ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]• Abu Simbel is a set of two temples near the border of Egypt with

Sudan.• It was constructed for the pharaoh Ramesses II who reigned for 67

years during the 13th century BC. • 320 kilometers away from Aswan, is it the most beautiful construction

of the greatest pharaoh in Egyptian history. • The temple is dedicated to the greater glory of its builder - Ramses

the Great (Ramses II).

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]HISTORY • Construction of the temple complex started in approximately 1284 BC

and lasted for 20 years, until 1264 BC. • Their purpose was to impress Egypt's southern neighbors, and also to

reinforce the status of Egyptian religion in the region. REDISCOVERY • With the passing of time, the temples became covered by sand. • Already in the 6th century BC, the sand covered the statues of the

main temple up to their knees.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]REDISCOVERY • The temple was forgotten until 1813, when Swiss orientalist JL

Burckhardt found the top frieze of the main temple. • Burckhardt talked about his discovery with Italian explorer Giovanni

Belzoni, who travelled to the site, unable to dig out an entry to the temple. • Belzoni returned in 1817, this time succeeding in his attempt to enter

the complex. He took everything valuable and portable with him. • Tour guides at the site relate the legend that "Abu Simbel" was a

young local boy who guided these early re-discoverers to the site of the buried temple which he had seen from time to time in the shifting sands. Eventually, they named the complex after him.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]TEMPLES • The complex consists of two temples.• The larger one is dedicated to Ra-Harakhty, Ptah and Amun, and

features four large statues of Ramesses II in the facade. • The smaller temple is dedicated to the goddess, Ramesses's most

beloved wife (in total, the pharaoh had some 200 wives and concubines).

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE• Great temple of

Ramses II at Abu Simbel (Height 110 ft, width 127 ft.) The four colossi representing Ramses II are about 67 ft. The entire work is 210 ft. in depth and hollowed out in the mountainside.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE • The greater Abu Simbel temple is generally considered the grandest

and most beautiful of the temples commissioned during the reign of Ramesses II, and one of the most beautiful in Egypt. • The facade is 33 meters high, and 38 meters broad, and guarded by

four statues, each of which is 20 meters high. • They were sculptured directly from the rock in which the temple was

located before it was moved. All statues represent Ramesses II, seated on a throne.• The statue to the left of the entrance was damaged in an earthquake,

leaving only the lower part intact.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE• The facade consists

of four statues of the pharaoh seated on his throne and represent his advancing age with the youngest to the left as viewed from the front.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE • The facade is topped by a

row of 22 baboons, their arms raised in the air, supposedly worshipping the rising sun.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE • Above the entrance there

is a statue of a falcon-headed Ra-Harakhte, with the pharaoh shown worshipping on both sides of him.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE • One of the eight pillars in

the main hall of the temple, showing Ramesses II as Osiris. • Several smaller figures

are situated at the feet of the four statues, depicting members of the pharaoh's family.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE • The first hall of the

temple features eight statues of the deified Ramesses II in the shape of Osiris, serving as pillars.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE • The walls depict scenes of

Egyptian victories in Libya, Syria and Nubia, including images from the Battle of Kadesh.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE • The sanctuary contains

four seated statues of Ra-Horakhty, Ptah, Amun and Ramesses.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE GREATER TEMPLE • The temple was constructed in such a way that the sun shines directly

on all four statues during two days of the year, February 20 and October 20. • These dates are allegedly the king's birthday respectively, but there is

no evidence to support this. • Due to the displacement of the temple, it is widely believed that this

event now occurs one day later than it did originally.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE SMALLER TEMPLE • The Smaller Abu Simbel Temple is located north of the Greater Temple. • It was carved in the rock by Ramesses II and dedicated to Hathor, the

goddess of love and beauty. • Also dedicated to his favorite wife, Nefertari, whose sake the very sun

doeth shine. • The façade is adorned by six statues, four of Ramesses II and two of

Nefertari. • Most unusually, the six are the same height, which indicates the esteem in

which Nefertari was held. • The entrance leads to a hall containing six pillars bearing the head of the

goddess Hathor.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]THE SMALLER TEMPLE • The eastern wall bears

inscriptions depicting Rameses II and Nefertari offering sacrifices to the gods.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]RELOCATION OF THE TEMPLES• In 1959 an international donations campaign to save the monuments of

Nubia began: the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization were under threat from the rising waters of the Nile that were about to result from the construction of the Aswan High Dam. • The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964, and cost some

USD $80 million. • Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was cut into large blocks,

dismantled and reassembled in a new location – 65 m higher and 200 m back from the river.

ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES[EGYPT]RELOCATION OF THE TEMPLES• The temple was cut out of the sandstone cliffs above the Nile River in

an area near the Second Cataract. • When the High Dam was being constructed in the early 1960s,

international cooperation assembled funds and technical expertise to move this temple to higher ground so that it would not be inundated by the waters of Lake Nasser.• To avoid the rising waters caused by the construction of the Aswan High

Dam in the 1960s, the colossal statues of Ramses II and the temples were cut into 950 blocks and reassembled farther inland. • The project, sponsored by UNESCO and funded by more than 50

nations, was completed in 1966.

MOLDINGMOLDING • The process of

manufacturing by shaping liquid or pliable raw material using a rigid frame called mold or matrix is called molding.

TYPES OF MOLDINGRECTILINEAR• Moving in a

straight line or lines is known as rectilinear molding.

TYPES OF MOLDINGCURVE• A line which is not

straight and having circular motion is a curved line.

TYPES OF MOLDINGCOMPOSITE CURVE• A collection of

curves joined end to end.

TYPES OF MOLDINGCORNICE• Any horizontal

decorative molding that crown a building.

TYPES OF MOLDINGTYPES OF CORNICE• There are three types of cornices;• Box cornice• Close cornice• Open cornice

TYPES OF MOLDINGBOX CORNICE• Box cornices

enclose the cornice of the building with what is essentially a long narrow box.

TYPES OF MOLDINGCLOSE CORNICE• Close or closed

cornice with no projection of rafters beyond walls of building and no soffit no fascia.

TYPES OF MOLDINGOPEN CORNICE• In an open cornice, the shape of the cornice is similar to that of a wide box cornice

except that both the lookouts and the soffit are absent. • It is a lower-cost treatment that requires

fewer materials, and may even not havea fascia board, but lacks the finished appearance of a box cornice.

TYPES OF MOLDINGPARAPET• A low protective

wall along the edge of a roof, bridge, or balcony.

TYPES OF MOLDINGPILASTER• A rectangular

column, especially one projecting from a wall.

TYPES OF MOLDINGCOUPLED COLUMNS• One of a pair of

columns set nearer together.

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