Academic IntegrityAcademic IntegrityWorkshop Workshop

Physics 64-496Physics 64-496March 2010March 2010

Danielle Istl, LL.M.

Academic Integrity Officerwww.uwindsor.ca/aio

OverviewOverview

Why Academic Integrity?Why Academic Integrity? Collaboration vs. CheatingCollaboration vs. Cheating Honesty in Group WorkHonesty in Group Work What is Plagiarism?What is Plagiarism? When Should You Cite?When Should You Cite? CopyrightCopyright Research MisconductResearch Misconduct Helpful TipsHelpful Tips

Why academic integrity?Why academic integrity?

Why honesty inWhy honesty in

academic work?academic work?

Honesty in Group WorkHonesty in Group Work

Collaboration or Cheating?Collaboration or Cheating?

The TaleThe Tale

of of

the Three Micethe Three Mice

Collaboration or Cheating?Collaboration or Cheating?

Depends on the nature and purpose Depends on the nature and purpose of the assignmentof the assignment

Depends on the instructionsDepends on the instructions

GENERAL RULEGENERAL RULE: “Know what the : “Know what the professor expects. What is to be professor expects. What is to be done by the group? What is to be done by the group? What is to be done individually?” (C. Lipson)done individually?” (C. Lipson)

Lipson’s Tips*Lipson’s Tips*

If not sure, ask in advance.If not sure, ask in advance.

If one student doesn’t do his/her If one student doesn’t do his/her share:share:– speak with the student privately,speak with the student privately,– then with the professor if necessary.then with the professor if necessary.

**Charles Lipson, Charles Lipson, Doing Honest Work in College Doing Honest Work in College

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).

University’s positionUniversity’s position

In In truetrue group assignments, everyone group assignments, everyone is responsible for the entire piece of is responsible for the entire piece of work.work.

You are vicariously liable for You are vicariously liable for plagiarism by a group member.plagiarism by a group member.

““Wilful blindness” creates liability.Wilful blindness” creates liability.

What is Cheating?What is Cheating?

Deceiving, misleading, Deceiving, misleading, fooling, or defrauding fooling, or defrauding another personanother person

Violating rules Violating rules deliberatelydeliberately

Acting dishonestlyActing dishonestly

What is Plagiarism?What is Plagiarism?

Using someone else’s work Using someone else’s work as your as your own own – wordswords– ideasideas– thoughtsthoughts– datadata

Failing to Failing to attributeattribute the source of the the source of the information you useinformation you use

Per University policy, this is also Per University policy, this is also plagiarism: plagiarism: Submitting the same work in two Submitting the same work in two

different courses different courses

Psych101

Psych 201

Or submitting work identical to another student’s Or submitting work identical to another student’s work without permissionwork without permission

Physics101

The University’s Plagiarism PolicyThe University’s Plagiarism Policy

In the preparation of essays, papers, In the preparation of essays, papers, reports, and any other types of reports, and any other types of assignments, students must assignments, students must necessarily rely on the work of others. necessarily rely on the work of others.

HoweverHowever, it is imperative that the , it is imperative that the source of any ideas, wording, or data source of any ideas, wording, or data obtained from others obtained from others be disclosed be disclosed and properly acknowledgedand properly acknowledged by by citations, quotation marks, and citations, quotation marks, and bibliographic references in proper bibliographic references in proper format. format.

(emphasis added)(emphasis added)

Plagiarism Under the Student CodePlagiarism Under the Student Code

It applies to “It applies to “all all intellectual endeavoursintellectual endeavours: : creation and creation and presentation of music, presentation of music, drawings, designs, drawings, designs, dance, photography, dance, photography, and other artistic and and other artistic and technical works.”technical works.”

Why Do People Plagiarize?Why Do People Plagiarize?

Lack of knowledge about what Lack of knowledge about what constitutes plagiarismconstitutes plagiarism

Time issuesTime issues

Poor research, writing, Poor research, writing, citation, or organizational skillscitation, or organizational skills

When Do I Have to Cite?When Do I Have to Cite?

When you use a passage from a When you use a passage from a source source word for wordword for word – Short quotes (use quotation marks)Short quotes (use quotation marks)– Long quotes (indent & no quot’n marks)Long quotes (indent & no quot’n marks)

When you When you paraphraseparaphrase someone someone else’s words or informationelse’s words or information

When you borrow someone else’s When you borrow someone else’s ideasideas

When you refer to the work of When you refer to the work of anotheranother

When someone else’s work has been When someone else’s work has been critical in developing your own ideascritical in developing your own ideas

(Turnitin.com and Research Resources, 2004).(Turnitin.com and Research Resources, 2004).

Applying What You KnowApplying What You Know

ExerciseExercise

SHOULD YOU CITE??SHOULD YOU CITE??

Exercise: Should You Cite?Exercise: Should You Cite?

Example 1Example 1

“ “[E]ven the most patient [E]ven the most patient and thorough investigator and thorough investigator . . . must have some . . . must have some working hypothesis for or working hypothesis for or against which to collect against which to collect data.”data.”

Example 2Example 2

Conscientious investigators should Conscientious investigators should have a starting point that guides have a starting point that guides them as they wade through them as they wade through information.information.

YES – paraphrasing.YES – paraphrasing.

Example 3Example 3

People, in the course of People, in the course of investigations, must investigations, must selectively decide the selectively decide the facts that are most facts that are most worthy of their attention. worthy of their attention.

YES – paraphrasing YES – paraphrasing again.again.

Example 4Example 4

I disagree that “at I disagree that “at least a rough least a rough outline must be outline must be there.” Sometimes there.” Sometimes detectives do not detectives do not know . . .know . . .

YES – in part, because some is word for YES – in part, because some is word for word:word: I disagree that “at least a rough I disagree that “at least a rough outline must be there.” (cite). outline must be there.” (cite). Sometimes . . . [the rest is your viewpoint]. Sometimes . . . [the rest is your viewpoint].

Alternative:Alternative: I disagree with Copi (1961) I disagree with Copi (1961) that “at least a rough outline must be that “at least a rough outline must be there.” Sometimes . . . there.” Sometimes . . .

((NoteNote: APA style; other styles may require you to cite differently in the : APA style; other styles may require you to cite differently in the text, or require footnotes.) text, or require footnotes.)

Example 5Example 5

It is easier to It is easier to consider all the consider all the facts, and not have facts, and not have to choose among to choose among facts to consider, if facts to consider, if the number of facts the number of facts before you is before you is relatively small.relatively small.

Reasonable minds will differ.Reasonable minds will differ.

Technically, should cite because:Technically, should cite because:- using some of the author’s ideas; - using some of the author’s ideas; - the author’s work was critical in- the author’s work was critical in

developing your idea;developing your idea;- the author’s work influenced your - the author’s work influenced your

statement.statement.

Alternatively, one might view this as your Alternatively, one might view this as your own work.own work.

Example 6Example 6 Investigators and detectives, like Sherlock Investigators and detectives, like Sherlock

Holmes and Columbo, are fact-finders. Holmes and Columbo, are fact-finders. They engage their audiences with their They engage their audiences with their approach to the unknown.approach to the unknown.

NO – common knowledgeNO – common knowledge (first sentence) (first sentence) && your opinionyour opinion (second sentence). (second sentence).

GENERAL RULE:GENERAL RULE: If ever in doubt, cite! If ever in doubt, cite!

When Is Citation Not Required?When Is Citation Not Required?

When expressing common When expressing common knowledgeknowledge

When expressing your own When expressing your own thoughts and ideas in your own thoughts and ideas in your own wordswords

When analyzing or synthesizing When analyzing or synthesizing the material you have the material you have researchedresearched

When drawing your own When drawing your own conclusions conclusions

Examples of Common KnowledgeExamples of Common Knowledge

The three laws of motion are The three laws of motion are attributable to the famous attributable to the famous scientist, Isaac Newton.scientist, Isaac Newton.

Canada is comprised of ten Canada is comprised of ten provinces and three territories.provinces and three territories.

Many animal rights advocates are Many animal rights advocates are vegetarians. vegetarians.

The smartest students at the The smartest students at the University are enrolled in Physics.University are enrolled in Physics.

What “common knowledge” is What “common knowledge” is depends on ~depends on ~

Your audience / reader Your audience / reader Your level of proficiency in the fieldYour level of proficiency in the field The extent to which the information can The extent to which the information can

be found in a myriad of sourcesbe found in a myriad of sources Guidelines from your professor about the Guidelines from your professor about the

assignment assignment

Guiding QuestionGuiding Question: “Before I took this : “Before I took this course/wrote this paper, did I know that course/wrote this paper, did I know that fact?” fact?”

How might citation vary ?How might citation vary ? If writing a paper as If writing a paper as

a first-year student?a first-year student? If writing a thesis in If writing a thesis in

graduate study?graduate study? If writing for If writing for

industry?industry? If conducting a If conducting a

presentation?presentation?

Consequences of PlagiarismConsequences of Plagiarism

In Class:In Class:– Academic assessment of “zero”Academic assessment of “zero”– Possible failure of the coursePossible failure of the course

At Disciplinary Level:At Disciplinary Level:– Admonition or censure (first offence)Admonition or censure (first offence)– Judicial Panel hearing (and likely Judicial Panel hearing (and likely

suspension) for subsequent offences.suspension) for subsequent offences.

Turnitin’s Plagiarism Turnitin’s Plagiarism Prevention TipsPrevention Tips

Consult with your instructor.Consult with your instructor. Plan your assignment.Plan your assignment. Take effective notes.Take effective notes. When in doubt, cite sources.When in doubt, cite sources. Make it clear Make it clear whowho said said whatwhat.. Know how to paraphrase properly.Know how to paraphrase properly. Evaluate your sources.Evaluate your sources.

Copyright Law in CanadaCopyright Law in Canada

“ “Copyright” is ownership of one’s Copyright” is ownership of one’s work (e.g., literary, musical, work (e.g., literary, musical, technical) and the right to technical) and the right to reproduce that workreproduce that work

CopyrightCopyright

Definition:Definition: the sole right to the sole right to ““produce or reproduce any work produce or reproduce any work or or

any substantial part . . . in any any substantial part . . . in any material form material form whatever”whatever”

Also applies to performances in Also applies to performances in public, andpublic, and

Publishing of unpublished work.Publishing of unpublished work.

Term of CopyrightTerm of Copyright

FiftyFifty years years following the end following the end of the calendar of the calendar year in which the year in which the author author diesdies..

Infringement of CopyrightInfringement of Copyright

When you do something that only When you do something that only the owner of the copyright has the the owner of the copyright has the right to do (e.g., reproduce all or part right to do (e.g., reproduce all or part of the work) without the consent of of the work) without the consent of the owner of the copyrightthe owner of the copyright

Civil and criminal law consequencesCivil and criminal law consequences

ExceptionsExceptions

““Fair dealing”Fair dealing”– Private study or researchPrivate study or research– CriticismCriticism– Review or news reportingReview or news reporting

Use by a non-profit educational Use by a non-profit educational institutioninstitution– In the classroom / on the premisesIn the classroom / on the premises– For teaching / learning / trainingFor teaching / learning / training

Students’ Students’ Real-LifeReal-LifeStoriesStories

(See “Info for (See “Info for Students” Link Students” Link on AIO website)on AIO website)

Scientific Research Misconduct *Scientific Research Misconduct *

274 misconduct complaints filed with the 274 misconduct complaints filed with the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services - U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services - Federal Office of Research Integrity- in Federal Office of Research Integrity- in 20042004

185 cases of (known) scientific research 185 cases of (known) scientific research misconduct in the last 15 years misconduct in the last 15 years

* Martha Mendoza, Associated Press, as reproduced in the * Martha Mendoza, Associated Press, as reproduced in the Integrity UpdateIntegrity Update newsletter of the Center for Academic Integrity, newsletter of the Center for Academic Integrity, Sept. 2005.Sept. 2005.

More recent casesMore recent cases

Joy Bryant & Diana Layman, Joy Bryant & Diana Layman, OklahomaOklahoma

James Lieber, CaliforniaJames Lieber, California Kartik Prabhakaram, PittsburghKartik Prabhakaram, Pittsburgh Jon Sudbo, Norwegian Radium Hosp.Jon Sudbo, Norwegian Radium Hosp. Rebecca Uzelmeier, Michigan StateRebecca Uzelmeier, Michigan State

(Office of Research Integrity, 2007 Annual Report, 49-58)(Office of Research Integrity, 2007 Annual Report, 49-58)

Why Scientists CheatWhy Scientists Cheat

Tremendous and increasing Tremendous and increasing professional pressure to publish professional pressure to publish studies and secure grant fundsstudies and secure grant funds

Some sort of mental disorderSome sort of mental disorder Foreign nationals who learned Foreign nationals who learned

different scientific standardsdifferent scientific standards Inadequate mentoringInadequate mentoring

(David Wright, Michigan State University)(David Wright, Michigan State University)

ConsequencesConsequences

Loss of reputationLoss of reputation Loss of jobLoss of job Surrender of professional licenseSurrender of professional license Suspension or permanent bar from Suspension or permanent bar from

receiving research grants**receiving research grants** Prison timePrison time

Final Words of WisdomFinal Words of Wisdom

Any dishonesty can seriously Any dishonesty can seriously jeopardize your academic jeopardize your academic career and your future. career and your future. Your reputation is worth Your reputation is worth preserving. preserving.

DO THE RIGHT THING!DO THE RIGHT THING!

To learn more . . . To learn more . . .

Talk to your professors.Talk to your professors.Visit the Cdn. Intellectual Visit the Cdn. Intellectual

Property Office online.Property Office online.Visit the AWC and the Leddy Visit the AWC and the Leddy

Library.Library.Visit Visit www.uwindsor.ca/aioContact the AIO directly. Contact the AIO directly.

The EndThe End

WISHING YOU A WISHING YOU A SUCCESSFUL SUCCESSFUL GROUP GROUP PROJECT! PROJECT!

www.uwindsor.ca/aio