Abstracts Final 09-04-2013

Indian Mushroom

Conference-2013

Ludhiana

Abstracts

Organised by

Mushroom Society of IndiaDirectorate of Mushroom Research, Solan

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

Proceedings of Indian Mushroom Conference 2013, Ludhiana: Abstracts of Lead, Oral & Poster Presentations

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Printed at : Yugantar Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., WH-23 Mayapuri Industrial Area,New Delhi-110064Phones: 011-28115949, 28116018, 09811349619, 09953134595E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Published by:

Mushroom Society of IndiaDirectorate of Mushroom ResearchSolan

Advisory committeeChairman: Dr S. AyyappanMembers1. Dr. BS Dhillon2. Dr. NK K Kumar

3. Dr. Manjit Singh4. Dr. UC Srivastava5. Dr. SS Gosal6. Dr. TN Lakhanpal7. Dr. HS Garcha8. Dr. NS Atri

Organizing committeeChairman: Dr. P K KhannaSecretary: Dr. B. VijayMembers1. Dr. RC Upadhyay2. Dr. HS Sodhi3. Dr. S Kapoor4. Dr. S Dhanda5. Dr. (Mrs) PP Johl6. Dr. Shwet Kamal

Publishing committee1. Dr. S Kapoor2. Dr. HS Sodhi3. Dr. VP Sharma4. Dr. OP Ahlawat5. Dr. Shwet Kamal

Committees:

April 2013

Copyright 2013 Mushroom Society of India, DMR Campus, Solan

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The food demand for the increasing population is a challenge. Production of more grains, vegetables,fruits, spices, etc. is linked to more agri/horti secondary products/wastes as well. At present, India generatesover 600 million tonnes of agricultural residues and a large amount of it is either burnt in situ or left in thefields for natural decomposition. In Punjab alone out of 23 million tonnes, 20 million tonnes of paddy strawwas burnt in 2012 just to clear the fields for timely sowing of wheat. Such methods of waste aggravate thehealth and environment hazards by the release of carbon dioxide and particulate materials. Mushroomcultivation provides an excellent alternative to address these problems.

Mushrooms are important source of quality protein, minerals and various novel compounds of medicinalimportance, do not compete for land and have very high productivity of protein per unit area and time. Thespent mushroom substrate left after growing mushrooms can be converted into manure. The indiscriminateuse of chemicals changes the soil microflora and affects soil health. In these situations, secondary agriculturelike mushroom production is likely to play a pivotal role for meeting demands of quality food/functionalfoods as well as addressing the issue of soil health and environment.

Cultivation of mushrooms is relatively a new phenomenon and has picked up across the globe onlyduring last century that has witnessed newer innovations and applications. The annual world productionof all types of mushrooms is estimated to be over 25 million tonnes. Our country produces only 0.12million tonnes mushroom out of which button mushroom contributes about 85% of the total mushroomproduction of country. Even if 1% of the available agricultural residues are utilized for mushroom production,the country can produce over 3 million tonnes of mushrooms and 10 million tons of organic manureannually. This will require greater focus and investments in mushroom research. Investing in researchand development of mushrooms and allied sections may not be a luxury but a national necessity to meetthe growing need of quality food.

Mushroom cultivation can be one of the important livelihood options for rural masses, unemployedyouths, landless farmers and women. The mushroom cultivation uses agri-waste efficiently and convertsit into quality food, imparts environmental sustainability and also helps in socio-economic upliftment of thecommon people.

It is the need of the time to work in a collaborative manner to achieve the goal of food and nutritionalsecurity for the people of the country. In these situations, organizing a meet of scientists, researchers andprogressive growers of the country will not only help to discuss the recent researches but also will help toforesee the path ahead to achieve nutritional security as well as to address the environmental issues. Iindeed feel happy that Mushroom Society of India along with Directorate of Mushroom Research andPunjab Agricultural University, is organizing Indian Mushroom Conference during 16-17 April 2013 at PAU,Ludhiana. The conference is organized just at the right time when we are trying to envision the path ofagriculture research in the country and have just finalized XII Plan. I am sure the conference will come outwith important recommendations, which will help us in making the road ahead for Indian Agriculture.

(NK Krishna Kumar) DDG (Hort.), ICAR

vProceedings of Indian Mushroom Conference 2013, Ludhiana: Abstracts of Lead, Oral & Poster Presentations

The present conference has been organized with the theme from diversity to diversification for nutritionaland environmental security. We have achieved food security but protein malnutrition still prevails in ourcountry and gap between demand and supply of protein is likely to widen further if production of alternativesources of proteins do not keep pace with the population growth. Mushrooms due to their good quality andquantity of protein and high productivity per unit area and time, convert worthless agro waste into qualityprotein as well as good organic manure. It is now well established that mushrooms are not only rich inproteins but also contain vitamins including vitamin D and minerals, whereas, these lack fats and havelow carbohydrates. Furthermore, they also have high medicinal attributes like immunomodulating, antiviral,antitumour, antioxidants and hepatoprotective properties. India is blessed with a varied agro-climate,abundance of agriculture residues and manpower making it suitable for cultivation of all types of temperate,tropical and sub-tropical mushrooms. Currently, India is producing about 1.2 lakh tonne mushrooms inwhich temperate button mushroom contributes the major part (85%). Considering that major part ofcountry falls under tropical and sub-tropical zone, there is ample scope of other mushrooms.

Problems of unemployment, poverty and malnutrition are inextricably linked and are acute in thevulnerable sections of the society. Obviously, these cannot be solved by conventional land based agriculture.Creation of opportunities for enhancement of income of small farmers, landless labourers and unemployedyouths by diversification of opportunities of income generation through subsidiary occupations are thenew challenges. Mushroom production is an indoor activity and land is of little or no importance. It islabour-intensive and high profit venture for gainful employment of the poor people. Mushroom cultivationwill go a long way in in solving the twin problem of poverty and malnutrition.

In this scenario Mushroom Society of India in collaboration with Directorate of Mushroom Researchand Punjab Agricultural University is organizing Indian Mushroom Conference during 16-17 April 2013 todiscuss the issues related to mushroom cultivation and its role in upliftment of the society. To covervarious aspects, the conference has been divided into seven sessions and we have invited eminentspeakers to deliver key note addresses. In total, 240 authors have contributed 140 abstracts for theconference. I am sure that the conference will provide a vibrant platform and come out with importantrecommendations to develop a roadmap on nutritional and livelihood security of the rural masses. I thankthe team of scientists and other staff at PAU and DMR without whose dynamism and efforts, it wouldhave not been possible to organize this conference. The financial support provided by CSIR isacknowledged.

(Manjit Singh)Director, DMR & President, MSI

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Page No.

Foreword iii

Preface v

Programme ix-xiv

About Keynote Speakers xv-xx

Session-I: Germplasm Diversity 1-10

Session-II: Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology 11-24

Session-III: Genetics and Breeding 25-34

Session-IV: Mushroom Production Technology 35-58

Session-V: Mushroom Protection 59-66

Session-VI: Post-harvest, Quality and Marketing/Extension 67-84

Session-VII: Medicinal and Mycorrhizal Mushrooms 85-96

Session-VIII: Yadvindra Young Scientist Award 97-104

Author Index 105-108

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Programme of Indian Mushroom Conference 201316-17 April 2013, PAU, Ludhiana

16 April 20139.00 to 10.00 AM Registration Abst.No.10.00 to 11.00 AM Inaugural Session10.00 10.05 Welcome and felicitation Dr. PK Khanna10.05 10.10 Remarks by Guest of Honour10.10 10.25 Address by Chief Guest10.25 10.35 Chairmans remarks Dr. BS Dhillon, VC, PAU10.35 10.40 Lifetime Achievement award to Dr. H.S. Garcha10.40 10.55 Presidential address Dr. Manjit Singh,

President, MSI10.55 11-00 Vote of thanks11.00 to 11.15 AM Tea break11.15 12.20 PM Session-I: Germplasm Diversity

Chairman Dr. T N LakhanpalCo-Chairman Dr. RC UpadhyayRapporteurs Dr. Munruchi Kaur

Dr. Anila Doshi

11.15 11.35 AM Keynote Lectures11.15 11.35 Systematic, nutritional, nutraceutical and domestication Dr. NS Atri 1

studies in some Lentinus species from North India11.35 12.20 PM Oral Presentations 5+2 min

Dark spored Agarics - new to India Narinderjit Kaur and 2Munruchi Kaur

Morchellaceae from Jammu region of North-West Monika Kotwal, Sanjeev Kumar 3Himalaya and Y P SharmaGenus Pluteus (Agaricales) in Kerala State CK Pradeep, KB Vrinda and 4

Shibu P VargheseWood-decay macro fungi associated with declining Anila Doshi 5arid zone trees of Rajasthan, IndiaAn update of wild mushroom in Jammu and Kashmir, Sanjeev Kumar and YP Sharma 6IndiaDiversity of potentially edible Agarics from Punjab Munruchi Kaur, NS Atri and 7

Harwinder Kaur12.20-1.00 PM Poster Session 1 (Abstract Nos. 8-15, 40-44, 57-80 and 84-88).

Award for the best poster1.00 to 2.00 PM Lunch PAU Faculty House

xProceedings of Indian Mushroom Conference 2013, Ludhiana: Abstracts of Lead, Oral & Poster Presentations

2.00 to 3.15 PM Session-II: Biochemistry, Nutrition and Molecular BiologyChairman Dr. PK KhannaCo-Chairman Dr. Absar AhmadRapporteurs Dr. Shammi Kapoor

Dr. K Manikandan2.00 2.20 PM Keynote Lecture2.00 2.20 Reliability of molecular techniques in fungal taxonomy/ Dr. MC Yadav 17

DNA Barcoding for species identification in mushrooms2.20 3.00 PM Oral Presentations 5+2 min

Nutritional composition variation in different mushroom OP Ahlawat, K Manikandan and 18species: Role of UV light in vitamin D content of paddy Manjit Singhstraw mushroom

Scanning electron microscopy of Pleurotus ostreatus Gagandeep Kaur, Anu Kalia, 19in response to inorganic selenium S Kapoor, HS Sodhi and

PK Khanna

Qualitative and quantitative screening of vegetative Monika Thakur and TN Lakhanpal 20mycelium of Morchella species for the activity of extracellular enzymesLignolytic enzyme production by Pleurotus pulmonarius G Thiribhuvanamala, V Prakasam 21in different agrowastes under solid state fermentation and G KalaiselviEstimation of Ergosterol at developmental stages of Anna Goyal, Shiveta Raina, 22Ganoderma lucidum S Kapoor, HS Sodhi and

PK Khanna

3.00 to 3.15 PM Tea Break3.15 4.45 PM Session III: Genetics and Breeding

Chairman Dr. Manjit SinghCo-Chairman Dr. OP AhlawatRapporteurs Dr. KK Mishra

Dr. Ajay Yadav3.15 3.55 PM Keynote Lectures3.15 3.35 Mating barriers and allelic polymorphism in mushrooms H S Sodhi 353.35 3.55 Status of conventional approaches for breeding of tropical BC Suman 36

and temparate mushrooms3.55 4.15 PM Oral Presentations 5 +2 min

Identification of mushrooms using molecular tools in Pankaj Baiswar, SV Ngachan and 37Northeast India Satish ChandraHigh yielding mutants of Calocybe indica induced Jatinder Kaur, HS Sodhi, S Kapoor 38through protoplast mutagenesis and PK KhannaGenetic variability in single spore isolates and Shwet Kamal and Manjit Singh 39hybridization in Agaricus bisporus

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4.15 to 6.30 PM Session IV: Mushroom Production TechnologyChairman Dr. BL DharCo-Chairman Dr. B VijayRapporteurs Dr. Lulu Das

Dr. T Mala

4.15-5.15 PM Keynote Lectures4.15 4.35 The medicinal mushroom - Cordyseps sinensis RP Singh 454.35 4.55 Changing global scenario in mushroom industry BL Dhar 464.55 5.15 Tropical Mushroom: Status and constraints/success story MP Thakur and KB Mohapatra 475.15 - 5.30 PM Tea Break5.30 6.30 PM Oral Presentations 5+2 min

Breaking yield barrier in button mushroom (Agaricus OP Ahlawat, B Vijay and 48bisporus) by managing watering regime and through K Manikandanphysical/biological meansSubstitution of wheat straw by paddy straw as AS Dahiya, Rajbir Garg, 49composting material in the cultivation of white Satpal Singh, HR Malik andbutton mushroom BP RanaUtilization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and B Vijay, OP Ahlawat, K Manikandan 50cotton ginning mill waste for compost production for and Ashutosh PathakAgaricus bisporusCultivation of Calocybe indica (P & C) in Konkan region Sudhir Navathe, PG Borkar and 51of Maharashtra JJ KadamSporophore production of white summer mushroom BK Pani 52(Calocybe indica) as influenced by different substratesterilization methodsOut door cultivation of oyster mushrooms in bamboo V Prakasam, G Thiribhuvanamala 53plantations and P Ahila DeviComparison of growth behaviour and yield potential of Ram Chandra, VN Pandey and 54oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) HB SinghUse of locally available casing overlay results in KK Mishra and JC Bhatt 55increased yield of Pleurotus eryngiiCultural requirements, enzyme profile, molecular identity VP Sharma, Satish Kumar, 56and yield potential of some potent strains of shiitake Raj Kumar, Rajender Singh(Lentinula edodes) and Deepa VermaSession-V: Mushroom ProtectionChairman Dr. V PrakasamCo-Chairman Dr. VP SharmaRapporteurs Dr. Dayaram

Dr. S MauryaKeynote Lecture

6.30 - 6.50 Role of nematodes in button mushroom productivity Harish K Bajaj 81in India

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Oral Presentations6.50 - 7.10 Optimization of cultural growth parameters of Aparna Sabharwal and S Kapoor 82

Mycogone perniciosa under lab conditionsInsect and nematode pests affecting Macrocybe Satish Kumar, RC Upadhyay 83cultivation and VP Sharma

7.30 to 8.00 PM General Body Meeting of Members of MSI8.30 to 10.00 PM Dinner Faculty House PAU17 April 20138.00 to 9.00 AM Breakfast9.00 to 10.30 AM Session VI: Post-Harvest, Quality Control and Marketing/Extension

Chairman Dr. MP ThakurCo-Chairman Dr. AB PatilRapporteurs Dr. Shashi Dhanda

Dr. P Raja9.00-9.40 AM Keynote Lectures9.00 9.20 Mushroom processing: problems and scope Dr. Devina Vaidya 899.20 9.40 Status of mushroom processing: Global and Indian Dr. S Kapoor 90

scenario

9.40 10.20 AM Oral Presentations 5+1 minPost-harvest management of button mushroom BK Mehta, SK Jain, GP Sharma, 91(Agaricus bisporus) through osmo-convective drying A Doshi and HK JainStatus and problems of mushroom cultivation in Punjab Ramanpreet Singh and 92

Prabhjot KaurMushroom growing a step towards secondary L Garg and HS Gill 93agricultureEffect of calcium chloride on post harvest anti browning Mohini Prabha Singh, 94of button mushrooms Sabhjeet Kaur, MS Alam

and HS SodhiIn missing dimensions of human vision - mushroom Namrata Premji 95a ray of hopeMushroom farming: a means for gainful employment, Nita Khandekar, Meera Pandey, 96income and nutritional security G Senthil Kumaran and MR HegdeStudy of quality characteristics of fluidized bed dried Sunil Kumar, BK Mishra, NK Jain 97button and oyster mushrooms and KC Sharma

10.20 - 10.50 AM Poster Session 2 (Abstract Nos. 23.34, 98-118, 127-131) & Tea Break10.50 - 12.05 PM Session VII: Medicinal and Mycorrhizal mushrooms

Chairman Dr. RP SinghCo-Chairman Dr. Satish KumarRapporteurs Dr. KB Mohapatra

Dr. Pankaj Baiswar

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10.50 11.30 AM Keynote Lectures10.50 11.10 The Enigmatic Morels: Status of Research and TN Lakhanpal 119

Development11.10 11.30 Fungi and Nanotechnology Dr. Absar Ahmad 12011.30 12.00 PM Oral Presentations 5+1 min

Characterization of the worlds precious medicinal Rupesh Kumar Arora and 122mushroom Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.)Sacc. RP SinghImmunopotentiating properties of extracellular -glucans R Shenbhagaraman, 123from Trametes hirsuta strain VKESR K Saravanamurali, K Kaveri

and VKaviyarasanDiversity of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in HK Singh, GK Awadhiya, 124Chhattisgarh CS Shukla and MP ThakurToxic and hallucinogenic mushrooms of Kerala Shibu P Varghese 125Effect of Pleurotus eous on haematology of male A Eswaran, L Darwin, 126albino rats Christdhas Henry and C Kannan

12.00 - 1.30 PM Yadavindra Young Scientist Award Lectures 10 min eachSeparation and determination of antimicrobial activities Shveta, Anil Sindhu, Ashok K 132of targeted ganoderic acids from Ganoderma lucidum Rohilla, Ritika and Ajay Singh(Lingzhi)Studies on Genetic Diversity and Lentinan Production Shivani Sharma and PK Khanna 133among Lentinula edodes strainsDevelopment of intraspecific and interspecific hybrids Loveleen Kaur and S Kapoor 134of Pleurotus spp. by protoplast fusionScreening of mycelia and spent substrate of edible Rajender Singh, OP Ahlawat 135mushroom species for their dyes decolorization potential and Anita RajorDevelopment and molecular characterization of hybrids Neeraj Shrivastava 136from Ganoderma lucidum strainsMarketing practices of mushrooom growers in Punjab Gagandeep Banga, Babita Kumar 137

and Ramandeep SinghZero energy polytunnel: a rapid composting method for GC Wakchaure 138Agaricus bisporus cultivationSignificance of Nitrogen in Button Mushroom Cultivation K Manikandan, OP Ahlawat and 139

B VijayModified total Indoor composting techniques using Ashutosh Pathak, B Vijay and 140thermophilic fungi RM Agarwal

1.30 - 2.00 PM Plenary SessionChairmanCo-Chairman Dr. Manjit SinghRapporteurs Dr. B Vijay

Dr. Shwet KamalPresentation of reports and recommendations All concerned

2.00 - 3.00 PM Lunch

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Prof. NS AtriProf. NS Atri (b. 1st Sept., 1955): M. Sc. (Punjabi Univ., 1978), M. Phil. (PunjabiUniv.,1981), Ph.D. (Punjabi Univ., 1985); Date of joining this Department: 7th September1987;Field of Specialization: Mushroom Mycology and Plant Pathology; ResearchActivities: Published 85 papers, guided 5 Ph.D. and 8 M. Phil. and 10 M. Sc. students,completed three research projects on mushrooms; Vice-President, MycologicalSociety of India (2012-2013),Membership: Councillor MSI (2011-2012), Life MemberIndian Botanical Society; Mushroom Society of India, Mushroom Growers Association,Indian Phytopathological Society, Society of Mycology & Plant Pathology, PunjabAcademy of Sciences, Mycological Society of India and Indian Science CongressAssociation, Kolkata. Edited 4 books entitled Fungi - Diversity and Conservation inIndia, Germplasm Diversity and Evaluation: Angiosperms; Germplasm Diversity and Evaluation: Algae,Fungi and Lichens, Biodiversity Evaluation-Botanical Prespective, Member Editorial Board MushroomResearch- An International Journal of Mushrooms; NELUMBO, Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India, KAVAKA-Journal of Mycological Society of India, Coordinator examination (2003-2005), Co-coordinatorSLET(Computers-2006), Coordinator SLET (B. Ed.-2007), Controller Examination (2009-2010), ConvenorAdvisory Committee (Examination Reforms), Member Advisory Committee. Academic Staff College, PunjabiUniversity, Patiala, Deputy coordinator DRS-SAP-III of UGC and Head, Department of Botany andCoordinator FIST Programme of DST.

Dr. MC YadavMahesh Yadav obtained his M. Sc. (Genetics) in 1992 from PG School, IndianAgricultural Research Institute (Deemed University), New Delhi. He joined AgriculturalResearch Services (ARS) in 1996 at Directorate of Mushroom Research (DMR),Solan after completing Ph. D. academic requirements and research work from IARI.He was awarded Ph. D. (Genetics) in April, 1998 for his cytogenetic studies on maizeaneuploids. Dr. Yadav was deputed for advanced training in molecular genetics andbiotechnology and worked under the guidance of renowned mushroom geneticistsDr. T.J. Elliott and Dr. M.P. Challen on ITS sequencing and phylogenetics of buttonmushrooms at Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, UK during 2002. He was given YadavindraYoung Scientist Awardin 2002 for his research on molecular breeding of button mushroom. The mainfocus of Dr. Yadavs earlier research was to standardize protocols for high frequency single sporegermination, isolation and characterization of spore progenies, and to develop genetically improved high-yielding and superior quality strains and hybrids in button mushroom. He has developed numerous geneticstocks of Agaricus bisporus that included broad stipe strain and more than 2500 singlespore isolates(SSIs).

Dr. RD RaiRD Rai obtained his M Sc (Biochemistry) with gold medal from the University ofAllahabad and Ph D (Biochemistry) from Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)Lucknow. He joined the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in the firstbatchof the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on 1stSeptember 1976, at the then CentralStaff College for Agriculture (now NAARM) at Hyderabad. He was recipient of theNational Merit Scholarship during M Sc and CSIR JRF during Ph D. His PhD thesiswas on biochemical studies on amoebic meningo-encephalitis causedbyAcanthamoeba culbertsoni in albino-mice. After training at Hyderabad, he joined

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Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) and was posted at its regional station at Patna from 1976 to1983. Dr Rai joined the National research Centre for Mushroom, Solan in March 1984, where he served asSenior Scientist till 1998 and then as Principal Scientist (Biochemistry) till July, 2009. He worked on Fungaldegradation of ligno-celluloses by mushrooms, Morphogenesis in mushrooms, Post harvest biochemistryof Mushrooms and Medicinal mushrooms. He has been transferred to IARI, New Delhi in the Division ofBiochemistry. He has served the Centre in many areas of scientific and administrative endeavor. He wasfounder Chief Editor, MushroomResearch international journal of mushroom research and developmentfrom 1991-2004. Presently he is working as Prof and Head, Biochemistry Division, IARI, New Delhi.

Prof. BC SumanProf BC Suman has more than 30 years experience in research, teaching andextension activities in the field of mushroom research, disease management of sub-tropical fruits and vegetables and related field. Presently he is working as Prof andHead, Deptt of Mycology and Plant pathology, YS Parmar University of Horticultureand Forestry, Nauni, Solan. He has developed 2 isolates and four hybrids of Agaricusbisporus, standardized spawn preparation technology in India. Teachings all under-graduate and post-graduate courses related to mushroom and disease managementand conducting training on mushroom and disease management right from March,1981 to date. Organized one National Seminar on Mushrooms in 2010, entitledDiversification for sustaining profitability in Mushroom Production. Engaged incommercial spawn production at Spawn Production Laboratory and at HRRS, Dhaulakuan right fromMarch 1981. At present engaged in commercial mushroom and spawn production at Mushroom ResearchLaboratory, Nauni and Chambaghat. Dr. Suman has more than 25 research papers, 9 books, severalbook chapters and popular articles to his credit.

Dr. Harpreet Singh SodhiDr. Harpreet Singh Sodhi is Senior Mycologist (Professor) in the Department ofMicrobiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. He has been a Scientist engagedwith the mushroom research since October, 1984. He did his M. Sc. from PAU andPhD from University of London, London (UK). He has guided 12 M. Sc students and5 PhD students. He has worked on all facets of the mushrooms including productiontechnology, post harvest care, shelf life improvement, medicinal components,nutritional status, genetic improvement of mushroom strains etc.. He worked as ateam member of the mushroom group at PAU to give technology of cultivating fivemushroom varieties namely, Agaricus bisporus, Calocybe indica, Lentinus edodes,Pleurotus spp. and Volvariella spp. round the year under natural climatic conditionsof Punjab. His major interest in mushroom research is to develop novel strains through genetic manipulationbesides developing low cost technology. He has published about 50 research papers and various articlesin extension bulletins.

Dr. RP SinghDr. RP Singh has been involved with Mushroom Research and Development since last 38 years (AssistantProfessor to Professor and Head Plant Pathology, Director CAS and Emeritus Scientist from Nov. 1972 toJune, 2010). He has initiated and established Mushroom Research and Training Centre at the G.B. Pant Universityof Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Uttrakhand, India. He has formulated and implemented five researchprojects on different aspects of mushrooms apart his leadership to All India Coordinated Mushroom ImprovementProject since 1984. His achievements on medicinal mushroom includes development of technology for theproduction of Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, and Cordyceps sinensis. He has led a team of researchers

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on Codyceps sinensis highly priced medicinal mushrooms. He attended and presentedpapers in 25 National and 6 International conferences including latest an Internationalconference on Cordyceps sinensis conference at Xining, China in June,2o10. He hasguided 06 Ph.D. and 8 M.Sc.(Ag.) students and published more than 150 research papers/ articles. He has authored two books and twelve book chapters. He has been memberInternational Society of Mushroom Science, Life Member Mushroom GrowersAssociation,Life member of Mushroom Society of India, Vice-President Indian Society ofMycology and Plant Pathology and President, Mushroom Society of India. He has beenmember R AC, Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan and member QRT formed byICAR to review the work done from 2005-2010 at DMR, Solan and AIC Research Projecton Mushroom. He was awarded P.R. Verma award of Indian Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology (2000 &2006), best paper award from Indian Phytopathological Society and M.J. Narsimhan academic award of IndianPhytopathlogical Society . He was member of Board of Management of Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikanerfor the year 2005-06 and member expert comittee, National Biodiversity Authority, Govt. of India for the year2008-09.

Dr. Behari Lal DharDr. BL Dhar is a renowned mushroom scientist and has done his masters and doctoraldegree on mushrooms. He has 30 years of reasearch experience in the field ofmushrooms. He has served 24 years in the Directorate of Mushroom Research indifferent capacities. He has worked on cultivation of specialty/ lignicolous mushroomsfor five years with a Japanese team and also released of 2 high yielding varietiesNCB-6 and NCB-13 of summer white button mushroom Agaricus bitorquis forcommercial cultivation in India. He has developed technology for cultivation of summerwhite button mushroom Agaricus bitorquis-for the first time in the world.He has alsoworked on post composting supplementation of compost with N-rich organic materialsfor yield increase, in A.bisporus and A. bitorquis. Dr. Dhar has standardized suitable casing materials forIndian conditions, recommendation of Mushroom Spent Compost, Coir Peat and Farm Yard Manure forcultivation of button mushrooms with comparable mushroom yields. Developed Mushroom Farm Designappropriate to Indian growing conditions, with modern infrastructure and climate controls.

Dr. Dhar is honoured by the International Society for Mushroom Science (UK) by selecting him as MushroomPersonality, American Mushroom Institute by publication of his contributions to Mushroom Science underthe column Researchers Around the World in their issue of Mushroom News. Dr. Dhar has visited andgiven lectures at various cuntries like Ireland, Hong kong, Malasiya, China and France.

Dr. MP ThakurBorne on 24th June, 1961 at Niwari (Mandla, M.P.), graduated (1982), post graduated(1984) and Doctorate (1988) from JNKVV, Jabalpur. Started my professional careerin 1986 as Research Associate at Cotton Research Station, Khandwa (M.P.), asJunior Scientist in Indo-German project, Harda (M.P.) and Asstt. Prof. at COA, Khandwain 1988 at JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). Then, I joined, IGKV, Raipur on 14th Sept., 1988as Asstt. Professor, selected as Associate Professor in 1995 and was transferredto AICRP on Mushroom on 11th June, 1996 as Scheme Incharge and continued tillMarch, 2007, became Principal Scientist in 2003 and HOD (Plant Pathology) forabout a year in 2006. Nominated as Nodal Officer for establishment of a newCollege of Agriculture at Kawardha (C.G.) on 19th April, 2007 and Dean (Officiating)since 11th Dec., 2007 to 11th July, 2012. Joined as Professor and Head (PP) on 12th July, 2012 andcontinuing till date.

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During my educational & professional career, awarded ICAR Junior & Senior Research Fellowships,Merit Scholarships, Certificate of Honours at UG and PG degrees. Nominated as Zonal President, CentralZone (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states) of Indian PhytopathologicalSociety, New Delhi for 2013, nominated by DG, ICAR as MEMBER for Research Advisory Committee ofDMR, Solan for three years from 2013-2016, nominated as Zonal Councilor, West Zone (Madhya Pradesh,C.G. Rajasthan, Gujarat) of ISMPP, Udaipur in 2001. Visited China, Mexico, Thailand, U.K., Nepal foreducational purposes. Awarded Fellowship for Training to the In Service Young Scientist by MadhyaPradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal in 1992, awarded Best Worker by IGAU, Raipur in2001, awarded Best Poster Paper in 2005,2008, Krishi Shree Award for outstanding contribution byMinister of Education, Govt. of Chhattisgarh in 2007. Have been the FELLOW of Indian Society of Mycologyand Plant Pathology, Udaipur since 2010 and Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, Kanpursince 1995. Working as Editor of Mushroom Research, since 2006 published by MSI, Solan (H.P.),Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology published by ISMPP, Udaipur from 2002-2011, IndianPhytopathology published by Indian Phytopathological Society, New Delhi since 2011, as Editor in Chiefof Journal of Agricultural Issues published by IGKV, Raipur since March, 2012. Worked as Editor, Journalof Agricultural Issues published by IGKV, Raipur from 1994-2004. Organized FIVE National Conference/Seminars/Workshop, ICAR Short Course, 126 training programmes of National and state levels. Written3 books, 3 practical manuals, 10 technical bulletins, 23 Extension bulletins, 10 multicolored folders, 6compendium of lectures. Published 70 research papers, 9 chapters in books, 2 review articles, 69 populararticles, presented 38 keynote address/guest lectures/invited talks in International and NationalConferences. Chaired, co chaired dozens of technical sessions of in International and NationalConferences. Have been the Judge in dozens of Competition Awards by being organized by the differentAcademic Societies and Councils.

Dr. HK BajajDr. HK Bajaj, Emeritus Scientist (ICAR, New Delhi) is an alumnus of Department ofZoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He superannuated on 29.2.2012 as Sr.Taxonomist from Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar which he headed for more than three and half years. He has been teachingcourses on Nematode morphology, taxonomy and biology since 1977. He also workedon the nematodes problems of button problems in Haryana state and recommendedprophylactic measures for their management. He investigated the biology of predatorynematodes indigenous to button mushroom ecosystem and their potential use incombating nematode menace in this crop. He is coauthor of book Text Book onIntroductory Nematology published by Indian Council of Agricultural Research, NewDelhi, and Handbook of Practical Nematology, Scientific Publishers (India) Jodhpur. He has also writtenpractical manual for undergraduate students pursuing course on Introductory Nematology. He has been atechnical member of the team for writing Definitional Dictionary of Nematology published by commissionfor scientific and technical terminology, Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India. He has handled four researchprojects and contributed twenty chapters in books and published over 200 research papers in journals ofrepute. He had been instrumental in production of three video films- Earcockle Disease of Wheat, MolyaDisease of Wheat and Barley, and Biology of Seinura paratenuicaudata, a Predatory Nematode. Videodocumentary, Earcockle Disease of Wheat, was transmitted several times on National Channel in orderto eliminate this disease.

Dr. Devina VaidyaDr. Devina Vaidya is presently working as Senior Scientist in the Department of Food Science andTechnology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan after joining the universityin 1989. She acquired her Ph D degree in Food Science and Nutrition from HP Krishi Vishvavidyalaya,

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Palampur for which she has awarded a gold medal in academics. She is activelyengaged in teaching both at UG and PG level since 1995. She has focused herresearch attention on production of novel and value added products from kiwifruit,mushrooms and honey beside working on the general processing aspects of variousfruits and vegetables. She has the distinction of presenting her research findingsduring the 6th International Symposium on Kiwi fruit held at New Zealand during theyear 2006. Her extensive efforts include imparting training lectures duringspecialization training programs and over All India Radio and Doordarshan regularly.She has to her credit more than 50 research papers and popular articles in prestigiousjournals of national and international reputes beside having authored chapters inedited books. She is also one of the author of book Food Processing and Preservation; Part-I and II,manual entitled Analysis of fruit, vegetable and their products. She has guided five M Sc, one Ph D andalso as a co-guide of five other students. She is handling the research projects as PI of Indian Council ofAgricultural Research AICRP- on Postharvest Technology, DST projects and other private industriesfunded project. She is life member of many reputed societies/ associations of the country.

Dr. Shammi KapoorDr. Kapoor has done his M.Sc. and PhD from PAU, Ludhiana. Joined PAU in the year1992 in the Department of Microbiology in the college of Basic Sciences & Humanitiesas Asst Prof. and Professor in the year 2010. His Field of Specialization is IndustrialMycology (Solid waste management, utilization and management of agriculturalresidues)and Mushroom Research and technology. Presently he is working on Res.& development of mushroom cultivation in Punjab, Biotechnical approaches fordevelopment of thermotolerant strains of Agaricus bisporus, Interspecific strainimprovement in Pleurotus spp. through protoplast fusion, Bioactive molecules frommedicinal mushrooms. He has a number of publication to his credit in high impactjournals like World J of Agricultural Sci., Global J of Biotechnol and Biochemistry, J ofthe Sci. of Fd and Agri, etc.

Dr. Kapoor is a Member of Board of Studies in Food and Nutrition, Punjabi University, Patiala, MemberEditorial Board, Mushroom Society India for Mushroom Research, Secretary-cum-Treasurer, Associationof Microbiologist of India (Ludhiana Chapter).

Prof. TN LakhanpalTN Lakhapal was born on October 1st, 1944, Hamirpur ,Himachal Pradesh. Hereceived his B.Sc. Hons and M.Sc. Hons degrees in Botany from Punjab UniversityChandigarh in 1965 and 1967 securing 2nd and First Position respectively in theUniversity and his Ph.D. Degree from the University of Delhi in 1975 .. He joined thedepartment of Bio-sciences, H.P. University Shimla in 1976, and served the universityin various capacities as Chairman of the Department , Dean Faculty of Life Sciences,Director, Institute of Integrated Himalayan Studies and after retirement as ProfessorEmeritus of UGC for two years. He also served briefly as Visiting Professor in thedepartment of Forest Science, Oregon State University, USA and Mizoram University,Mizoram. And is honourary Professor in the department of Bio-sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University,Prasanthi Nilayam (AP).Dr. Lakhanpal has been a pioneer in research on Cellular Slime Moulds, Acellular Slime Moulds, Mushroomsand Mycorrhiza. He has extensively explored the bio-diversity of various groups of fungi from N.W. Himalaya:and has published monographs on the Taxonomy of Indian Myxomycetes, The Family Amanitaceae inIndia, The Family Boletaceae in India and the Biology of Indian Morels Technology was also developed byhis group for the cultivation of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) and Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica).

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Dr. Lakhanpal has served as President of Plant Sciences Section of ISCA, President of MycologicalSociety of India, and Indian Mushroom Growers Association. He was conferred Life time achievementaward at Banaras Hindu University and Fellowship by Indian Mycological Society (Calcutta). He servedas a member of QRT on mushrooms, Biodiversity Authority of India, Biodiversity Board of Himachal Pradesh,DST, DBT, DoE&F, GBPIHED, NRCM, UGC and HFRI. He was also Chairman RAC, Directorate ofMushrooms, Solan. He was Chief Editor of the Indian J. of Mushrooms and was also on the editorial boardof Indian Phytopathology, Indian Journal of Mycology & Plant Pathology, J. of Tree Sciences, India J. ofMicrobiology, and Hill J. of Botany .Dr. Lakhanpal is Fellow of Indian Phytopathological society and Societyfor Mycology and Plant Pathology.

He was honored with Best Teacher Award by H.P. University, Shimla and Sarswati Award of Delhi Universityand the Best Citizen award by the International Publishing House and Rashtrya Gaurav Award by FriendshipSociety of India. He has completed 10 major projects sponsored by different granting agencies: DST,DBT, DOE&F, ICAR, GBPIHED & UGC.

Dr. Lakhanpal has to his credit over 175 research papers, and ten books. He has trained a large numberof M.Sc. & M.Phil students and 30 students have received Ph.D. under his supervision.

Dr. Absar AhmadDr. Absar has made pioneering contributions to the fields of bio-nano-science andtechnology, which have received high international acclaim amongst peers. In particular,his works on bioinspired nanosysnthesis of metals, semiconductors and oxides usingfungal and plant extracts and related studies on elucidation and control of thebiomolecular processes and mechanisms are internationally recognized. He hasextended the concepts to nanosysnthesis using naturally available raw materials suchas white sand and rice husk, resulting in spherical, porous silica nanoparticles andseveral patents have also been filed and granted. His work on Biosynthesis of carbonatebiominerals using fungi, actinomycetes and plants is also noteworthy for its noveltyand significance for applicability. He has recently initiated further important steps offunctionalizing the nanoparticles synthesized by his green chemistry approach for drug delivery applications.Interestingly, he has extracted the said anticancerous drugs (Taxol) from endophytic fungi which showedcytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines HL-60 (leukemia), A431 (epidermal carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breastcancer). He discovered that Fusarium oxysporum and Trichothecium sp.are efficient and selectivebiocatalysts for the biotransformation of ketones. He has also done interesting biochemistry studies inother fields such as Carbohydrate binding proteins from endophytic fungi and their role in host specificityand development of low molecular weight microbial proteinase inhibitors as therapeutic agents.

He has more than 90 (Ninety) peer-reviewed research publications to his credit, which includes articles inNature Materials (IF. 32.841), J. Am. Chem. Soc (I.F: 9.907), Advanced Materials (I.F: 13.877), Nano Letters(I.F: 13.198), Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology (I.F 5.72), Bioresource Technology (I.F 4.98),Chem.Mater (Impact Factor: 7.286), Crystal growth & Design (I.F: 4.72), Nanotechnology (I.F 3.979),Appl. Phys. Lett. (I.F: 3.844) and 14 International and 18 Indian patents granted. Dr. Ahmad is recipient ofmany fellowships and awards viz., Tata Innovation Fellowship, VASVIK (Vividhlaxi Audyogik SamshodhanVikas Kendra) award, Scientist of the Year Award, Materials Research Society of India (MRSI) medal, Dr.Shome Memorial Award, Bharat Jyoti Award, etc.

He is fellow of Maharashtra Academy of Sciences and Mycological Society of India and Vice President ofMycological Society of India, Member of the expert committee on the Nanoscience and Nanotechnologyof DBT, Member of the expert committee of the Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee (UPC), Dept. of AYUSH,Member of Scientific Advisory Committee of National Institute of Immunology (NII).

1Germplasm Diversity


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1. Systematic, nutritional, nutraceutical and domestication studies in some Lentinusspecies from North India

NS AtriDepartment of Botany Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India

email: [email protected];[email protected]

The genus Lentinus Fr. belongs to Class Agaricomycetes, Order Polyporales and Family Polyporaceae. It ischaracterized by xeromorphic tough carpophores which are typically lignicolous. In this paper taxonomic,nutritional and nutraceutical investigations undertaken on six wild taxa of Lentinus, namely L. sajor caju (Fr.) Fr.,L.connatus Berk., L. torulosus Fr.(Pers.: Fr.) Llyod, L. cladopus Lv., L. squarrosulus var. squarrosulus Mont.and L. squarrosulus var. mangoensis var. nov. collected from different localities of North west India has beendiscussed. For taxonomy both classical and molecular taxonomic approach has been adopted. Based uponthe conclusions drawn one new variety L. squarrosulus var. mangoensis has been proposed for which molecularsequence has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank. Nutritional and nutraceutical analysis for all the six taxahas been done by employing standard biochemical techniques. In all these the evaluation has been done fordetermining the percentage of proteins, carbohydrates, fibres, ash, fats, macro and micro elements, toxicheavy metals, antioxidants like phenolic compounds, carotene, lycopene, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, aminoacids, etc. Out of all the six samples examined, lectin activity was detected only in L.squarrosulus, whichshowed strong affinity for Raffinose, D- Sucrose, Ribose and D-Maltose. Their capability to thrive on lignocellulosicsubstrates has been confirmed through the enzyme assay. Their use in the recycling of locally availableagrowastes for conversion into utility product was also attempted in case of L. cladopus, L. connatus, L.torulosus and L. squarrosulus. Out of these L. cladopus gave 31.16% B.E. in un-supplemented wheat straw,12.76% B.E. in paddy straw, while maximum 33.35% B.E. was recorded in 1:1 un-supplemented mixture ofwheat straw and paddy straw. For L. connatus cultivation was attempted only on un-supplemented wheatstraw in which the fungus gave 22% B.E. As compared the cultivation of L. torulosus was attempted on unsupplemented rice straw and wheat straw. No fruiting was there in wheat straw while on rice straw 73.6% B.E.was obtained. For the cultivation of L.squarrosulus un-supplemented wheat straw, paddy straw, rice husk, sawdust and 1:1:1:1 mixture of all these substrates was tried .Maximum B.E. of 68.27% was achieved in themixture substrate followed by 55.52% B.E. in wheat straw, 19.21%B.E. in saw dust and 7%B.E. in rice husk. Nofruiting was obtained in paddy straw. The presence of excellent culinary and nutraceutical credentials and theircapability to colonize the lignocellulosic substrates accounts for sufficient evidence to uptake their domesticationand subsequent cultivation for large scale production . Out of all these L. squarrosulus seems to be a fitcandidate for the entrepreneurs to adopt for large scale production to earn revenue and to provide alternativeculinary option for healthy eating to the mycophagists.


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Oral presentationsOral presentationsOral presentationsOral presentationsOral presentations

2. Dark spored Agarics - new to IndiaNarinderjit Kaur and Munruchi Kaur*

Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala- 147002, Punjab (India)*email: [email protected]

In the present paper three dark spored agarics viz. Psilocybe tampanensis Guzmn & S. H. Pollock,Conocybe pulchella (Velen.) Hauskn. & Svrcek and Panaeolus tropicalis Olah are reported for the firsttime from India. Psilocybe tampanensis Guzmn & S. H. Pollock: Fructifications 3.3-7.0 cm in height.Pileus 0.3-1.3 cm broad, convex, reddish gray (7B2) to orange gray (5B2) surface and grayish orange(5B4) centre; scaly, scales white. Lamellae adnexed to decurrent, distant, brownish orange (5C3). Stipecentral, scaly; exannulate. Spores 8.9-10.74 6.26-7.16 m, ellipsoid, double walled, golden yellow inKOH, granular. Conocybe pulchella (Velen.) Hauskn. & Svrcek: Fructifications 9.0-10 cm in height. Pileus2.0-2.1 cm broad, conical, yellowish orange (4A7) to pale orange (5A3) when young, turning pale orange(5A3) at the apex and orange white (5A2) with orange gray (5B2) tinge towards the margins at maturity;umbo acute; feebly striate; flesh brown, unchanging; taste alkaline, odour spicy. Lamellae adnate, subdistant,orange white (5A2) when young, brown (6E8) at maturity. Stipe central, white; exannulate. Spores 10.74-14.32 7.16-8.95 m, ellipsoid, double walled, golden yellow, granular. Panaeolus tropicalis Olah:Fructifications upto 4.8 cm in height. Pileus upto 1.4 cm broad, convex, bruising bluish; flesh white,unchanging. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, grayish black. Stipe central, concolorous with the pileus;exannulate. Spores 8.95-10.74 7.16-8.05 m, broadly ellipsoid, limoniform, dark brown, double walled.Spores do not bleach in conc. Sulphuric Acid.

3. Morchellaceae from Jammu region of North-West HimalayaMonika Kotwal, Sanjeev Kumar* and YP Sharma

Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India -180006*email: [email protected]

Morchellaceae, one of the important family belongs to order Pezizales of Pezizomycetideae, is characterizedby large stalked apothecia mostly with sponge-like (Morchella species) or bell shaped fertile portion orpileus (Verpa species), with an exception of Disciotis, where the apothecia is discoid or cup shaped.During wild mushrooms forays in various locations of Jammu region of North-West Himalaya, ten speciesof larger fungi belonging to genus Morchella and Verpa were recorded. These include Morchella angusticepsPeck, Bull., M. crassipes (Vent.) Pers., M. deliciosa Fr., M. elata Fr., M. rotunda (Fr.) Boud., M. semiliberaDC., M. tomentosa M. Kuo. Morchella species 1 and species 2 and Verpa conica. Survey of literaturerevealed that Morchella elata Fr., Morchella semilibera DC. and Morchella tomentosa M. Kuo. are newreports from India, whereas, remaining species constitute first authentic record from the Jammu Province.The fully matured mushroom species were collected from different parts of the study area by uprooting itssubstratum with the aid of a scalpel or sharp knife. The collected mushroom specimens were photographedin their natural habitat before they were picked up. Data on habit and habitat such as altitude, forest typeand traditional use etc. were recorded in the field. A few ethnomycological notes will also be highlighted inthe communication.


4. Genus Pluteus (Agaricales) in Kerala StateCK Pradeep*, KB Vrinda and Shibu P Varghese

Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala

*email: [email protected]

Genus Pluteus, typified by Pluteus cervinus, is the type genus of the family Pluteaceae. The genusincludes approximately 300 species and is distributed worldwide. Spores are pink in mass and thehymenophoral trama is inversely bilateral. Infrageneric taxonomy is primarily based on the characteristicsof the hymenial cysidia and the pileipellis. Members of the genus are commonly found growing on woodysubstrates including stumps, logs, fallen branches, woody debris and buried wood. They are saprotrophicand presumably never mycorrhizal. Some of them are widely known as edible and a few others ashallucinogenic. As part of the ongoing studies on the agaric diversity of Kerala, several mushrooms belongingto the genus Pluteus were collected and studied. The genus is well represented in Kerala and in thispaper an account of the genus as it occurs in Kerala will be presented.

5. Wood-decay macro fungi associated with declining arid zone trees of Rajasthan,India

Anila DoshiDepartment of Plant Pathology, RCA, MPUA&T, Udaipur (Raj.)

email: [email protected]

The climate of the northwestern desert ecosystem and Southern Rajasthan is characterized by hot drysummers, subhumid monsoons and cool dry winters. The extreme temperatures (-20C to 480C), lowrainfall and sandy loam soil with low nutrients restrict the build up of soil organic matter. Tree species inthe genera Acacia, Prosopsis, Ziziphus, Azadirachta, Jatropa, Ficus, Mangifera, Butea, Madhuca,Adhathoda, Syzium, Ricinus and Tamarindus are the most important. Dryland resources of fuel wood,human food and livestock fodder. Among these species Ac acia, Prosopis and Ziziphus grow very well indryland agroforestry systems and play an important role in controlling soil erosion, sand dune stabilizationand improving soil fertility. Wood decay macro fungi in the hymenomycetes are the major causal agentsof root rot and butt rot of numerous hardwoods and plantation trees in Tropical, Subtropical andMediterranean Countries. In present study it was observed that species of Ganoderma, Schizophyllumcommune, Pleurotus, Auricularia, Polypores, Innonotus, Favolus canadensis, Ceriporia, Phanerochaete,Leucoagaricus, Tricholoma,Macrocybe and Calocybe were associated with the decline of arid zone treesof southern and northwestern Rajashthan, India.

6. An update of wild mushroom in Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaSanjeev Kumar* and YP Sharma

Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&k) India-180006*email: [email protected]

Mushrooms are the macro fungi with fleshy, subfleshy, or sometimes leathery, umbrella like sporophoresthat bear their fertile surface either on lamellae or lining the tubes, opening out by means of pores. Theyare attracted attention of naturalists before the microscope was invented and micro fungi discovered. Theadaptation of mushrooms to the environment is nutrition based. They live as saprophytes, parasites andsymbionts. They are in service of the environment and are served by the environment in return sharingand caring. They adjust to the ecosystem by secreting cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes, whichcharacteristic is made use of in recycling the waste materials in a profitable and useful manner. Peopleare attracted by mushrooms but the categories vary- some like, some dislike and others are indifferent inattitudes and are called Mycophilic, Mycophobic and Mycoindifferent. Mushrooms have been in service of


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humanity since times immemorial. More recently mushrooms have come to occupy a prime place asmedicinally important food items. They contain low calories, fats and sugars and therefore good for fatpeople and sugar patients. They are having immense neutraceutical potential and possess antigungal,antibacterial, antiviral and nematicidal properties. The studies on them are also incomplete and extremefrom complete. Mushrooms from the wild are collected and consumed in variety of ways. Many traditionalrecipes and modern recipes available but both intensive and extensive studies are needed on them.Overall analysis of mushroomology presents a very wide field of research and development.

7. Diversity of potentially edible Agarics from PunjabMunruchi Kaur*, NS Atri and Harwinder Kaur

Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India*email: [email protected]

With the ever increasing population, there is a burden on the natural food resources even the naturallyoccurring edible mushrooms are under this pressure. Keeping this in view, a number of fungal forayswere planned to survey, identify and collect ethnomycological information of the potentially edible speciesof agarics in Punjab. As a result of these surveys 30 taxa of agarics falling under eight genera viz. AgaricusL., Termitomyces R. Heim, Macrolepiota Singer, Lepiota (Pers.) Grey, Leucoagaricus Locq. ex Singer,Psathyrella (Fr.) Qul, Coprinus Pers., Agrocybe Fayod were found to be potential edible. From the datacollected fourteen species of Agaricus, seven species of Termitomyces, three species of Macrolepiota,two species of Lepiota and one species each of Leucoagaricus, Psathyrella, Coprinus and Agrocybewere found to be important from their edibility point of view. In the present paper emphasis is laid onproviding an identification key based on morphological features to be of use for common man.


Poster presentationsPoster presentationsPoster presentationsPoster presentationsPoster presentations

8. The genus Coprinus Pers. from the cold desert of Ladakh (J&K), IndiaKonchok Dorjey*, Sanjeev Kumar and YP Sharma

Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India -180006*email: [email protected], [email protected]

The genus Coprinus, commonly known as inky caps, represents one of the important genera defined byits dark-spores possessing an apical germ pore and quick autolysis of the lamellae and pileus. The genusdisplays a wide array of morphological variations and inhabits a great variety of substrates like humicolous,coprophilous, fimicolous, gramicolous, bryophilous etc. The present paper deals with seven speciesbelonging to genus Coprinus. These include Coprinus comatus var. nov. C. disseminatus, C. micaceus(Bull.) Fr., C. plicatilis (Curtis) Fr., Coprinus sp.1, Coprinus sp.2 and Coprinus sp.3. All these saprobicforms have been recorded for the first time from Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir State. The detaileddescription of all the seven species has been incorporated in the present communication. The principalobjective of this study is to document the pioneering record of these interesting macrofungi luxuriouslygrowing in the harsh climatic condition of Ladakh where every organism were compelled to develop somepeculiar adaptive features to overcome the challenge of extreme environmental condition.

9. Systematic studies on some Boletes from Jammu and KashmirHarpreet Kaur, Sanjeev Kumar* and YP Sharma

Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006*email: [email protected], [email protected]

The Boletales (Agaricomycetidae) represents one of the major groups of mushroom-forming fungi inforest ecosystems worldwide. This order containing approximately 1316 described species is characterizedby pileate-stipitate fruiting bodies developing tubular hymenophores. In the present communication elevenboletoid taxa belonging to three genera namely Boletus, Suillus and Strobilomyces of Jammu provincehas been described and illustrated. Specimens were collected during the year 2011-2012, analysed macroand microscopically. The identified species includes Boletus edulis, B. luridus, B. piperatus, B. granulatus,B. formosus, Boletus sp., Suillus cavipes, Suillus sp., Strobilomyces mollis and S. echinocephalus. Fieldphotoographs, distribution, growing period, local names of recorded taxa have also been incorporated inthis study.

10. Lentinus giganteus - a promising wild edible mushroom from western ghats of KeralaKB Vrinda*, CK Pradeep & Shibu P Varghese

Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala


Wild edible mushrooms are one of the high valued non-timber forest products which provide the localswith seasonal food, medicine and an alternative income besides maintaining forest health. Lentinusgiganteus, originally described from Sri Lanka is a widely variable species with relatively large fruitingbodies, saprobic on buried well-rotted wood in the forests. Lentinus giganteus has been treated as aspecial food in Sri Lanka. In India, L.giganteus is so far known only from Kerala. The species thoughcommon in Kerala, is not listed among edible mushrooms and is not consumed by people in any part ofKerala. As part of our investigations on the agaric flora of Kerala, several specimens of Lentinus giganteuswere collected and studied. Cultivation trials are being carried out in the laboratory. A large fruiting body


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weighing 2.6 kg was collected in November 2012. Edibility of the species was tested and confirmed bythe authors. It tastes excellent and is therefore recommended for cultivation as a commercial mushroom.

11. Studies on biodiversity of wild edible mushroom of eastern Uttar PradeshPradip Kumar* and LP Awasthi

Department of Plant Pathology, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229 *email: [email protected]

Several edible fleshy fungi grow wildly in the gardens and forest of Eastern Uttar Pradesh during the rainyseason on dead and decaying plants, trees and soil. The use of wild mushrooms for food and medicine inall probability began with the prehistoric man. Local people collect wild edible mushroom and eat duringrainy season. The biodiversity in the mushroom is least documented in Uttar Pradesh as well as in India.A survey was conducted for the collection and conservation of wild edible/medicinal mushroom duringrainy season of 2012-13 (from July to September 2012) in the gardens and forest areas of Sultanpur,Bahraich, Gonda, Faizabad, Basti, and Jaunpur districts of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 20 samples werecollected, out of which 2 were Volvariella spp. 3 Termitomyces spp., 2 Ganoderma spp., 01 Polyporussp., 2 Calocybe indica, 02 Calocybe gambosa, 4 Pleurotus spp., 02 Coprinus comatus, and 02 stillunidentified species of mushroom. Out of these Termitomyces and Volvariella are most common andoccasionally available in the local market during rainy season. Selected fruiting bodies were also culturedfor further studies.

12. Coprophilous mushrooms of Punjab: the genus BolbitiusAmandeep Kaur1, NS Atri* and Munruchi Kaur

Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India1Desh Bhagat College of Education, Bardwal-Dhuri-148024, Punjab, India


The present paper deals with the collections of Bolbitius Fr. made from various dung localities of Punjab.The genus belongs to the family Bolbitiaceae Sing. and is characterized by fragile, usually brightly coloredcarpophores, viscid pileus surface, sulcate-plicate to pectinate pileal margin, free lamellae, non-capitatecheilocystidia and hymeniform pileus cuticle. Presently, six coprophilous spieces of the genus, namely B.coprophilous, B. demangei, B. glatfelteri, B. marginatipes, B. titubans and B. vitellinus are taxonomicallydescribed alongwith the field photographs, microphotographs, camera lucida drawings and the type ofdung they were associated with. Out of these, B. demangei, B. glatfelteri, B. marginatipes and B. titubansare new records for India.

13. Wild mushrooms of Kashmir Himalayas and their use as medicine in traditionalhealthcare system

Shauket Ahmed Pala*, Abdul Hamid Wani and Riyaz Ahmed Mir Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar-India (190 006)

*email:[email protected]

Mushrooms have been valued in medicine by man since times immemorial. The valley of Kashmir supportenormous wealth of high value medicinal mushrooms where peoples in remote villages and tribes havegreat faith in effectiveness of medicinal mushrooms. The traditional knowledge about the bioresources,which is the outcome of experiences passed on to successive generations, is disappearing with thepassage of time due to lack of interest in traditional system. Thus, a survey was carried out in remoteareas of Kashmir from March 2011 to December 2012, to explore and document the ethnomycologicaluses of different macrofungi in traditional healthcare system. The study revealed that a large number of


mushrooms representing 31 genera were used in traditional healthcare system to treat wide spectrum ofdiseases like scalds, burns, cold, leucoderma, headache, fever, abdominal pain, eczema, constipation,hypertension, leucorrhoea, baldness, mumps, diabetes, arthritis, liver diseases, rheumatism, asthma,respiratory infections etc. besides used as food in most cases. The information obtained from theseconservative traditional herbalists has not been subjected to scientific scrutiny and sustainable exploitationas yet. Thus the knowledge obtained during the survey needs to be subjected to scientific scrutiny andpharmaceutical evaluation to authenticate their validity in the drug development.

14. Collection of wild mushrooms from forest regions of PunjabRajesh Kumar, Sukhpal Kang, PP Johl and HS Sodhi*

Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana*email: [email protected]

Wild macrofungi were collected from the forest areas of Districts Gurdaspur and Ludhiana during August2012 to end of September 2012. Five wild mushrooms namely Coprinus comatus, Ganoderma lucidum,Pleurotus sp, Schizophyllum commune and Volvariella volvacea belonging to order Agaricales, Polyporalesand family Coprinaceae, Ganodermataceae, Pleurotaceae, Plutaceae, Schizophyllaceae, respectivelywere collected. These were found on lignicolous habitat except Volvariella volvacea growing on leaf-litter.Coprinus comatus was smooth black colored having thin-round white stipe of length 4-7 cm centrallyattached and pileus was of 3-6 cm diameter, conical shape, sticky and hygrophanous nature, scalespresent, gills were adnate with black colour. Ganoderma lucidum was brown colored with 5-9 cm flattenedstipe having 4-9 cm pileus also flattened with green margin, scales, non-hygrophanous nature. Volvariellavolvacea was smokey white, non-hygrophanous of diameter 1.5-3 cm having round stipe of length 2-4 cmand adnexed type of gill attachment and non sticky surface. Pleurotus sp. was white, non-hygrophanouspileus of diameter 2-5 cm having irregular gill edges and initially white gills turning golden. Schizophyllumcommune was golden-white with reduced stipe having pileus diameter 2-5 cm with irregular shape, roughmargin, non-hygrophanous nature and scaleless. Cultures were prepared for further study.

15. Wild fleshy fungi flora of mushroom of Western MaharashtraVK Bhalerao, AM Tirmali1, and DB Shinde*

All India Coordinated Research Project on Mushroom, Agriculture College, Pune.1All India Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone Fruits, MPKV, Rahuri


Survey for collection of wild edible mushroom for exploring the possibilities of selection of promising strainif any from different forests of western Maharashtra (Sahayadri ranges) Vidharba and Konkan region ofMaharashtra were undertaken during monsoon of 2011-12. The mycological characterization of collectedsamples was done. On the basis of mycological characters the wild samples were identified up to genericlevel. The wild germplasm of mushroom collected from forest area were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agarmedia and Malt Extract Agar media. Isolated pure cultures of mushrooms were submitted to gene bank ofDirectorate of Mushroom Soaln. Total sixty five samples of wild fleshy fungi were collected from Pune,Gondia, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Satara of Western Maharashtra (Sahayadri ranges), Vidharba and Konkanregion of Maharashtra during monsoon of year 2011-12. Out of these, sixteen viz. Agaricus sp., Pleurotussp., Tricholoma sp., Termitomyces sp., Polyporus sp., Boletus sp., Clitocybe sp. and Tuber sp. werefound to be edible.

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Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology

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16. Molecular mechanisms underlying nutrition, morphogenesis and flushing inmushrooms

RD RaiDivision of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012

email: [email protected], the study of living organisms i.e. Biology has been divided into Zoology and Botany for studyof animals and plants respectively, and in the two kingdom system, the fungi were grouped with the plants.Most of us present here might have studied the fungi as part of Botany, and there are still many reasons,unique enough, for the fungi to be studied as part of Botany. However, the things changed with the studyof fungal cell structures, especially the composition of the cell wall (chitin) by Bartnicki-Garcia in 1970,and, coincidentally, Whittaker proposed the famous five kingdom system in 1969, grouping fungi separatelyin Mycetae. Mushrooms are the most evolved microbes and most evolved fungi belonging mostly to theclass Basidiomycetes, and present themselves for the studies on various aspects of growth, development,reproduction, especially morphogenesis in the multicellular eukaryotes, much better than amoebae. Butthe presentation here shall be restricted to three most exciting aspects for biochemical research onmushrooms: molecular mechanisms underlying the fungal nutrition, fruiting and flushing.

Mushrooms, being hetrotrophs, derive the nutrition mostly from insoluble lignocelluloses by elaboratingextracellular degradative enzymes, like cellulases, ligninases, hemicellulases, proteases, pectinases etc.Production of most of these enzymes is beautifully regulated and controlled by need-based induction andfeed back inhibition as well as repression. Morphogenesis in mushrooms has been studied in the not-so-important commercial mushrooms, namely, Schizophyllum commune and Coprinus comatus becauseof the ease of their fruiting under in vitro conditions. Also, very few biochemists in the world are studyingthe morphogenesis phenomenon in the commercially important mushrooms, especially Agaricus bisporus.Efforts shall be made to present the current status of the knowledge on the morphogenesis in commercialmushrooms. Flushing (periodic appearance) is very thrilling area to be researched upon, both from thescientific as well as commercial angle: genetical as well as molecular mechanisms underlying flushingespecially of the button mushroom shall be dealt as per the current status of information.


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17. Reliability of molecular techniques in fungal taxonomy and DNA barcoding for speciesidentification in mushrooms

MC YadavDivision of Genomic Resources, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012

email: [email protected]

Phylogenomics deals with the inference of evolutionary relationships among species and higher taxonomicentities using DNA sequence data from conserved genomic regions. Because DNA sequencing is relativelyfast, convenient, and offers a large data set of discrete characters, it has become a widespread tool forphylogenetic reconstruction. DNA sequences being embedded in every cell are considered as geneticbar-codes. The variation among DNA sequences is used to identify organisms. DNA bar-coding is theuse of a short DNA sequence or sequences from a standardized locus (or loci) as a species identificationtool (Hebert et al., 2003). An optimal DNA bar-code region is a small DNA fragment presented in all speciesof a major taxonomic group, having invariable nucleotide sequence in all members of the same species,but with sufficient variation to discriminate among the species. The bar-code should contain enoughphylogenetic information to assign the species to a particular taxonomic group. The region should havehighly conserved primer binding sites for the amplification and sequencing. The sequence should beshort enough to amplify even from degraded DNA. The insertions, deletions and substitutions at nucleotidelevel of the bar-codes are the characteristic of the evolutionary path which makes bar-coding techniqueas a valuable tool to classify even cryptic species.

The overall components of the bar-coding technology consists of sample to be bar-coded, laboratorytechnique including the use of universal primers to amplify DNA bar-codes from the sample and onlinedatabases that contains the sequences of standard bar-codes. The success of bar-coding depends onthe construction of an online library that contains the standard sequences of bar-codes of almost allspecies. The DNA barcode that is well established in animals is a sequence of a 655-base fragment of the5' end of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1 or cox1) gene. However in plants, substitutionrates in this gene are much lower and there is often no sequence variation among species within a genus,and therefore this gene is not suitable as a plant barcode (Kress et al., 2005). The Consortia for Barcodeof life (CBOL) has recommended the use of matK and rbcL as universal barcode loci for land plants(CBOL Plant Working Group, 2009).

Six DNA regions were evaluated as potential DNA barcodes for fungi, the second largest kingdom ofeukaryotic life, which included three subunits from the nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron along with regionsof three representative protein coding genes (largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, second largest subunitof RNA polymerase II, and minichromosome maintenance protein) by Schoch et al. (2012). Although theprotein-coding gene regions often had a higher percent of correct identification compared with ribosomalmarkers, low PCR amplification and sequencing success eliminated them as candidates for a universalfungal barcode. Among the regions of the ribosomal cistron, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regionhas the highest probability of successful identification for the broadest range of fungi, with the most clearlydefined barcode gap between inter- and intraspecific variation. The nuclear ribosomal large subunit, apopular phylogenetic marker in certain fungal groups, had superior species resolution in some taxonomicgroups, such as the early diverging lineages and the ascomycete yeasts, but was otherwise slightlyinferior to the ITS. The nuclear ribosomal small subunit has poor species-level resolution in fungi.

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1. Molecular markers for phylogeny reconstruction and DNA barcoding:

i) rbcL: The chloroplast gene rbcL has been widely used for inferring phylogeny at higher taxonomiclevel in plants, codes for larger sub-unit of the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO), which is an important enzyme in the process of photosynthesis. This singlecopy gene is approximately 1431 bp in length, is free from length mutations except at the 3' end andhas a fairly conservative rate of evolution. As a bar-code should be short enough for ease of amplificationand sequencing, this property of rbcL may be a drawback in the use of bar-coding. Even though, thehigh substation rates and evolutionarily informative sites of this gene make it as a standard bar-code.

ii) matK: The matK, a maturase-encoding gene is located within the intron of another chloroplast genetrnK (encodes tRNA for lysine). The maturase is involved in group-II intron RNA splicing process. Theevolutionary constraints imposed by the function of the maturase are apparently less stringent thanthose of rbcL. Comparative DNA sequencing of matK (previously called ORFK) is thus used forphylogenetic reconstruction and as bar-code for plants. As the maturase activity on splicing dependupon the intron of a particular species, the matK shows variation at molecular level to diverge speciesin plants.

iii) ITS region: The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region with approximately 700 bp long sequence,present in the nuclear rRNA genes of all eukaryotes could also serves as DNA bar-code and a markerfor phylogeny reconstruction. The ITS1 and ITS2 on the either side of 5.8S rRNA gene show variationat length and nucleotide level which is useful to assign an organism into a specific taxon/family. AsITS1 and ITS2 are flanked by conserved rRNA genes, universal primers can be synthesized for theamplification in PCR.

However, the use of multiple DNA bar-codes have been emphasized for the identification of plantspecies as land plants have had the reputation of being problematic for DNA barcoding due to their peculiarreticulate evolution and the limitation of uniparental (maternal) inheritance of plastid genes. Therefore, thenuclear phylogenetic marker ITS region and more variable regions of plastid DNA (e.g., trnH-psbA intergenicspacer) have been advocated as the alternate candidate loci for DNA barcoding in plants. More recently,ITS2 spacer region of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene has been proposed as the universal DNA bar-code foridentifying plant species and as a complementary locus for CO1 to identify species in animals (Yao et al.,2010). Schoch et al. (2012) proposed ITS as the primary fungal barcode marker to the Consortium for theBarcode of Life, with the possibility that supplementary barcodes may be developed for particular narrowlycircumscribed taxonomic groups.

2. Potential applications of DNA barcoding in plants and fungi: Bar-coding permits illustration of molecularpolymorphisms and basically reflects existing nucleotide variation in DNA. The applications of DNAbar-coding in taxonomy, molecular phylogenetics, population genetics and comparative genomics inplants have been reviewed and discussed by Hajibabaei et al. (2007) and Shneyer (2009), and in fungiby Begerow et al. (2010). Potential uses of DNA barcoding in plants and fungi are: i) identification anddelineation of new crop species, ii) comparative genomics and molecular phylogenetics, iii) identificationof different life stages, iv) verification of herbal medicines/ foodstuffs, and v) IPR protection and tradein controlled species. Thus, DNA bar-coding markers could be used to broaden our understanding ofboth phylogenetic signal and detection of population-level variation for efficient management and useof biodiversity in plants and fungi especially in mushrooms.

References cited:

1. CBOL Plant Working Group (2009). A DNA barcode for plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 12794-12797.


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2. Begerow D., H. Nilsson, M. Unterseher and W. Maier (2010) Current state and perspectives of fungal DNA barcodingand rapid identification procedures. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol 87: 99-108

3. Hajibabaei, M., G.A.C. Singer, P.D.N. Hebert and D.A. Hickey (2007). DNA barcoding: how it complements taxonomy,molecular phylogenetics and population genetics. Trend. Genet. 23: 167-172.

4. Hebert P.D.N., A. Cywinska, S.L. Ball, J.R. de Waard (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc.R. Soc. Biol .Sci .Ser. B 270: 313 321.

5. Kress, W.J., K.J. Wurdack, E.A. Zimmer, L.A. Weigt and D.H. Janzen (2005). Use of DNA barcodes to identifyflowering plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 8369-8374.

6. Schoch, C.L., A. Keith, K.A. Seifert, S. Huhndorf, V. Robert, J.L. Spouge, C.A. Levesque , W. Chen and FungalBarcoding Consortium (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNAbarcode marker for Fungi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1109: 6241-6246.

7. Shneyer, V.S. (2009). DNA barcoding is a new approach in comparative genomics of plants. Russian J. Genet. 45:1267-1278.

8. Yao, H., J. Song, C. Liu, K. Luo, J. Han et al. (2010) Use of ITS2 Region as the Universal DNA Barcode for Plantsand Animals. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13102. doi:10.1371/ journal. pone.0013102.

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ORal presentationsORal presentationsORal presentationsORal presentationsORal presentations

18. Nutritional composition variation in different mushroom species: Role of UV light invitamin D content of paddy straw mushroom

OP Ahlawat*, K Manikandan and Manjit SinghDirectorate of Mushroom Research (ICAR), Chambaghat, Solan 173 213 (HP)


Mushrooms are known for their nutraceutical properties and are considered as rich source of qualityprotein. The nutritional composition of mushrooms provide them the status of health food as they areconsidered an important source of some vitamins, essential amino acids, potassium/sodium ratio andsource of selenium considered at cardiotonic. However, the less studied aspect is the contents of vitaminD as mushroom is the only vegetable source of vitamin D. Considering the health benefits of mushroomsdue to their unique nutritional composition the well ground and dried samples of different mushroomswere got analyzed from a accredited Government laboratory so that the issues related to variation innutritional composition by different sources can be solved. The samples of two different strains (brownand white) of Volvariella volvacea, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus eous and Lentinula edodes were gotanalyzed for 14 different components. Highest content of protein was recorded in brown strain (38.10%on dry wt. basis) of V. volvacea, followed by white strain (36.88%) of V. volvacea and button mushroom(29.14%). In pink oyster and shiitake mushrooms, it was almost same (19.59 and 18.85%, respectively).Contrary to this carbohydrate content was highest in pink oyster and shiitake mushrooms (64.34 and63.60%, respectively), followed by button and two strains of V. volvacea. The potassium/sodium ratio washighest of 254.58 in shiitake mushroom, followed by almost same in pink oyster and two strains of V.volvacea. Iron content was highest of 183.07 mg/kg dry mushroom in pink oyster mushroom, followed byalmost same in button and two strains of V. volvacea, while lowest of 37.55 mg/kg dry mushroom inshiitake mushroom. Zinc content was highest in pink oyster mushroom, followed by two strains of V.volvacea. The manganese was highest in shiitake mushroom, while selenium was recorded only in buttonmushroom. Vitamin D was recorded in all mushrooms but it was highest in button mushroom (984 IU/g),followed by pink oyster and brown strain of V. volvacea. The role of UV light exposure was also assessedby exposing the freshly harvest paddy straw mushroom fruit bodies for different durations and exposurefor one hour at 254 nm UV helped in nearly 10 folds enhancement in vitamin D content, which decreasedwith increase in exposure time of UV light. The study proved the nutraceutical values of different mushroomsand the role of UV light exposure in enhancing the nutritional properties of paddy straw mushroom, especiallythe vitamin D content.

19. Scanning electron microscopy of Pleurotus ostreatus in response to inorganicSelenium

Gagandeep Kaur1*, Anu Kalia2, S Kapoor1, HS Sodhi1 and PK Khanna11Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities,

2Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, College of Agriculture,Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab-141004, India


Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom or Dhingri) is basidiomycetes from the family Tricholomataceaeof order Agaricales. It is one of the most popular edible mushrooms, widely appreciated for its uniqueflavor, texture, color, improved shelf life and wide substrate specificity. It is ranked third among the mostcultivated mushrooms in the World, accounting for about 22% of total mushroom production. Some fungihave the ability to absorb microelements from the cultivation media. This ability can be exploited in Pleurotusostreatus for production of selenoproteins through absorption of selenium from supplemented medium.


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Present study was performed to investigate the morphological and compositional alterations in the hyphaeand spores of Pleurotus ostreatus in response to selenium supplementation. Stereomicroscopy wasperformed to determine the changes in radial hyphal growth. Pleurotus ostreatus agar bit was cultured onmushroom minimal agar (MMA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Glucose Yeast Agar (GYE) supplementedwith sodium selenate (5ppm, 10ppm and 20ppm). The plates were observed using a stereomicroscopeafter every 24 hours. Decrease in radial hyphal growth with increase in selenium concentration wasobserved after 120 hours of incubation. However, selenium supplementation resulted in slight increase inradial diameter at 10 ppm on GYE and PDA after 120 hours of incubation. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS) was performed on mycelial biomass of Pleurotus to quantify total selenium content of myceliumwhich was 5.093 ppm and 7.299 ppm at 10ppm and 20ppm sodium selenate respectively. High resolutionimaging of the fungal growth using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was performed to decipheraltered morphology of the hyphae and spore surface of one week old culture. The SE micrographs exhibitedgradual decrease in hyphal diameter (in micrometer) with increase in selenium concentration. The SEM-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) study was also performed to ascertain the extracellularpresence of selenoproteins or organic selenium in the cytosol as well as to decipher difference in the %weight and % atom carbon and oxygen composition. The stereomicroscopy, SEM and SEM-EDS studiesconclude that supplementation of 10 ppm of selenium could be carried out for Se fortification in Pleurotusostreatus to enhance its medicinal properties without having significant effect on phenotypic parametersstudied.

20. Qualitative and quantitative screening of vegetative mycelium of Morchella speciesfor the activity of extra cellular enzymes

Monika Thakur1* and TN Lakhanpal21Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, UP -201303

2Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005*email: [email protected]

Among wild edible species of mushrooms, morels rank first in choice and delicacy and have been themushrooms of choice since ancient times in India and elsewhere. The morels comprise the genusMorchella, commonly called as Guchhi in the Indian market. The ethnobotanical data gathered on thesewild mushrooms reveal that these can be consumed directly in diet to promote health, as they havenutritional and medicinal benefits also. All attempts made so far in various parts of the world to domesticatemorels, have met only with an occasional success. This is probably because of the fact that the physiologyof this mushroom is not yet fully understood. Although enough data has been available on the culturalcharacteristics, spore germination and physiology of morels, but, all this information does not yet seemenough to induce fructification surely. In the present study, all the eight Morchella species which arepresent in North West Himalayas are qualitatively and quantitatively screened for different enzymes. Yellowmorels produced qualitatively higher concentration of enzymes in comparison to black morels. Similarly,quantitatively, yellow morels showed maximum activity of extracellular enzymes than black morels. Thestudy confirms higher extracellular polymorphism at inter specific levels and could distinguish yellow andblack morels from each other. The production of all these enzymes shows that all the eight species ofMorchella are capable of degrading and utilizing various substrates such as cellulose, starch, and proteinetc. efficiently and this can help the mycologists to opt such substrates for the domestication of thespecies.

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21. Lignolytic enzyme production by Pleurotus pulmonarius in different agrowastesunder solid state fermentation

G Thiribhuvanamala*, V Prakasam and G KalaiselviDepartment of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003


Lignin modifying enzymes produced by white rot basidiomycete fungi during their secondary metabolismare non specific with high oxidative capacity that is capable of mineralizing lignin. Among the white rotbasidiomycetes fungi tested under solid and liquid screening, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (NCIM),Pleurotus pulmonarius, P.sajor-caju and Schizophyllum commune produced higher levels of lignolyticenzymes viz., laccase, Lignin peroxidase (LiP) and Manganese peroxidase (MnP). Among them,P.pulmonarius was tested for the lignolytic enzyme production in different farm agro wastes viz., sugarcane,banana, millets, pulses, cocopeat, cocoa wastes, coir pith and oil palm under solid state fermentation.Among the enzymes, laccase and LiP were produced in significant levels by Pleurotus pulmonarius from21st to 28th day under SSF compared to MnP. Among the substrates tested, P.pulmonarius producedsignificant levels of laccase in banana, oil palm, coir pith and millets, where as LiP showed preferenceover the substrates like sugarcane banana, pulses and cotton and maximum MnP was produced insugarcane, pulses, cotton and millets. The organic substrates viz., wheat bran and ground nut cakeeach@ 5 per cent and inorganic substrates viz., copper sulphate and manganese sulphate each at 150 Menhanced the lignolytic enzymes of P.pulmonarius under in vitro conditions. The results from this studyoffers scope for application of white rot fungi P.pulmonarius for biodegradation of agrowastes as well forrecycling of the agrowastes for the commercial production for edible purpose under Integrated farmingsystem.

22. Estimation of Ergosterol at developmental stages of Ganoderma lucidumAnna Goyal*, Shiveta Raina, S Kapoor, HS Sodhi and PK Khanna

Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana*email: [email protected]

Ergosterol is a principle sterol of the cell membrane to which it is strongly bound in fungi and is able toactivate expression of a number of defense genes and increase the resistance of plants against thepathogens The ergosterol content has been widely used as an estimate of fungal biomass in variousenvironments as it has a strong correl

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