agt ~ae {gkg~ g|e{c~es

    4 cm eq|bcmc~`gm gh ~tg `j|g{~cm~ |{goesses usen kp |bcm~s

    1 c {ehe{emoe ~g c |{ex`gus s~unp us`md c n`hhe{em~ o{g|

    0 ne~c`bs gh tac~ ~ae {gkg~ nges taem ogmn`~`gms c{e |gg{

    3< ~ae mcje gh ~ae d{gu| {es|gms`kbe hg{ jci`md ~ae {gkg~

    33 ~ae mujke{ gh n`hhe{em~ ~p|es gh sumhbgte{ ~es~en

    3; ~ae |u{|gse gh ~ci`md ~ae ~ej|e{c~u{e gh ~ae |bcm~s

    Cocnej`o [ecn`md

    Pgu sagubn s|emn ckgu~ ;< j`mu~es gm Sues~`gms 3*3; ta`oa c{e kcsen gm ~ae [ecn`md \csscde kebgt-

    Eq|e{`emoe xe{sus s|een

    Oe{~c`m jem~cb humo~`gms sbgt ngtm t`~a cde" ku~ ~ae k{c`m ogj|emsc~es `m tcps ~ac~ ocm iee| sem`g{s

    cs sac{| cs pgumds~e{s-

    Fcie" cden 38" acs c ~e{{`h`o {ebc~`gmsa`| t`~a a`s d{cmnjg~ae{ [`~c" tag `s 4

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    pgumde{ j`mns- \g|ubc{ |spoagbgdp scps ~ac~ cs |eg|be cde ~ae`{ k{c`ms $sbgt ngtm$- ^ae `j|b`oc~`gm"

    gh ogu{se" `s ~ac~ ebne{bp jem cmn tgjem c{e mg~ cs jem~cbbp cd`be cs j`nnbe*cden cnub~s g{ exem

    ~eemcde{s- Agtexe{" cb~aguda oe{~c`m k{c`m humo~`gms suoa cs |e{oe|~`gm cmn {eco~`gm ~`je ng `mneen

    ~cie bgmde{" ~ac~ sbgt`md ngtm nges mg~ meoessc{`bp umne{j`me jem~cb sac{|mess- @mneen" ex`nemoe

    sagts ~ac~ gbne{ |eg|be c{e fus~ cs jem~cbbp h`~ cs pgumde{ |eg|be keocuse ~ae`{ k{c`ms ogj|emsc~e hg{

    sgje i`mns gh neob`mes `m o{ec~`xe tcps ~ac~ pgumd j`mns ng mg~ eq|bg`~-

    Fus~ cs |eg|be$s kgn`es cde c~ n`hhe{em~ {c~es" sg ng ~ae`{ j`mns- Cs cnub~s cnxcmoe `m cde" ~ae

    |e{oe|~`gm gh s`da~s" sgumns cmn sjebbs ~cies c k`~ bgmde{" cmn bcp`md ngtm met `mhg{jc~`gm `m~g

    jejg{p keogjes jg{e n`hh`oub~- ^ae ck b`~p ~g {e~{`exe jejg{`es cbsg u`oibp sb nes cmn `~ `s

    sgje~`jes ac{ne{ ~g ogmoem~{c~e cmn jc`m~c`m c~~em~`gm-

    Gm ~ae g~ae{ acmn" ~ae cde`md k{c`m ocm o{ec~e s`dm`h`ocm~ kemeh`~s kp ~c||`md `m~g `~s eq~ems`xe agc{n

    gh cooujubc~en imgtbende cmn eq|e{`emoe- ^ae k`ddes~ ~{`oi ~ac~ gbne{ k{c`ms ej|bgp `s ~g use kg~a

    aej`s|ae{es s`jub~cmegusbp ~g acmnbe ~csis hg{ ta`oa pgumde{ k{c`ms {ebp |{engj`mcm~bp gm gme s`ne-

    Ebeo~{gm`o `jcdes ~ciem kp ogdm`~`xe so`em~ s~s c~ ~ae Um`xe{s`~p gh J`oa`dcm" hg{ eqcj|be" acxe

    nejgms~{c~en ~ac~ exem taem ng`md kcs`o {eogdm`~`gm g{ jejg{`vc~`gm eqe{o`ses" sem`g{s eq|bg`~ ~ae

    beh~ cmn {`da~ s`ne gh ~ae k{c`m jg{e eq~ems`xebp ~acm jem cmn tgjem tag c{e neocnes pgumde{-

    N{ct`md gm kg~a s`nes gh ~ae k{c`m d`xes ~aej c ~co~`ocb ende" exem `h ~ae s|een gh ecoa aej`s|ae{e$s|{goess `s sbgte{-

    @m cmg~ae{ eq|e{`jem~" J`oaceb Hcbiems~e`m gh ~ae Um`xe{s`~p gh Ng{~jumn `m De{jcmp hgumn ~ac~

    taem ebne{s te{e |{esem~en t`~a met ogj|u~e{ eqe{o`ses ~aep |cusen bgmde{ kehg{e {eco~`md cmn ~ggi

    bgmde{ ~g ogj|be~e ~ae ~csis" pe~ ~aep jcne 5

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    gbne{ k{c`ms sgbxen ~ae |{gkbejs fus~ cs ehheo~`xebp ku~ kp n`hhe{em~ jecms-

    Sues~`gms 3*?

    Oaggse ~ae og{{eo~ cmste{C" K" O g{ N-

    3 ^ae ogmxe{sc~`gm ke~teem Fcie cmn [`~c `s usen ~g d`xe cm eqcj|be gh

    C ~ae tcp te bec{m bcmducdes-

    K ~ae oacmdes ~ac~ goou{ `m gu{ k{c`ms gxe{ ~`je-

    E ~ae hco~ ~ac~ `~ `s ecs`e{ ~g bec{m c bcmducde c~ c pgumd cde-

    N ~ae `j|g{~cmoe gh pgumd cmn gbn |eg|be ng`md ~a`mds ~gde~ae{-

    ; @m |c{cd{c|a s`q" tac~ |g`m~ `s ~ae cmcbgdp usen ~g `bbus~{c~e7

    C Tg{i`md hcs~e{ `s ke~~e{ ~acm tg{i`md sbgte{-

    K Coou{cop `s bess `j|g{~cm~ ~acm s|een-

    O Coou{cop ocm `j|{gxe gxe{ ~`je-

    N Tg{i`md hcs~e{ nges mg~ cbtcps scxe ~`je-

    ? @m ~ae ogj|u~e{`ven n`s~{co~`gm eqe{o`ses" ~ae sukfeo~s acn ~g

    C {eco~ ~g c |c{~`oubc{ spjkgb gm ~ae so{eem-

    K ~p|e c ~eq~ cs u`oibp cs |gss`kbe-

    O jgxe cm c{{gt `m n`hhe{em~ n`{eo~`gms c{gumn ~ae so{eem-

    N ob`oi gm exe{p c{{gt ~ac~ c||ec{en gm ~ae so{eem-

    Sues~`gms >*4 Ogj|be~e ecoa sem~emoe t`~a ~ae og{{eo~ emn`md C*H- T{`~e ~ae og{{eo~ be~~e{C*H meq~ ~g

    Sues~`gms >*4 kebgt-

    > Coog{n`md ~g |g|ubc{ |spoagbgdp

    5 [esec{oae{s c~ ~ae Um`xe{s`~p gh J`oa`dcm sagten ~ac~

    8 J`oaceb Hcbiems~e`m n`sogxe{en ~ac~

    4 _o`em~`s~s c~ Mg{~ates~ Um`xe{s`~p ogmobunen ~ac~

    C ~ae gbne{ te de~ ~ae ac{ne{ `~ `s ~g ogmoem~{c~e hg{ cmp bemd~a gh ~`je-

    K sem`g{s ~cie bgmde{ ~g ogj|be~e ~csis ku~ t`~a d{ec~e{ coou{cop-

    O gbn |eg|be use kg~a |c{~s gh ~ae`{ k{c`m jg{e ~acm pgumd |eg|be-

    N gbne{ |eg|be use ~ae`{ k{c`ms n`hhe{em~bp ku~ coa`exe ~ae scje {esub~-

    E ~ae s|een gh gu{ k{c`m neo{ecses t`~a cde-

    H gbne{ |eg|be ng mg~ og|e tebb t`~a met ~eoamgbgdp-

    Sues~`gms 1*3; Ogj|be~e ~ae sujjc{p kebgt- Oaggse MG JG[E ^ACM GME TG[N h{gj ~ae |csscde

    hg{ ecoa cmste{- T{`~e pgu{ cmste{s `m s|coes 1*3; kebgt-

    \eg|be$s kgn`es cmn 1 WWWWWWWWWW- d{gt gbne{ c~ xc{p`md s~cdes- Cs te cde gu{ semses ~cie bgmde{ ~g

    |{goess `mhg{jc~`gm cmn gu{ c|~`~une hg{ {eocbb`md 0 WWWWWWWWWW- cbsg neo{ecses-

    Agtexe{" gbne{ |eg|be$s k{c`ms ng acxe sexe{cb cnxcm~cdes- H`{s~bp" ~aep ocm ocbb u|gm kg~a ~ae 3