ABSTRACT

Spatio temporal analysis of the impact of telecom network coverage in Nigeria entails the

social, environment and economic implications of telecommunication in both rural and urban

centers of Lagos state.

The quest for modernization and the demand for effective communication necessitated the

development of telecommunication industry.

However in Nigeria, the major backbone in the telecom sector was recorded until the Obasanjo

administration. In sometimes 2000 when license was given to Vmobile to provide

telecommunication services in Nigeria.

The growth of telecommunication now recorded another era when the impact is been felt in

both rural and urban centers of Lagos, the telecom sector has also become a subject of

international discuss as Nigeria was rated the fastest growing telecom industry in Africa, such

that it has provided employment and increase social interaction among people.

The telecom industry is divided into and we have GSM operators (Global System Monitoring)

and PCO operators. This research therefore focuses on the impact of telecom as it’s concern

Rural and Urban taking into consideration GSM i.e. Vmobile now CELTEL Nigeria in particularly.

In other to realize the objectives of this study both primary and secondary data were used. The secondary data were gotten from National Communication Commission and International Telecommunication Union while primary data from questionnaire, two types were (i) questionnaire for general purpose and questionnaire (ii) for official purpose different sector e.g. Education, ICT, Agriculture, Health, and Banking.

In general questionnaire the set of question solicited information among other things on the

relationship between income and expenditure on phone, the call pattern of respondents in

terms of family, friends and business, and its opinion of sectoral development and importance.

An interview was conducted, question were asked by a member of the editorial board of Vee

network who shared more light on the gray area of the environmental and health effect of

GSM equipment.

The critical question were analyzed using computer system aided with MS EXCEL,

representing opinion and distribution of respondents with charts: pie, bar and multiple bar as

the case may be.

The hypotheses was tested using Spearman’s rank correlation statistics. And the line of best

fit was also constructed between rural Lagos and urban center.

The findings of the study shows that, there is a relationship in the impact of telecom growth

witnessed in urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos. This could also be seen in the

line of best fit of opinion poll conducted in both rural and urban centers in Lagos.

The study also shows that telecom instead of reducing the rate of urban influence, it has

contributed to it, instead it seems as a means of better informing rural dwellers of where

opportunities are bound for better options in education, business and Recreation.

Therefore, it can be concluded that as telecom growth is geometric in Nigeria. It has also lead

to growth or enhancement of services delivers in different sector except for health and

agriculture were little impact is felt and this is due to the country level of development.

In conclusion, telecommunication is an impetus for achieving optimal productivity social

interaction and integration not only in urban center but in rural area. Hence, it must not be

compromised as the effective regulation forward price or tariff should be encouraged for

accessibility by the poor.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The growth of telecom market in Nigeria continued at geometric rates, thereby sustaining the market as one of the fastest growing telecom market globally. From about 2.3million lines at the end of 2002, the number of connected telephone lines increased to about 4.04million at the end of 2003 and 10.20million in 2004. These represent an average annual growth rate of about 115% between 2002 and 2004. Equally, the usage and penetration of Internet services witnessed commensurate growth. Internet users increased from less than half a million in 2002 to about 1.6million in 2003 to 1.8million in 2004, representing increase in penetration from 0.3 in 2002 to 1.3 in 2003 to 1.4 in 2004.

The National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS), highlights national socio-economic development aspirations, being aware of the catalytic role typically played by mobile telecommunications in socio-economic development in Africa, GSM operators in Nigeria have developed a joint Economic Development (JED) framework to support the government in the actualization of its objectives as set out in NEEDS. But apart from these aims the social, economic and environmental impact of telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria. Since telecommunication helps to increase in social terms-freedom of speech which is the self regulated contents and privacy which is personal information generated on the phone will not be misused nor used by another without informed content of the principal.

Economic impact will include increase in per capita-income, more even distribution of income, reduction in the level of unemployment, increase in the supply of high level of manpower Environmental Impact of telecommunication which has been a subtract between the Nigeria telecommunication and commission and the telecom operators on

one hand and the people on the other hand as the emissions from telecom masts could be harmful to human health, the report speculated that the emission could cause cancer and skin burns.

Telecommunications usage has caused growth and structural change in the economy,

which in turn have led to growth in the use of transportation.

We explained in an earlier section of this report that travel savings are not the usual

motivation for the implementation of teleprocesses but that travel saving could

sometimes be a result. In this section, we focus on the economy as a whole and show

how teleprocesses act to increase the use of transportation in the economy through

restructuring that requires more movement of people and goods. These effects are

related to but distinct from the geographic dispersion effects described in the previous

section.

There are two underlying economic mechanisms: qualitative and quantitative.

Qualitatively, telephenomena drive economic restructuring. Quantitatively,

telephenomena drive economic growth. Both the qualitative effect of restructuring and

the quantitative effect of growth stimulate higher levels of trip making.

The growing dependence of Nigeria business on telephenomena is shown by Morgan

Stanley calculations that information technology capital as a share of total industry

capital across the combined manufacturing and service sectors has grown from 0.4% in

1960 to 3% in 1991 (Roach, 1993).

The analysis of the above stated telecommunication variables would be counted out with the aid of Geostaistics which is a statistical method which where traditionally used in geo-sciences. These methods describe spatial correlation among sample data and use it in various types of spatial models. Geostatistics changes the entire methodology of sampling, traditional sampling method don’t work with auto correlated data and therefore the main purpose of sampling plan is to avoid spatial correlation.

In Geostatistics there is no need in avoiding auto correlated or autocorrelation and sampling becomes less restrictive.

Geostatistics also changes the emphasis from estimation of average to mapping distributed population as in the case of analyzing the spatial and temporal dimension of the impact of telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria.

Geostatistics is defined above, explains not only its applications with Geographic Information Systems but also the numerous application of mathematical analysis of varied spatial database. Geostatistics is also applied in various branches of human geography particularly those involving the spread of disease (Epidemiology) the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics) and the development of efficient spatial network (telecommunication).

In analyzing the spatio-temporal dimension of telecommunication network, our observational methodology will dictate the accuracy of subsequent analysis, in geography, this issue is complicated by unique variables and spatial patterns such as geospatial topology. An interesting feature in geostatics, every location display some form of spatial pattern, it is not to state that all variables such as social and economic impact are spatial dependent. Simply because network coverage are incapable of measurement separately from their surroundings. Such that there can be no perfect spatial distribution of network coverage of communities by CELTEL since that two or more communities can not share the network workstation thereby having different socio-economic impact on the area in different local government.

There are several difficulties associated with the analysis of spatial-temporal data, among are the boundary delineation, the location of study area boundary, moderable area unit and boundary delineation which is Lagos state, Nigeria and the positioning of boundaries affect various statistics, the size alone has larger implications, consider the study of network coverage in the \telecommunication industry in Lagos, where network coverage are expected to be higher because of the high influence of population and urbanization, due to this Lagos state has the largest number of covered area in Nigeria.

Geostatistics application falls also with in Geographic Information Systems, which can be thought of as a system for integrating data from various disciplines and formats to develop information about specific geographic area or site. GIS have the capacity of receiving inputs of tabular data, maps and statistics, GIS are related to and can be linked with database management system, statistical programs, computer aided design and image processing as illustrated below.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Human need communication, and from early history, various means have been used to provide communications at a distances with radio, telephone, television and computer links (network), which is now an integrated apart of the society.

The National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS), highlights the national socio-economic development aspirations being aware of the catalytic role played by telecommunication in socio-economic development. Developments framework to support the government in actualization of it’s objectives as s et out in NEEDS. The impact of CELTEL (one of the GSM operators in Nigeria). Which is evaluating the impact of the network coverage growth in Lagos, whether it conforms with the join economic development(JED) framework set-out by the GSM operators in the year 2004.

In evaluating CELTEL’s activity in Lagos the spatio- temporal dimension has to be considered which is the growth/increase in number of base station over the years and also the growth in subscribers, if it has led to economic growth i.e. increase in per-capita income, employment generation and diversification of the economy. Both in he urban and rural part of Lagos state.

Telecommunication network coverage growth comes with different impact both in social, economic and environmental, the need for a comprehensive study and how it relates to the years of existence in a particular area (Lagos state to be precise). Since telecommunication services is very cumbersome as its involves the movement of equipment such as boxes and wires. Then network use to be done through wires i.e. cable are tied all around poles and connections are made through this means which are not environmentally friendly. But now more sophisticated networking are in place the use of satellite signals and wireless phones and more recently optic fibre and the system used i.e. how a GSM call is connected by CELTEL.

The process of connection two subscribers requires a n Interaction between the various network element. Even though the process takes a few seconds, each element must perform a task before the stage both in reverse term.

MSC- Mobile Station Controller

BSC- Base Station Controller

BTS – Base Transceiver Station

Human need telecommunication, and from early history, various means have been used

to provide communication at a distance, with radio, telephone, television and computer

links (networks). Which is now an integrated part of the society, it is now looks like our

need of information is almost as great as our need for energy. The economic growth

stimulated by telecommunications investment causes more use of transportation as the

production and delivery of goods and services increases. Economic growth in turn

causes further growth in telecommunications investment, and the cycle continues

(Olorunfunda, 1991).

Productivity improvement leads in the long run to personal income growth. To the

degree that a telecommuter, for example, consistently gets more work done in the

same number of working hours, the employee and the organization perform better and

incomes increase. Higher household incomes lead to more consumption of

transportation, Spending is much higher for transportation; at the same time, elasticity

of demand as personal income rises is higher for transportation than for information

technology.

Telecommunications and teleprocesses also create structural changes in the economy

that lead to more use of transportation. The most important of these are a more rapid

pace of activity and increased pressure for improved performance.

Companies tend to move faster in the face of competition coming from all directions

Telecommunication can play in economic growth and social integration and its impact in terms of the environment.

Apart from the socials impact which are freedom of speech, cultural enhancement in terms of the colour, race, sex, language and religion etc. and the Economic Impact, which are increase in the supply of high level manpower and diversification of the economy.

On a broader scale telecommunication has a great impact of Health, Agriculture, Education, Transportation and Administration.

The spatio-temporal analysis of the above variables and the effect of the telecommunication equipment such as mast in terms of the emissions of signal which could result into cancer and skin burns would be explained in the research.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The study is aimed at analyzing the s patio- temporal impact of telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria with specific reference to CELTEL’s Coverage in Lagos.

To achieve the above aim, the below objectives are:

ü To evaluate the spatio- temporal impact of CELTEL coverage on economic growth in Lagos state.

ü To determine the impact of telecommunication on socio-cultural integration of people living in Lagos.

ü To analyze its impact on the environment i.e. telecommunication equipment e.g. Cables and boxes and now telecommunication Mast.

ü To recommend possible solution and suggestions for further enforcement in telecommunication Services in Lagos, Nigeria.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. How many subscribers are presently connected to in Nigeria.

(b) Who do they use their phone to call and how often do they call e.g. lover , family member, friends, people outside Lagos and business partner.

2. How much do commercial phone outlets make in a day, week or month.

(b) What is the number of employee in this outlets.

(c) How much do they pay at the end of the month.

3. How many base station do CELTEL have in Lagos state.

(b) What is their condition like in terms of emission, how many case of cancer skin burns have been recorded if any in such area.

(4). What is the tele-density of Nigeria

1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no relationship in the impact of telecommunication growth on environmental, social, and economic development witnessed in rural Lagos and urban centers of Lagos state.

Hi: There is a relationship in the impact of telecommunication growth on environmental, social, and economic development witnessed in rural Lagos and urban centers of Lagos state.

1.5 STUDY AREA

Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria, as only two census (in 1972 and 1991) have been taken since independence, estimates of its population vary considerably, but generally range from 10 to 15.5million people, makings it one of the most populous cities in Africa. But recent census result conducted in june 2006, shows that Lagos state has a

population of about 9.04 million, although here have been contending figures produced by the Lagos state government shows that it has about 13million people.

The climate in Lagos is similar to that up of the rest of southern Nigeria. There are two main seasons, with the heaviest rains falling from April to July. The main dry season is accompanied by harmathan winds from he Sahara Desert, which between December and early February can be quite strong.

Lagos is located in longitude 6o27o - 11oN and latitude 3o23o - 45oE and the area of the city is 787km2, area of land 614km2 and water 173.14km2.

Lagos consist of a large lagoon and an archipelago of large islands in the lagoon. The three Islands in Lagos are Lagos Island, Ikoyi and Victoria Island which is connected to the mainland by three large bridges, Eko Bridge, Carter bridge and Third Mainland Bridge, while the districts on the mainland isnclude Ebute-Meta, Surelere, Yaba (Lagos), Mushin, Maryland and Ikeja.

Lagos is Nigeria leading port, the port of Lagos, operated by the NPA is sight into two main sector, Lagos port, Apapa port and Tin Can Port, all located on the Gulf of Guinea, the poor features a railway. Lagos is also Nigeria’s commercial center. Many of the country’s largest banks and financial institutions a re located here. More than half of Nigeria’s industrial capacity is located in Lagos mainland suburb particularly in Ikeja industrial estates.

Transport in Lagos consist of ferries and highways link the parts of the city together, however, transport links within Lagos are congested, due in part to the geography of the city, as well as its explosive population growth. The lagos - ibadan express way and Lagos - Abeokuta expressway are the major arterial routes in the city and serves as an inter-state highways to Ibadan, Oyo state and Abeokuta, Ogun State respectively. The Lagos-Ibadan expressway also serves as a Christian highway because every first Friday of every month, the highway links over 500,000 Lagosians with the kilometer 42 Redeemed Christian Church Camp.

The area is also particular famous for its music and highlife, notably in areas a round Yaba and Surulere, as well as the National Stadium complex. Other area of the mainland include the middle class, slums, and suburbs of Ebute-Meta, Surulere, Yaba, Mushin and Ikeja.

Lagos island is the nerve center of the city and contains many of the largest markets in Lagos, its central business district, the central mosque, and the Oba’s palace. Though largely derelict, Tinubu Square on the North and South to place in 1914.

Perhaps the description would not be completed without mentioning CELTEL. A telecommunication company in Nigeria to be precise a GSM company. Four years ago just about on the (August 6, 2001). Econet wireless Nigeria, acquired the license of being the first company to Launch commercial GSM service in Nigeria. After while it was change into Vmoble Nigeria not until recently following the acquisition of 65% of

Vmobile share by CELTEL, it became the lion share holder and as such the name CELTEL Nigeria Plc.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

This study will cover the impact of telecommunication growths on both Environment, Social and Economic life of the people of Nigeria. Things to do are:

i. Graphical representation of the growth of telecommunication subscribers in Nigeria over space and time.

ii. Statistical analysis of economic development as a result of telecommunication growth in Lagos.

iii. Distribution of Base station of CELETEL in Lagos state over space with the aid of Microsoft EXCEL.

iv. Map presentation of CELETEL coverage in Nigeria will specific reference to Lagos using .

v. To proffer/recommend possible solution for further improvement in telecommunication services in Nigeria.

Things the research would not cover

i. Other telecommunication network coverage but they would be mentioned for record purpose.

ii. Emphasis would be placed on Lagos State alone.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

It is a recognizable fact that the successes recorded by telecommunication industry in Nigeria between the year 2001 and 2006 a re well known around the world and that the need to produce appropriate indices and data on outcome of CELTEL”s network coverage and the impact telecommunication coverage in Nigeria, which has to do with spatial and temporal dimension of Economic and social impact.

The data or research is of a benefit to us in other to deduce that there is a direct connection between the telecommunication growth and economic and social growth. And also whether the telecommunication operation instrument such as mast has environmental impact such as healthy nature of the environment in terms of the emissions which will lead to Cancer or skin burns. The compilation, updating, organizing, storage and retrieval for usage of details of any spatial application of probabilities methods to regionalized data and variable. So data such as impact of

telecom coverage can be reviewed, updated for usage from time to time with the aid of this research.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

CAD- Computer Aided Design

Chart- A page of sheet of information inform of a diagram.

CIA-Central Intelligence Agency

Co-ordinates- Either of two numbers or letters used to fix the position of a point on a map.

Coverage- the amount of something that another thing provide.

DATA- a quantitative information.

DBMS- Database Management System

Graph- a planed drawing consisting of link(s)

GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication

JED- Joint Economic Development

Model- a copy of something on a much smaller scale.

NEEDS- National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy.

Network- A group of workstations in different places that are connected to provide specific service(s)

Region- an administrative division of a country

Services- a system that supply public needs

SMS- Short Message Services

Subscribers- Number of people taking part in an activity, use or service.

System- a set of connected things that form a w hole or work together.

Temporal- a secular denoting time.

Variables- Number of quality that cant vary or be varied.

Workstations- location of a stage in production or manufacturing process.

Zones- an area with peculiar characteristics purpose, or use.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK2.1: LITERATURE REVIEW

Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In modern times, this process almost always involves the sending of electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters but in earlier years it may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums or semaphore. Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the process such as the television, radio and telephone are common in many parts of the world. There is also a vast array of networks that connect these devices, including computer networks, public telephone networks, radio networks and television networks. Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one of many examples of telecommunication.

2.1.1: EARLY TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Early forms of telecommunication include smoke signals and drums. Natives in Africa,

New Guinea and South America used drums whereas natives in North America and

China used smoke signals. Contrary to what one might think, these systems were often

used to do more than merely announce the presence of a camp.

In 1792, a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first fixed visual telegraphy (or

semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore as a communication

system suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers often at

intervals of only ten to thirty kilometers (six to nineteen miles). As a result, the last

commercial line was abandoned in 1880.

Telegraph and telephone

The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and

Sir William Fothergill Cooke and opened on 9 April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke

viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph"

not as a new device.

On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837. Soon after Alfred Vail who developed the register joined him — a telegraph terminal that integrated a logging device for recording messages to paper tape. This was demonstrated successfully on 6 January 1838. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.

Alexander Bell invented the conventional telephone in 1876. Although in 1849 Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line. Meucci's device depended upon the electrophonic effect and was of little practical value because it required users to place the receiver in their mouth to “hear” what was being said. The first commercial telephone services were set-up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.

2.1.2: SOCIETY AND TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunication is an important part of many modern societies. In 2006, estimates place the telecommunication industry's revenue at $1.2 trillion or just under 3% of the gross world product. Good telecommunication infrastructure is widely acknowledged as important for economic success in the modern world both on a micro and macroeconomic scale. And, for this reason, there is increasing worry about the so-called digital divide. Figures such as Kofi Annan, Jeffrey Sachs, Al Gore, Michael Moore and Newt Gingrich have all noted that

"over half the world's population has never made or received a phone call." While this is probably true, critics note that the statement is often made without attribution to research. That said, the truth remains that access to telecommunication systems is not equally shared amongst the world's population. A 2003 survey by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) revealed that roughly one-third of countries have less than 1 mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have less than 1 fixed line subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of countries have less than 1 in 20 people with Internet access.”

From this information as well as educational data the ITU was able to compile a Digital

Access Index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information

and communication technologies. Using this measure, countries such as Sweden,

Denmark and Iceland receive the highest ranking while African countries such as Niger,

Burkina Faso and Mali receive the lowest.

Further discussion of the social impact of telecommunication is often considered part of

communication theory.

2.1.3: MOBILE AND INTERNET: TWO INNOVATIONS

The origins of the mobile communications industry date from the licensing of analogue

cellular communications services in the early 1980s. As recently as 1990, there were

only 11 million subscribers worldwide, but the introduction of digital services in the

early 1990s, combined with competitive service provision and a shift to prepaid billing,

spurred rapid growth in demand. At the end of 2003, there were over 1.35 billion

mobile subscribers worldwide, compared with 1.2 billion fixed-line users(ITU). The

origins of the Internet go back to 1969, but it was in the early 1990s, with the

development of the World Wide Web and graphical browsers, that the Internet really

took off as a commercial undertaking. By the end of 2001, the Internet had passed the

half billion user mark. Although the “dot.com” boom of the late 1990s proved to be

short-lived, the Internet itself has continued to grow, adding more users and new

applications. As Figure 2.1 shows, the mobile and Internet industries have exhibited

remarkably similar growth patterns since the start of the 1990s, but with a lag of about

two years. The level of penetration of the Internet at the end of 2001 (8.2 users for

every 100 inhabitants, worldwide) is almost identical to the penetration of mobile

phones at the end of 1999. This two year lag might be explained by the fact that the

formative moments in the growth of these industries occurred just under two years

apart: digital cellphones were launched commercially on 1 July 1991 (by Radiolinja, in

Finland), while graphical web browsers were launched commercially in April 1993.

2.1.4: PERSPECTIVES ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORTATION

Surface travel volume is made up of vehicle trips. Telecommunications volume is made

up of electronic and optical information flows. Conventional wisdom holds that

telecommunications is a force for reducing travel by moving information

electromagnetically over cables and through the air instead of moving people and paper

in vehicles. A main conclusion of this report is that this view is overly simplistic and

contrary to observations from everyday life.

The usual methodology of studies supporting the travel substitution hypothesis is to

define a limited set of telecommunications applications that indeed reduce travel, such

as telecommuting. The travel substitution impact of a reasonably larger number of such

events is then extrapolated by summing the effects of these individual events. The

following lists of trip elimination and trip stimulation mechanisms of

telecommunications illustrate the complexity inherent in travel-telecommunications

interactions.

The trip elimination effects of telecommunications tend to operate at the "micro" level of

individual transactions and events.

Telecommunications allows workers who would normally commute from home to a

work location to telecommute from home or from a location closer to home.

Telecommunications allows information to be sent in electronic form rather than in

physical "document" form.

Telecommunications enables humans to communicate remotely rather than travel to

common meeting locations.

Telecommunications allows sporting, entertainment, political, religious, and other

events to be broadcast to a dispersed audience instead of having the audience travel to

the event.

Telecommunications enables observations from dispersed sites to be collected and

transmitted to a central point via remote sensing rather than by a human observer.

Telecommunications enables the potential traveler to lay the foundation for more

productive travel through remote negotiation, fact finding, or troubleshooting that

sometimes makes a trip unnecessary. This communication replaces unconditional travel

in anticipation of a need that has only a possibility of arising.

Telecommunications allows consumers to make purchases without traveling to store

locations. This permits the movement of goods to bypass the transportation-intensive

process of wholesale and retail distribution.

Teleconferencing, computer networks, electronic document flows, and remote sensing

let organizational managers disperse and rearrange work sites in a way that can

potentially reduce transportation of employees, customers, raw materials, or products.

Still, net travel reduction is not necessarily a goal of management decisions to

implement new teleservice and telework applications. Pursuing other goals, such as

gaining market share or improving quality, may work to increase net trip making.

Telecommunications allows service transactions and events to be carried out in ways

that require no travel or less travel. Such transactions include using payroll direct

deposits instead of taking paychecks to the bank, filing income tax returns electronically

rather than mailing them, and going to neighborhood electronic kiosks rather than

traveling downtown.

Telecommunications leads to some household activity patterns that consume lower

levels of transportation than the alternatives. In other words, interactive computer

services and greater numbers of television channels in homes may make staying home

in the evening more attractive than going out.

Telecommunications allows automobile travelers to coordinate their journeys and share

rides rather than travel in separate vehicles, thus reducing the number of vehicles on

the road.

The trip generation mechanisms of telecommunications tend to operate at the long-term,

"macro"-level of socioeconomic pattern changes.

Telecommunications makes people aware of additional general-audience events and

opportunities that are reached through travel, such as political rallies, professional

conferences, entertainment events, and shopping opportunities.

Telecommunications causes economic growth, productivity improvement, and income

growth at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. Extensive databases and

powerful computer-based econometric techniques have recently allowed this causation

to begin to be empirically demonstrated, as described later.

As the economy grows, telecommunications expands the number and geographic scope

of economic and social relationships in which people and organizations engage.

Electronic mail and toll-free telephone numbers are examples of relationship-expanding

communications technologies that allow more rapid and farther reaching transactions

and interactions. These relationships sometimes generate travel in addition to

telecommunications volume. Such relationships include selling, buying, servicing,

employment, memberships, friendships, and family.

Telecommunications permits geographic decentralization of residential settlement and

of organizational activity locations. Decentralization leads to higher travel consumption,

because trip origins and destinations tend to be farther apart.

New telecommunications functionality resulting from digital switching and fiber optics

supports the urbanization of rural communities together with associated growth in

economic activity. This pattern typically causes more local automobile traffic and a flow

of visitors using transportation from distant locations.

Telecommunications speeds up the pace of economic activity. The same idea is

expressed by business consultants in the phrase "time-based competition." The

acceleration of commerce tends to generate customized, single-purpose trips that leave

immediately and go by the fastest means. The quickest modes of door-to-door surface

transportation in most metropolitan areas are single-occupancy vehicles and small

trucks. These modes generate more traffic congestion than moving the same volumes in

mass transit vehicles and large trucks.

Telecommunications enables rapid response systems that dispatch customized vehicles

to meet personal and organizational needs. Several examples of this are just-in-time

logistics, home delivery of fast food, overnight package delivery, and temporary

employment services.

Telecommunications enables a wide variety of new last-minute information flows that

generate personal travel through attractive invitations and compulsory orders to attend.

Telecommunications makes travel time more productive and more feasible for travelers.

Use of wireless mobile phones while traveling is the leading example. Wireless data

communication between office computer networks and portable personal computers is

a new capability being deployed to improve the productivity of business travelers.

Telecommunications makes the transportation system work more effectively and

efficiently. Examples of this are air traffic control, computerized airline reservation

systems, and intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS, also called smart highways).

As these lists show, the availability and use of telecommunications eliminates trips and

causes trips at the same time. The key question remains, "Is the availability and use of

telecommunications a net generator or net eliminator of vehicle trips?" Given the two lists,

the answer is inherently difficult to determine.

2.1.5: SUBSTITUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT

As a matter of resultant outcome rather than initial intent, telecommunications

frequently substitutes for transportation. People working in government, business, and

other sectors can and do take actions to implement teleprocesses that yield

substitutions of telecommunications for transportation. Yet, these teleprocesses

typically do not start with the goal of reducing transportation use.

Travel elimination is a small part of the reason for increasing telecommunications

intensity in government, health care, education, and manufacturing. Organizations

adopt telecommunications to improve the quality of service they provide their

customers, to reduce the cost of activities, or to make themselves more effective. They

may do so for one reason and then find others to be more important.

For example, a bank might provide automatic teller machines to reduce the cost of

hiring more tellers, find that its customers like the convenience of withdrawing money

at any hour of the day, and subsequently find that customers have become accustomed

to the service and resist paying fees if the cost of the service later increases. Moreover,

because one bank provides the service, others find it necessary to do so in order to

compete. Transportation has nothing to do with the banks' decisions. Similarly, a

government agency may decide to reengineer the way it handles documents, using

optical character recognition to scan them, store them electronically, and move them

more efficiently, in order to reduce its administrative costs or to improve the quality of

service to its clients.

In many cases, telematics is used to enable activities that would not otherwise occur.

For example, the use of live educational television broadcasts and telephone links

between students and broadcast studios makes it possible for small schools that cannot

afford to hire teachers in all subject areas to offer a wider curriculum. Students could

travel to another school for the course but probably would not do so for just one

course. The choice is then between receiving instruction in a manner different from

face-to-face interaction with a teacher and not receiving the instruction at all. Distance

is indeed a factor in the decision to offer the course or to take it. The school and

students, however, probably do not look at the decision as one of saving transportation

but as one of having the course available.

Reducing transportation is sometimes the reason for a new teleprocess. A trucking

company installing a vehicle location tracking system, then giving truck drivers wireless

devices for receiving new dispatching orders, is a teleprocess that probably includes

travel reduction as a goal.

In general, organizations seek to achieve their production and service delivery missions

by using facility, equipment, transportation, and telecommunications resources. These

deployments yield new spatial, activity, and mobility patterns as a byproduct. Over time,

these patterns include many ways in which telecommunications permits new methods

of doing things that would formerly have required a trip.

2.1.5: A BRIEF HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA

Background Information

The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a tropical country on the West African Coast along the

Gulf of Guinea, with the Republic of Benin to the West , Niger to the North, Chad to the

North-East and Cameroon to the East and South-East.

Furthermore, the rural-to-urban migration has been found to be growing daily and thus

creating unprecedented problems of health and housing, transportation, law and order.

This puts a lot of pressures on the delivery systems for these social services. In spite of

this, majority of Nigerians still live in rural areas, living on subsistence farming, trading,

rural industries, and crafts.

The history

The journey to success in Nigeria’s telecommunication milieu has been long and

tortuous. Telecommunication facilities in Nigeria were first established in 1886 by the

colonial administration. At independence in 1960, with a population of roughly 40

million people, the country only had about 18,724 phone lines for use. This translated to

a teledensity of about 0.5 telephone lines per 1,000 people. The telephone network

consisted of 121 exchanges of which 116 were of the manual (magneto) type and only 5

were automatic. Between 1960 and 1985, the telecommunication sector consisted of

the Department of Posts and Telecommunications (P&T) in charge of the internal

network and a limited liability company, the Nigerian External Telecommunication (NET)

Limited, responsible for the external telecommunications services. NET provided the

gateway to the outside world. The installed switching capacity at the end of 1985 was

about 200,000 lines as against the planned target of about 460,000. All the exchanges

were analogue. Telephone penetration remained poor equalling 1 telephone line to 440

inhabitants, well below the target of 1 telephone line to 100 inhabitants recommended

by ITU for developing countries. The quality of service was largely unsatisfactory. The

telephone system was unreliable, congested, expensive and customer unfriendly.

Arising from the foregoing, in January 1985, the erstwhile Posts and

Telecommunications Department was split into Postal and Telecommunications

Divisions. The latter was merged with NET to form Nigerian Telecommunications Limited

(NITEL), a limited liability company. The main objective of establishing NITEL was to

harmonize the planning and co-ordination of the internal and external

telecommunications services, rationalize investments in telecommunications

development and provide accessible, efficient and affordable services. Almost 43 years

down the line, the Nigerian Telecommunication Plc, NITEL had roughly half a million

lines available to over 100 million Nigerians. NITEL the only national carrier had a

monopoly on the sector and was synonymous with epileptic services and bad

management. On assumption of office on May 29, 1999 the President Olusegun

Obasanjo administration swung to gear to make a reality the complete deregulation of

the telecom sector, most especially the much touted granting of licenses to GSM service

providers and setting in motion the privatization of NITEL. This proactive approach by

the government to the telecom sector has made it possible for over 2.5 million Nigerians

to clutch GSM phones today.

2.1.6: CURRENT STATE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN NIGERIA

According to DR. G.A. ALABI Telecommunications is both dynamic and capital intensive

and in view of its catalytic effect on the development of other sectors of the economy

such as agriculture, health, tourism and education and its necessity for the commercial,

industrial, socio-economic and political development of the country, the need for an

orderly and efficient development of telecommunications infrastructure in Nigeria has

now been found more urgent in order to keep pace with the development of the other

sectors of the economy. G.A.Alabi identify this aspects of telecommunication

Telecommunication and the Social Aspect

First, and perhaps most significant, it should be pointed out that villagers like having

telephone service. Most have family and friends working outside the village. People

highly value immediate two-way communication, compared to the delays involved in

mail, the impersonal one-way nature telegrams or the time and expense involving in

traveling. Beyond this, villagers feel that having telephones makes them less

disadvantaged compared to those living in town. Availability of telephones is a part of

their own conceptions of development and having a better quality of life. These feelings

are striking and consistent in all parts of the country.

When pressed, people would point out that telephones could be used for good and bad

activities. Telephone usage is certainly not confined to activities which are officially

approved. Queues at the telephone were reported to be the longest on the days the

underground (illegal) lottery results came out. The general conclusion, strongly

emphasized by respondents, was that telephones were good. Their prime concerns

were to get more telephones and improve the quality of current services.

Most telephone calls are to family and friends. Business calls are less than a quarter of

all calls and only a few percent of calls are on government affairs. Most personal calls

are to and from those working or studying outside the village.

The current economic boom has exacerbated outward labor migration, with some

villages being composed mainly of the old and young. High rates of temporary and

permanent migration are not a recent phenomenon in Nigeria. Historically they can be

linked to shifts between patrons, the quest for agricultural land, marriage patterns

where men move to live with their wives, and other long-standing characteristics of

village culture. On a longer time scale, trading networks have long affected village life, as

have the consequences war, famine, disease and voluntary and involuntary population

movements. Extension of state administrative control over the past century,

construction of canal, road and rail networks, and increasing integration into

international markets have further enhanced the extent to which villages are open

systems, highly subject to external influences. The changes referred to as "globalization"

are only the most recent chapter in this long history of regional and global linkages.

Migrant workers call home to keep in touch, cope with problems, notify family about

remittances, invite others to come apply for jobs and for a host of other reasons.

Telephones allow migrants frequent dialogue, without the delays and formality of

letters. Telephones give a faster means for dealing with problems when they do arise. It

is clear that telephones do act to enable and facilitate migration and other changes.

Within the context of these changes villagers feel that telephones play a positive role,

making things better than they would be otherwise.

Telephones are not just used by wealthier villagers. Poor people reported that they did

use telephones, and when they did it was important to them. By calling rather than

traveling people not only saved the cost of travel, but the loss of earnings from time

spent traveling. Most poor people interviewed during the study had family in other

parts of Thailand, and used telephones to keep in touch with them.

There is little to suggest that telecommunications will reduce migration. Any impacts

which stimulate rural economies and so make staying home more attractive, appear

likely to be more than offset by the ways in which better, quicker information acts to

increase migration. However telecommunications contribute to better informed

decisions about where to go. Migrants have more choices than simply traveling to the

Lagos state, city centre and seeing what work they can find. Migrants reported that

information from telephones made them more able to go work in other places than

Lagos, with more information about the jobs they were going to. Thus

telecommunications will not stop urban growth, but may contribute to a better

informed, more dispersed patterns of migration.

Students used telephones to gather information about schools where they could

continue their studies within their home provinces and in other parts of the country.

This helped them to be aware of a broader range of choices. It also appeared that the

availability of telephones for keeping in contact made parents willing to let their

children study farther away, particularly for female children. As with migrant workers,

students used telephones both for solving practical problems, like lack of money, as well

as for maintaining family relationships.

Telephones reduce the disruption which migration created in personal relationships.

Telephone contacts enable to better sustain relationships than they would have

otherwise. These networks of relationships, with shared concerns and trust, embody the

social capital (Putnam 1993) which shapes societies' capacity to cope with changes and

respond to new opportunities, such as those created by globalization.

In sum, personal calls to family and friends seem to play a key role in building human

capital through better education, in allowing poor people and other villagers access to

more opportunities to earn money, and in maintaining and building the social capital

embodied in networks of family and friends. The availability of telephones, and

communications via telephone were highly valued, in terms of villagers' views about

improvements in their quality of life.

Telecommunication and economy

Some fifteen to twenty percent of calls are made primarily for business, as categorized

by callers and by PCO operators. In contrast to the researchers' initial expectations,

telephones seemed to play little role in the purchase of agricultural inputs and in

restocking of inventory by village shops. In the rural area, Farmers and shopkeepers

preferred to travel into town to make their own purchases. Only a minority used

telephones to place orders or check on availability of goods. Many suppliers of village

shops already had well worked out systems for delivering their goods on a regular basis,

and so far these seemed little affected by the availability of telephones. While there are

theoretical grounds for expecting telecommunications to improve logistics and input

acquisition, little effect was apparent on these routine kinds of purchases.

Traders and businessmen did make use of telephones to check on prices, particularly for goods with volatile prices and those where quality and timely shipments were important, such as perishable fruit. Impacts were less apparent on commodity crops, whose prices were already well publicized through newspapers and radio. There was little indication that technical information obtained via telephones influenced initial decisions to diversify into new crops, but telephones did affect the returns received.Fruit and other commodity shippers used telephones to make more direct links to

buyers, reducing the need to go through wholesalers and Lagos Markets. For example, a

farmer in Abeokuta, Ogun state called directly to Lagos in to set up transportation cost

of his farm produce. Shrimp farmers, with high capital investments, bought cellular

phones to keep up with fluctuating prices. Telecommunications thus allowed farmers to

be better informed about prices and less obliged to simply accept whatever price was

offered by buyers who came to the village. In this way telephones helped increase

farmers' incomes and reduce monophony power in agricultural markets.

Telecommunication and government

Police, Local Administration and other government agencies have already used two-way

radios to extend their control and communication networks into rural areas. Such radios

are officially prohibited for private use, though this does not prevent some individuals

form obtaining and using them. Even where two-way radios were available, telephones

tend to be preferred, for their ability to access to broader network of people, reliably

and confidentially. Radios need to be left on and monitored to be useful. Only one

person can talk at a time, so conversation requires a formal hand-off between speakers.

Radio conversations have little privacy, since anyone may be listening in. Different

agencies have radios using different frequencies, which are not able to contact each

other. Even the police, with the most powerful and flexible radio network, end up

having to relay radio messages step by step, and often prefer to use telephones which

allow more direct and confidential contact. Not only do telephones provide rapid two-

way communications to ordinary people, who previously lacked access, they also show

the advantages of an open public network, even for those who access to two-way

radios.

The most dramatic benefits from rural telephones came when they allowed rapid

reporting and response to emergencies, such as fires, crime and accidents. More prosaic

benefits came from allowing people to set up appointments, avoiding wasted trips to

see people who were not there. It appeared that telephones may have contributed to

better lateral coordination between agencies. While formal written communications

must go through hierarchical channels, government workers used telephones to

informally bypass bosses and talk directly to colleagues in other agencies.

Nigerians reported little use of telephones in the initial stages of obtaining government

documents, such as drivers licenses and land titles. Nigerians still relied on village heads

and Illegal Agents (touts) to assist in initial contacts, . However telephones were used to

check whether documents had been completed, prevent wasted travel to try to pick up

documents if they were not ready.

Teachers and health workers reported using telephones to keep in touch with friends

and colleagues. They said this made them feel less isolated. It appears that this

contributed to greater willingness to accept and stay in rural postings

Telecommunication Overall Implications

Some futurists and other analysts have optimistically suggested that advances in

telecommunications may act to end urban dominance, demolishing the tyranny of

distance and transport costs which support urban centralization. In this view, rural areas

may no longer suffer under disadvantages relative to cities. On this argument, Nigeria

and other largely rural developing countries might not be fated to repeat the

transformations which made the developed countries largely urban. Instead there might

be other pathways, allowing greater decentralization and more opportunity to sustain

the best elements of rural lifestyles.

So far there is little to indicate that telecommunications are doing much to change long-

standing patterns of urban dominance. Unlike North America, rural Nigeria does not yet

seem to have any migration of professional knowledge workers trying to combine rural

lifestyles with what have traditionally been urban occupations. At best, such people may

be buying homes in the "edge cities" growing up around Lagos and Abuja, or moving to

a few favored provincial centers, such as Ibadan, Kano, and Portharcourt. The continuing

difficulty in obtaining private telephone connections is a major constraint on any such

decentralization, aside from the many other factors which are also relevant.

Deserted villages, with the only people remaining being grandparents taking care of

their grandchildren, with all the young and middle-aged adults off working in town.7

This is an extreme picture of rural Nigeria, as the economic boom draws in increasing

amounts of rural labor. While overdrawn, such patterns are present, particularly in

southeast, sothsouth, and some southwestern part of Nigeria except from Lagos.

Telecommunications is enabling such changes, while somewhat mitigating and

transforming their impacts on family relationships. The choices being made, in the

context of individual values and Nigeria current political economy, seem to be driving

towards the urbanization of rural areas, with villages becoming peripheral extensions of

a growing consumer culture. The difference telecommunications make is that rural

people are less restricted to just watching this new society unfold on their TV screens,

and, for better and worse, mo Like the rest of the telecommunications sector, the

development of rural telecommunications would benefit greatly from establishment of

a capable, independent regulatory body. Such a regulator could promote a more

transparent process of public decision-making. A regulator could encourage policies for

serving rural needs, both by making rural services commercially attractive, which could

serve most needs, as well as targeted subsidies and other policies to support services for

those rural people and areas, which are left out of the market. More generally a

regulatory body could help reduce unnecessary monopolies, promote more efficient and

equitable spectrum allocation and establish interconnection policies which encourage

open and fair competition, which would serve the interests of telecommunications users

and promote a more efficient and equitable process of telecommunications

development, are able to participate in it.

2.1.7: TELEPHONY AND LIVELIHOODS

The main purpose of the study was to look at the impact of telephones on the

livelihoods of low-income rural communities. Sustainable livelihoods analysis looks at

people’s livelihoods in terms of five different types of assets

As expected, the results showed that the telephone has little impact on natural capital

(land, water etc.) or on physical capital (resources such as housing, farm equipment and

so forth). More important is the impact revealed on the three areas of livelihood capital

which are often discussed in relation to telecommunications – social, financial and

human capital.

The impact of the telephone on social capital revealed by the survey is considerable. The

telephone is important and considered to have high value in all three countries for social

networking, particularly within the family. It is providing significant added value in this

area, especially where family members live remotely (as migrant workers or in the

diaspora), as well as substituting for some face-to-face communications.

The impact of the telephone on economic activities is mixed. The telephone is

considered to have value by a high proportion of users when it comes to saving money

(for example, by substituting for transport or postal costs), but it is not considered to

have value by most users when it comes to earning income. Only the more prosperous,

educated and successful are finding it valuable in this area. Lower income and lower

education status groups, by contrast, find it unhelpful. The telephone may well,

therefore, tend to increase the differential in financial capital between the more

prosperous and the more marginalised within society.

The telephone is having no impact on information-gathering, the primary component of

human capital in this context, in any of the three sample populations. For all groups,

face-to-face communications remains the overwhelming medium of communications for

information-gathering. The Internet has also failed to achieve any significant degree of

usage in this area. This clear rejection of the telephone, in particular, for knowledge-

gathering has significant implications for policymakers designing public information and

other development strategies.

The most substantial value of the telephone in terms of livelihoods is in its impact on

overall vulnerability, particularly in emergencies. The telephone here has exceptional

added value compared with other communications media, in particular because of its

immediacy, interactivity and ability to secure assistance from afar.

2.1.8: THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL INFORMATION TELECOMMUNICATION

INFRASTRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

Abolarin Damilola Oluwatobi a member of ISOC. Noted that National Information

Infrastructure (NITI) is a new instrument created through revolutionary advances in

information technology that societies use for the developmental challenges they face.

Some of such challenges include fighting poverty, rural urban migration, education,

efficient- accountable and transparent government, efficient economic reforms,

environmental protection, promotion of small and medium- sized enterprises,

participation in global trade, and leisure.

Fighting Poverty

World Bank studies have shown a close relationship between illiteracy levels and

national income. Reducing illiteracy is therefore a key aspect of the fight against

poverty; it is also one that is directly manageable through improved education delivery

assisted by information technology through telecommunication . The provision of basic

services such as primary health care, family planning and drinking water, for example, is

largely dependent on information handling by both suppliers and recipients of the

services.

Rural Urban Migration

Many of the rural areas where majority of the poor people live are grossly neglected or

virtually isolated. This results in massive migration to the urban centres. Declining costs

and new technologies are combining to bring rural telecommunications within reach of

normal market mechanisms in other places. Thus improved information technology in

the rural areas can help to reduce the isolation of such areas, make life more meaningful

for the rural dwellers and consequently check the drift to the urban centres.

EducationRewards to an individual for an educational investment include increased employment

options, higher income, and better future prospects. To export high value- added

exports, country needs a labour force with advanced and life long training of the labour

force. Information systems through telecommunication have supporting roles in

education.

Making Government More Sufficient, Accountable and Transparent

Information systems that increase the speed, volume, quality, transparency, and

accountability of transactions make possible large productivity increases in government

services. Government work is by its very nature highly information intensive in terms of

data collection, archiving, dissemination, and processing. Well-designed information

systems can become major instrument of public policy- powerful tools to implement,

enforce and evaluate policy reforms.

Increasing the effectiveness of Economic Reforms

Economic reforms often fail during implementation due to weak compliance. When

information systems are designed in conjunction with reforms, monitoring and

facilitating compliance is easier and reforms are more likely to be effective. Through

information systems it is possible to embed policy reforms into institutional processes

and transactions, which can then be readily monitored and audited.

Monitoring and Protection of the Environment

Environmental monitoring, inherently data intensive is made more effective by using

information technology, particularly geographic information systems. These systems are

increasingly inexpensive and the data captured are of lasting value beyond their initial

use. International co-operation in monitoring of pollution and natural resources is

fostered by environmental networks. Information technology also provides effective

tools for regional planning based on dynamic modelling.

Promotion of Small and Medium- sized Enterprises

Small and medium sized enterprises ( SME) are vital engines of job creation. They are

quick in bringing new products to market getting into and out of fast- changing niche

markets, and setting up spin-off companies. In the information industry itself, SMEs play

a key role in the production and diffusion of information technology.

Participation in Global Trade

If our goods and services are not globally competitive, their national and international

markets will evaporate under attack from better supplies in other parts of the world

trade facilitation systems and production and distribution systems based on electronic

data interchange have emerged as powerful mechanisms to reduce processing time and

increase performance of the entire value chain in international trade.

Leisure

Internet games can easily absorb all ones waking hours. Many Internet Services

Providers (ISPs) have facilities for "chatting" that enables one to have on-line

conversations with a bunch of people at the same time.

2.1.8: SECTORS WHERE TELECOMMUNICATION HAS IMPROVED SERVICE DELIVERY IN

NIGERIA

Health Primary health care delivery is known all over the world as a programme that is

community oriented but operated by large number of semi skilled workers and

supervised by highly skilled personnel who, to be effective require telecommunication

facilities for monitoring the performance on field. The term "Telecommunication

medicine" which is the use of electronic equipment to link physically separated health

facilities is now commonplace in developing countries. This system has relevance in our

country where we can only boast of about 1 doctor to 8000 patients.

AgricultureThis is one of the most important sectors in the economy. Using mother tongue with the

aid of telecommunication (Radio, Television). Farmers in rural areas can be informed

future events of natural disasters like thunderstorms, possible earthquakes, flood and

destructive pests through the aid of simple meteorological information. They can also be

informed on how to avert the dangerous consequences of such natural disasters in the

shortest time possible. This system has been known to have been useful for farmers in

rural areas, in places like Kenya and Philippines.

EducationThere is hardly any other area in human endeavor in which telecommunication can have an impact on its citizenry, than in education. In addition to the program of formal

education of the citizens by television, radio, and computer networking (Distant learning), they have now been made more effective both in scope and in quality by use of telecommunication satellite. This is very relevant now that the country has started the distant learning programTransportation Telecommunication has always played a vital role in the transport sector all over the

world. It is being used in Hotels/ Airline reservation tickets and management of courier

services. It is also used to land and Fly airplanes, it is also effectively used in the

management of fleet of vehicles in freight and passenger transport. With

telecommunication, it has become possible to programme the movement of human

traffic including that of business executives through mobile phones. This technology was

introduced to Nigeria by the Obasanjo administration. We can also use this to effectively

manage the perennial traffic jams in and out of big cities, which have not been fully

exploited for traffic management in these cities.

AdministrationIt is a known fact that all machinery of government depended to a large extent, on information dissemination provided by telecommunication infrastructure and system for greater performance. For example, in these days of electronic welfare, the police require telecommunication to be able to maintain, command and control on land, air, and sea. We all know the great role telecommunication played during the gulf war, which brought general awareness of cable network used in the country.Similarly, in public administration, telecommunication can play an important role in the

coordination of the three tiers of government in Nigeria Local, State and Federal.

2.2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.2.1: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND MODELLING GUIDE

Socio and environmental economics concern the effects of policy, plans and

development projects on human well being. In the context on a formal Environmental

Impact Assessment (EIA) for a development project, it is considered best practice to

assess changes to human well being as part of Socio-economic Impact Assessment (SIA).

Although the degree to which this is covered in EIA is much debated (Morris & Therivel,

2001), it should probably be argued that the effect on human well being is considered

both indirectly when assessing the effects of change on the natural system (fisheries,

nature conservation and biodiversity) and more directly when considering changes to

the landscape and noise and air quality.

The term ‘well being’ is frequently cited as the assessment end-point within

environmental economics. Probably the most well known definition of sustainable

development (SD) is that from the ‘Bruntland Commission’ (WCED, 1987) where SD is

defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ and this can be re-presented as

‘generating human well being now without impairing the well being of future

generations’ (Turner et al. 1994).

The objective of environmental economics is therefore to assist the decision making

process where there are environmental choices with measurement typically considering

the human welfare aspect.

The following short note provides a summary of some methods employed within

environmental economics and further presents an overall framework within which the

plans, projects and policy can be developed and assessed. The reader should refer to

literature such as Turner et al. (1994) for a more complete reference to the subject.

2.2.1.1: Cost Benefit Analysis

Anything is a benefit that increases human well being, and anything is a cost that

reduces human well being. And individual gains and losses are examined to decide

whether society as a whole is better or worse off.

Aggregation of individual preferences can be achieved by measuring the willingness to

pay (WTP) for a benefit and willingness to accept (WTA) to tolerate a cost for something

an individual does not like. This provides a measure of the strength of individual

preferences.

Cost Benefit can be expressed for the whole of Society as the aggregation of individuals

(i) Benefit (B) and Cost (C):

∑i [Bi - Ci] >0

This social decision rule can be re-expressed as a fundamental equation of cost-benefit

analysis to explicitly include discounting of preferences over time and Environmental

factors:

It tells us that for any project or policy to be regarded as potentially worthwhile, its

non-environmental benefits (B) less its non-environmental costs (C) plus or minus the

value of the environmental change (E) all discounted to a present value, must be

positive (where r is the interest rate).

2.2.1.2: Environmental Economic Framework

It is recognised that socio-economic and biophysical systems are intrinsically linked and

mutually co-adjust through complex feedback effects. The pressures of human use of

environmental space and resources, particularly in the coastal zone may result in

changes to biophysical systems which in turn will impact on future human use of coastal

space and resources (Turner et al. 1998).

Being able to understand the joint system change between socio-economics and the

environment has considerable benefit in terms of sustainable management of the

coastal zone and the development of sustainable policy.

Sustainability Indicators

Sustainability indicators can be used to help inform policy decisions and help

stakeholders understand what sustainable development means. Indicators of

sustainability translate the concept of sustainable development into numerical terms,

descriptive measures, and action-oriented signs and signals.

Measures and indicators of sustainability are set apart from economic indicators by the

way they combine social, economic and environmental trends. They also help educate

the public, inspire people to take individual action and press for change in sustainable

directions.

2.2.1.3: The Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Model

A number of models have been proposed for developing indicators, and illustrating the

links between issues, particularly for environmental indicators. The best known of these

is the "pressure –state-response" model developed originally by OECD. This is also the

basis of the United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development (UNCSD)

framework of sustainable development indicators. It has been adapted by the European

Environment Agency into the "DPSIR" model - driving forces, pressures, state, impact,

responses (Turner et al. 1998; EC, 1999; Jesinghaus, 1999).

The “Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response model” defines five indicator

categories, where the link between these categories is illustrated in Figure 1:

D - Driving forces are underlying factors influencing a variety of relevant variables.

Examples: the number of telecommunication stations per local government; total

industrial production; GDP.

P - Pressure indicators describe the variables which directly cause environmental

problems. Examples: toxic emissions, CO2 emissions, noise , burns etc. caused erection

of MASTs, etc.

S - State indicators show the current condition of the e nvironment.

Examples: the concentration of MAST in urban areas; the noise levels near main roads, in Lagos state for exampleI - Impact indicators describe the ultimate effects of changes of state.

Examples: rural-urban migration; the number of people indulged or deprived socially, economically, and environmentally due to telecommunication growth.R - Response indicators demonstrate the efforts of society (i.e. government in terms of policy formulation NCC and public responses) to solve or improve on telecommunication service provided. Examples: amount spent by telecommunication companies in a year and their gains coupled with the amount spent by their subscribers ; maximum allowed number of Masts to be erected; revenue coming from telecommunication companies to the government as tax or other levies; the budget spent for advertisement and research.

2.2.2: EDWALD ULLMAN’S THEORY OF SPATIAL INTERACTION

Spatial interaction is the flow of products, people, services, or Information among

places, in response to localized supply and

demand. A spatial interaction is a realized

movement of people, freight or information between an origin and a destination. It is a

transport demand / supply relationship expressed over a geographical space. Spatial

interactions cover a wide variety of movements such as journeys to work, migrations,

tourism, the usage of public facilities, the transmission of information or capital, the

market areas of retailing activities, international trade and freight

distribution. Economic

activities are generating (supply) and attracting (demand) flows. The simple fact that a

movement occurs between an origin and a destination underlines that the costs

incurred by a spatial interaction are lower than the benefits derived from such an

interaction. As such, a commuter is willing to drive one hour because this interaction is

linked to an income, while international trade concepts, such as comparative

advantages, underline the benefits of specialization and the ensuing generation of trade

flows between distant locations. Three interdependent conditions are necessary for a

spatial interaction to occur

[Ullman,1956]: Edward

Ullman, perhaps the leading transportation geographer of the twentieth century, more

formally addressed interaction as complementarity (a deficit of a good or product in one

place and a surplus in another), transferability (possibility of transport of the good or

product at a cost that the market will bear), and lack of intervening opportunities

(where a similar good or product that is not available.

A. Complementarity’s. The first

factor necessary for interaction to take pace is complementarity. In order for trade to

take place, there has to be a surplus of a desired product in one area and a shortage or

demand for that same product in another area. The greater the distance, between trip

origin and trip destination and the less likelihood of a trip occurring and the lower the

frequency of trips. But telecommunication serves as a means of complementing trip

origin and trip destination, instead of embarking on a trip that is the use of transport

means, telephoning can take place and as such the trips become a form of

telecommunication and as such the caller is the origin and the receiver the

destination.

There must be a supply and a demand between the interacting locations. A residential

zone is complementary to an industrial zone because the first is supplying workers while

the second is supplying jobs. The same can be said concerning the complementarity

between a store and its customers and between an industry and its suppliers

(movements of freight). Telecommunication serves as the bridge. Telecommunication

services is readily available in the urban center compared to the rural area, but

considerably this has been taken care of in that signals are now been received in rural

area. The services are provide in the urban areas and the its enjoyed in the rural area

because the company does not necessarily need to have their company in the rural area

but must their mast and other equipment is needed, and as such the movement of

people in a particular area(rural) to another for telecommunication services such as

telephoning, internet, intranet and television. so one is supplying the services and

generating money while the other enjoys these service with some cost.

B.Transferability The

second factor necessary for interaction to take pace is transferability. In some cases, it is

simply not feasible to transport certain goods (or people) a great distance because the

transportation costs are too high in comparison to the price of the product. There must

not be another location that may offer a better alternative as a point of origin or as a

point of destination. For instance, in order to have an interaction of a customer to a

store, there must not be a closer store that offers a similar array of goods. In some

cases, it simply not feasible to transport certain goods(people), a great distance because

transportation costs are too high in comparison to price of the product. In all other

causes where transportation costs are not out of line with price, we say that product is

transferable or transferability exists. In telecommunication services in terms of both

rural and urban settings the cost of transportation from rural areas where telecom

services do not exist is far more expensive than the cost of making calls that is

transferability does not exist, but these days telecommunication service is every where

at least in Lagos and its environ , calls can be made from a nearby telephone business

center and as such transferability would exist. In a not-shell the origin and the

destination must be linked, costs to overcome distance must not be higher than the

benefits related interaction, even if there is complementarity and no alternative

opportunity (available at closer distance)

In all other cases where the transportation costs are not out of line with price, we say

that the product is transferable or that transferability exists. Freight, persons or

information being transferred must be supported by transport infrastructures, implying

that the origin and the destination must be linked. Costs to overcome distance must not

be higher than the benefits of related interaction, even if there is complementarity and

no alternative opportunity. available at a closer distance).

C. Intervening opportunity. The

second factor necessary for interaction to take place is the absence or lack of

intervening opportunities. There may be a situation where complementarity exists

between an area with a high demand for a product and several areas with a supply of

that same product in excess of local demand. Spatial interaction models seek explain

spatial flows. As such it is possible to measure flows and predict the consequences of

changes in the conditions generating them. When such attributes are known, it is

possible for example to better allocate transport resources such as highways, buses,

airplanes or ships since they would reflect the transport demand more closely.

2.2.2.3: ORIGIN / DESTINATION MATRICES

Each spatial interaction, as an analogy for a set of movements, is composed of an

origin / destination pair. Each pair can itself be represented as a cell in a matrix where

rows are related to the locations (centroids) of origin, while columns are related to

locations (centroids) of destination. Such a matrix is commonly known as an origin /

destination matrix, or a spatial interaction matrix.

FIG 4.6: ORIGIN TO DESTINATION MATRIX

O/D Matrix

O/D PairDestinations

A B C Total

Origins

A Ti

B

C

Total Tj T

In the O/D matrix the sum of a row (Ti) represents the total outputs of a location (flows

originating from), while the sum of a column (Tj) represents the total inputs (flows

bound to) of a location. The summation of inputs is always equals to the summation of

outputs. Otherwise, there are movements that are coming from or going to outside the

considered system. The sum of inputs or outputs gives the total flows taking place

within the system (T). It is also possible to have O/D matrices according to the age

group, income, gender, etc. Under such circumstances they are labeled sub-matrices

since they account for only a share of the total

flows. In many cases where

spatial interactions are relied on for planning and allocation purposes, origin /

destination matrices are not available or are incomplete, requiring surveys. With

economic development, the addition of new activities and transport infrastructures,

spatial interactions have a tendency to change very rapidly as flows adapt to a new

spatial structure. The problem is that an origin / destination survey is very expensive in

terms of efforts, time and costs. In a complex spatial system such as a region, O/D

matrices tend to be quite large. For instance, the consideration of 100 origins and 100

destinations would imply 10,000 separate O/D pairs. In addition, the data gathered by

spatial interaction surveys is likely to become obsolete quickly as economic and spatial

conditions change. It is therefore important to find a way to estimate as precisely as

possible spatial interactions, particularly when empirical data is lacking or is

incomplete. A possible solution leans on the use of a spatial interaction model to

complement and even supplant empirical observations.

2.2.2.4: THE SPATIAL INTERACTION MODELS

The basic assumption concerning many spatial interaction models is that flows are a

function of the attributes of the locations of origin, the attributes of the locations of

destination and the friction of distance between the concerned origins and the

destinations. The general formulation of the spatial interaction model is as follows:

· Tij : Interaction between location i (origin) and location j (destination). Its units of

measurement are varied and can involve people, tons of freight, traffic volume, etc.

It also relates to a time period such as interactions by the hour, day, month, or year.

· Vi : Attributes of the location of origin i. Variables often used to express these

attributes are socio-economic in nature, such as population, number of jobs

available, industrial output or gross domestic product.

· Wj : Attributes of the location of destination j. It uses similar socio-economic

variables than the previous attribute.

· Sij : Attributes of separation between the location of origin i and the location of

destination j. Also known as transport friction. Variables often used to express these

attributes are distance, transport costs, or travel time.

The attributes of V and W tend to be paired to express complementarity in the best

possible way. For instance, measuring commuting flows (work-related movements)

between different locations would likely consider a variable such as working age

population as V and total employment as W. From this general formulation, three basic

types of interaction models can be constructed:

· Gravity model. Measures interactions between all the possible location pairs

· Potential model. Measures interactions between one location and every other

location.

· Retail model. Measure the boundary of the market areas between two locations

competing over the same market.

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design that would be used aimed at investigating and identifying variables and their relationship to one another is:

Cross-Sectional Survey

This involve one-time observation of one or more variables all at once.

If (T) is telecommunication growth, without manipulating the variables, the output i.e. economic impact (Xi), social impact (X2), environmental effect (X3), and so on (Xn), as being determined or influenced by telecommunication growth (T). instead of manipulation Xi, X2, X3, we observe them only and are described as they occur thus:

And are all are observed at the same time as the study is taking place.

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY POPULATION

Apart from the age, sex and occupation. One of the main factor to be considered is the type of network subscribed to, which must be CELTEL, Nigeria Plc. Secondly the

population of study is divided into three, those that own phone business centres i.e. various shops, stands and outlet that offers services such as phone calls for some money.

Secondly, individual that are subscribed to CELTEL network coverage.

Thirdly, the population of those in co-operate organization i.e. different sectors and as such they must be educated and command a relative level of decision making in the organization.

But the general interview will cut-across all strata of life but emphasis would be on CELTEL subscribers.

3.3 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

A device for collecting the data or measuring the variables which are used for answering questions and testing hypotheses, but in this case the questionnaire is designed to measure several values and as such not an instrument but a schedule.

The variables to be measured are:

i. economic variables

ii. social variables as regards telecom impact

iii. environmental impact variables

4 ADMINISTRATION OF DATA COLLECTION SCHEDULE

Telephone interview would be carried out with the CELTEL customers care, by calling 111, this will help in knowing the number of telecommunication subscribers in Lagos state. Next is the questionnaire administration.

This would be done with the help of some research assistant, whom the maximum qualification is SSCE, but presently an undergraduate of Lagos State University. Department of Geography and Planning. There work is to conduct interview with people and Business Centre Operator, in other to note the economic, social and environmental impact of telecommunication on the environment.

The research assistant were chosen on the basis of the location in other to relate well with people in the area or place of residence. Badagry, Agbado Ijaye, Epe, Ikeja, Lagos Island. Phone business center operator would be interview on the basis of their network of subscription which is (CELTEL Nig. Plc).

PERSONAL INTERVIEW

Officials in different sectors would be interviewed ranging from agricultural sector, education, health, transportation, information, communication, technology. The interview is aimed at gathering information about the use of telecommunication in these sectors and what it has helped to do influence a re impacted on, and what is the ratio of telecommunication facilities available and the population of the workers in such organization.

In education- higher institution would be visited such as LASU, UNILAG, and YABATECH.

Health-in terms of tele-medicine, General Hospital (Gbagada) and pharmaceutical companies.

Transportation- Ministry of Transport (Alausa).

Administration- information transfer in secretariat Alausa and Agricultural- in terms of farmers.

3.5 SOURCE OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA

This include telephone interview, personal interview and questionnaire as explained

above.

The questionnaire is both open-ended and close-ended questionnaire, employed to

measure information on the social, economic and environmental impact of

telecommunication on the study area which is Lagos. Personal interview of officials of

different organization aimed at gathering sectoral information about the impact of

telecommunication and finally the telephone interview of CELTEL Nigeria Plc. To

donate the number of base station and the location of their network. The data a re

tabulated.

SECONDARY DATA

This involved the use of published materials obtained from different sources such as

libraries, internet and other institutions.

Libraries:- Fatiu Ademola Akesode lib really provide material that help in chapter 2 and

the materials are telecommunication in the 21st century, and research methodology in

behaviuoural sciences by Nnamdi Asika. Documents from institutions- institution such as

Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC), yearly published on telecommunication

trends in Nigeria economy. Second edition (June 2005). This provided information

(statistics) on telecommunication growth in Nigeria. The type of operator and their

contribution to sectoral growth of the Nigerian market.

Internet:- search engine, such as Google, Ask, Infoseek, Yahoo, Wikipedia and Answers

else where explored to get valid information on world telecommunication statistics.,

figures, maps and other statistical information was also gotten from the then Vmobile

website www.Vmobile_nigeria.com. Information about study area (Lagos state) were

also gotten from www.wikipedia.com.

The two data source were combined in the study, so as to equip the study with all

necessary information. The published material were most useful in the direction of

evolutionary trend of telecommunication sector in Nigeria. While interview provided a

better understanding and co-ordination of data collected on the study area and the

gray areas on telecommunication negative parts in terms of health issues and

environmental impact.

3.6: INSTRUMENT OF RESEARCH

Questionnaire is the main instrument used for data gathering in this project. Two

types is designed on for respondents and the other for official in different sectors.

The first questionnaire is divided into four section.

Section A

This contain the bio-data of respondents such as Name, Sex, Age, Marital status, location, educational qualification, occupation. The questionnaire contain both open and close ended question for sex, there are two options male or female. The age, we have different division for respondents to choose as appropriate, only the location and occupation are open ended questionnaire.

Section B

This contains the economic data of respondents, the employment status, either

employed, self employed, retired or unemployed. Respondent’s monthly income and

the monthly expenditure of GSM recharge. All questions in this section are close ended.

Section C

This section is for business phone operator, this section tends to gather information on

the type of business venture either is a family, joint, or personal venture. The number

of employee and the amount generated in a month.

Section D

This perhaps is the most voluminous section as it contains about fifteen questions, all

the questions a re close ended and are geared towards gathering information on the

impact of telecommunication on social, economic and environmental sphere of Lagos

state. It also evaluate the people respondent call the most and where is most of the

outgoing call go for either within the states, outside the state or international calls. It

also inquires into other ICT services that respondents are interested in.

Section E

The second questionnaire is for the different officials in sectors of the economy, the

sector of interest are agriculture, banking, education, security, administration and ICT.

The interview is divided into two.

The first contains questions geared towards getting information such as Name, Place of

work, Educational qualification and position held.

The second set of questions include whether telecommunication has led to service

delivery in their organization. And how has that occurred. The number of

telecommunication gadget in their organization. Coupled with the number of staff, and

how they think telecommunication can further improve service in the organization.

3.7 PROCEDURES FOR PROCESSING AND ANALYZING COLLECTED DATA

The two types of data would be considered here:

(i) primary data-are data gotten from the field (questionnaire).

(ii) secondary data- existing data e.g. maps and data.

Data processing involve the transfer of collected data to coded data for further processing through the use of data processing instrument, preferably a computer (MS EXCEL).

The inputting would be done with the aid of keyboard and mouse into the MS EXCEL spreadsheet environment in rolls and column.

The maps showing CELTEL coverage in Lagos State would be downloaded from there, then website (www.Vmobile-nigeria.com) with the aid of a computer coupled with a Pbs 126 speed modern.

Procedures that would be followed are classification of respondents characteristics i.e. the bio-data classification and the socio-economic classification of respondents i.e. a frequency distribution of Age, Sex, Educational level and no of phone used, which would be given in a frequency table.

The processing of the data such as the opinion of respondents as at which part telecommunication has great effect i.e. economically, socially, or environment. This would be shown using PIE-CHART.

The income level of respondents would be plotted against the amount spent on GSM recharge using MS EXCEL. The impact of telecommunication in different sectors of the economy, would be tabulated according to the number respondents in an organization which is about 10-15 persons or officials in six different sectors namely health, agricultures, transport, education, ICT, administration/government.

Above all, the telecommunication us age i.e. in terms of calls and text and to whom calls or text are mostly made e.g. family, friends or business partners.

Analysis based on the research question would also be made, the socio-economic impact of telecommunication in terms of employment generation and diversification of the nations economic, in social aspect, the telecommunication usage according to respondents e.g. leisure, calling love ones, playing games, browsing the internet and listening to radio.

The processing and presentation of data would be carried out using MS EXCEL and the procedure is as stated below.

a. type in your data in rolls and column to form a table.

(i) then click on Insert-menu, chart.

(ii) choose the chart type e.g. pie, line, area, bar, bubble, surface, cone, cylinder etc.

b. step two- (chart source data) select data range i.e. AI: A7 e.g select data series i.e. rows and columns

3.8 SAMPLING DESIGN

The unit of study in Nigeria, and a total of 200 people be sampled. The characteristics of

the unit is as follows. They are drawn from different local government, but what is of

interest for us is the classification into Lagos Urban area or business active area and the

rural Lagos such as Epe, Interior Ojo, Interior Badagry and Interior Agbado-Ijaye.

The sampling is selected randomly from Lagos state population but what is also the

important is the educational qualification of respondents, because of the questions

contained in the questionnaire.

3.9 LIMITATION OF THE METHODOLOGY

One of the major problem encountered in this study’s is that of contract which is getting across to the customer care center of (CELTEL) and when they are available, I am always directed to another official because the information required such as no of base station and number of subscribers over space and time are not available at the customer care except if I call back.

Secondly, downloading of maps is very hectic, it contain large volume and there may

be occasional Server failure, which will result into download until a full image is

generated.

Thirdly in administering questionnaire to business phone center operator, as they think

we are government officials and we want to obtain there information for tax reason and

as such withheld vital information.

Lastly the problem of power supply which has led the inability to process information

easily and quietly.

In spite of all these limitations encountered, the researcher however exhausted all avenue, such as the use of UPS uninterrupted power supply, to curb the erratic power outage, and the persuasive measures to encourage the respondents to give vital and time information about the business.

CHAPTER FOUR4.0 DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

Introduction This chapter summarizes the finding of impact of telecommunication in Nigeria; the first

part provided an overview of the data presentation of secondary data, that is

respondent opinion on telecommunication.

Lagos state was classified according to convenience in to the urban centers and rural

Lagos; The rural Lagos are areas like Ikorodu, Epe, Badagry and Ojo, Agbado-ijaye,

However it must be noted that this areas are urban in nature but the interior part are

those classified as rural Lagos state.

Encompassing the two region the following interview were conducted:

139 interviews in urban, and 61 interviews in rural.

In addition to this 30 different official from different sectors were interviewed.

At the time of the survey these locations were within the coverage zone of CELTEL, the project was executed as planned but the only slight different was the extra interview

that was conducted with an official of CELTEL who gave insight into various question that were asked by respondents as the research became more of explaining to the respondents what each question meant. Sources of Data Analyzed.

A total of 200 respondents were sampled in the 10 local government area of Lagos State

comprising about 57 business phone operators were visited for questionnaire

administration. However, only 196 questionnaires were retrieved.

The information used for our analysis and discussion here were obtained from the

following:

1. Respondents opinions

2. International telecommunication union (ITU) who provided information

about country profile and telecommunication indices

3. Celtel Nigeria

Available information

The data from questionnaire were analyzed using Microsoft Excel Software. In this part

of the report an exceedingly wide range of data were tabulated and presented using

various chart types and graphs for easy viewing, analyses, and summary.

Among these data, key information for telecommunication impact relating to both

environmental, economic, social and the relationship between the income of

respondent and expenditure on GSM recharge were also provided, lagosians in all

region both rural and urban settings clearly have a high demand for services.

There are two source of data the first is the primary data while the second the

secondary data, an existing data that was gotten from the international

telecommunication union on country’s index of telecommunication is also presented in

this chapter, making the number of tables two.

TABLE 4.1 : SEX OF RESPONDENT

Male Female

URBAN 80 50

RURAL 32 34

TOTAL 112 84

From the chart above overall the male respondent is 112 while the female respondent is 84

amounting to 57 percent and 43 percent respectively , however in regional comparison shows

that more female were interviewed compared to male , this was not the case in the urban

center where the number of male respondents out ways that of there female counterpart

TABLE 4.2: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT

15-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 & above

URBAN 50 36 25 13 6

RURAL 4 25 14 17 6

TOTAL 54 61 39 30 12

CHART shows the age of respondent among the two regions, availability of youthful respondent

in rural Lagos is limited compared to that in the urban center as shown in the chart above

where 50 respondent within the age bracket of (15 – 25) where recorded in urban center and

just 4 in rural Lagos. But the situation changes when we get to the older population as most of

them are in rural Lagos, from the chart 17 respondent are recorded in rural Lagos while 13 in

urban center of Lagos within the age bracket of (46 – 55).

TABLE 4.3

MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

Single Married

URBAN 87 43

RURAL 24 42

TOTAL 111 85

From the table above more married respondent are concentrated in rural and the single

respondent are in urban Lagos.

TABLE 4.4. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENT

PRY. SCH SSCE OND BSC MSC & ABOVE

URBAN 6 48 15 53 8

RURAL 10 41 9 6 0

TOTAL 16 89 24 59 8

This chart shows the educational characteristics of respondents majority of the respondent at

least have SSCE amounting to about 89 respondent divided in both rural and urban center and

more of the first degree holder are concentrated in the urban center as only six respondents

have Bsc in the rural Lagos, there are no respondent with Msc and Above qualification in the

rural area.

Fig 4.6

This chart shows the relationship between the respondents income and there expenditure on

GSM recharge, this varies as shown in the graph above there is a good relationship between the

amount generated by various respondent and the amount spent on GSM recharge as almost

the same number of respondent that earn the various class of amount also spend the same

class on GSM recharge except for that of those who earn N5,000 to N10,000 and spend within

N500 to N1,000, where is a great variation of about Nine respondent and the ones experienced

in other class are below three.

TABLE4.6: RESPONDENTS OPINION ON TELECOMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

S. Agree Agree Undecided Disagree S. Disagree URBAN 50 68 11 1 0RURAL 18 35 12 1 0TOTAL 68 103 23 2 0

FIG 4.6

The chart shows what respondents felt about telecommunication and development in Nigeria,

from the research question most of respondent agree that telecommunication has led to

development in Nigeria and just about 23 are undecided and I want to believe that the majority

of these respondents are those that possess a minimum qualification of primary school and two

respondents disagree about telecommunication impact in development of Nigeria are not

aware of the various input of telecommunication in Nigeria.

TABLE 4.7: REPONDNET OPINION ON SECTORAL IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATION

EducationAgricultur

e Administration Security ICT HealthURBAN 36 4 34 8 47 1RURAL 22 4 23 0 17 0TOTAL 58 8 57 8 64 1

The pie chart above shows respondent opinion on telecommunication impact in various

sectors, most respondents believe that ICT information communication technology, education,

and administration has more telecommunication input than any other sector, ICT in the sense

that internet facilities in most area is powered by telecommunication , most especially in the

banking industry. Secondly the areas of education as all the respondent are either in secondary

school or in university, all their registration are been done online, there assignment and all that

had got something to do with the telecommunication. Thirdly that of administration, the

connection between superior officers and their subordinates is enhanced with the aid of

telecommunication and information transfer from one part to the other. While sectors like

agriculture, health and security has less impact of telecommunication according to the

respondents.

TABLE 4.9:

Friends Family Business PartnersURBAN 27 32 71RURAL 15 23 28TOTAL 42 55 97

This multiple bar chart represents that respondents call the most. This will help us to denote

what importance telecommunication play the most either for business (economic reasons) or

family and friends (social reasons) and as we can see 99 respondent call business partners while

97 call family and friends, this means that both economic and social purpose are

telecommunication is employed.

TABLE 4.10: SHOWS DIMENSION TELECOMMUNICATION IS FELT THE MOST BY RESPONDENTS

Economically Socially EnvironmentalURBAN 83 46 1RURAL 33 27 0TOTAL 116 73 1

The multiple bar chart shows Respondent’s opinion on where telecommunication impact is felt

the most. Unlike the above chart, which shows that both economic and social importance this,

includes that of environmental impact, there is rather a contrasting view unlike the above in

this chart respondents believe telecommunication impact is much felt economically, this is as

result of may be the economic growth that has occurred since the emergence of

telecommunication. Socially seventy-three respondent and environmental effect vis-à-vis the

former situation one respondent this is due to the respondent level of environmental

awareness of telecommunication situation. This prompted me to conduct an interview with an

official of the CELTEL Nigerian company for further clarification on this matter.

TABLE 4.11: RESPONDENTS INTEREST IN OTHE ICT SERVICES

Fax Email Internet Intranet Money TenderURBAN 6 37 72 0 15RURAL 1 22 41 0 4TOTAL 7 59 113 0 19

This chart represents respondent interest on other ICT facilities that has to do with

telecommunication most of the respondents prefer Internet facilities and E-mailing compared

to Money-tender and Fax services, while intranet has no respondent due to there awareness of

what intranet is, and as such they are not interested.

4.2: HYPOTHESES TESTING:

Ho: there is no relationship between the impact of telecommunication witnessed in the urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.

H1: there is a relationship between the impact of telecommunication witnessed in the urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.To test these hypotheses we employ the spearman’s Rank Correlation statistics

N=21- rs2T = rs6Sd²n(n²-1Where Rs = 1 -The critical a value is given as 1 - a/2 and as such a = 0.05

TABLE 4.12INDICES (URBAN) Y (RURAL) X R(Y) R(X) D D²

Education 32 22 4.5 5 0.5 0.25

Agriculture 4 4 1 2 1 1

Administration 34 23 6 6.5 0.5 0.25

Security 8 0 2 1 -1 1

ICT 71 17 7.5 4 -3.5 12.25

Friends 27 15 3 3 0 0

Family 32 23 4.5 6.5 2 4

Business partners 71 28 7.5 8 0.5 0.25

Σd² 19.0

6Sd²n(n²-1Where Rs = 1 -Rs = 1- 6(19) 8(8²-1)

1- 1148(64-1)

1- 114504

1- 0.22Rs = 0.78

This shows that there is a high correlation between telecommunication impact in the urban centers of Lagos and the rural Lagos.

Let us examine the strength of this positive correlation by converting the (Rs) value to (T) score;

0.78 8-2 1-(0.78)²

0.78 2.45 0.36(0.78)(6.45) t = 5.03

Degree of freedom = n-2 = 8-2 and is equal to 6

Critical value of t at a = 0.05 and 6 degree of freedom is 2.447

Thus t = 5.03, 2.447 at 6 degree of freedom.

The decision rejects Ho at a 0.05 and accept H1 that is

There is a relationship between the impact of telecommunication growth witnessed in urban

centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.

TABLE 4.13: SPATIO TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF OPINION OF RESPONDENT ON TELECOMMUNICATION AS IT RELATES TO DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE.

Urban (x) Rural (y) xy x² y²

Strongly agree 50 18 900 2500 324

Agree 68 35 2275 4624 1225

Undecided 11 12 132 121 124

Disagree 1 1 1 1 1

Strongly disagree 0 0 0 0 0

Total 130 66 3308 7246 1674

From the table above

Sx = 130

Sy = 66

Sxy = 3308

Sx² = 7246

Sy² = 1674

The regression equation is given as y = a + bx

Where a = n(Sxy - S(x) S(y) -------- equation 1

n(Sx² - (Sx)² And b = n(Sxy - S(x) S(y) ------------- equation 2 n(Sy²) – (Sy)² Substituting the values into the various equation

a = 5(3308) - (130)(66)

5(7246) - (130)²

16540 - 1980 36230 - 16900 14560 19330 a = 0.75 Substitute values into equation ----2 we have

b = 5(3308) - (130)(66)

5(1674) - (66)²

16540 - 1980

8370 - 4356

14560

4014

b = 3.63

The equation for the regression is y = 0.75 + 3.63x

FIG 4.13CHART TELECOMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS, LINE OF BNEST FIT BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL RESPONDENT OPINION.

From the chart above we can deduce there is a relationship between the opinion given by respondent in the urban centers and that given by respondent in rural Lagos, out of the five point in the chart above three enters the line leaving out two other points, one each on the part of the line. The distance of the points that are left out the lines are almost the same and this signifies that even where there is disparities in opinion, it correlates even on both side, and as such there is a good correlation between the respondents in the urban centers and those in the rural Lagos when it come s to telecommunication and its impact on development of Nigeria.

Table 4.15 interview session with official of the then Vmobile Nigeria Ltd shedding light on frequently asked question on the negative impact of telecommunication equipments and gadget on the health and environment of the people

Question Answer

Can mobile phone cause

cancer?

There is no convincing scientific evidence that the use of

mobile phones can cause brain tumours or other cancers

in humans. It is the consensus of the world wide scientific

communities that the low powered radio signals

produced by mobile phone do not have sufficient intrinsic

energy to affect genetics

Are there other health

risks?

Independent scientific institutions around the world

review relevant research as it is published. The consensus

of these expert groups is that there is no demonstratable

evidence of a risk to human health from mobile phone

use. The GSM Association however, continues to support

international quality research into this question.

Am I at risk if I live close to

base station?

Where members of the public have access to the area

around a base station the radio signal levels are typically

much lower than even the most stringent internationally

adopted safety guidelines. It is only in areas close to the

antennas that the recommended limit may be exceeded.

The network operator will take steps to prevent public

access to these areas by placing the antennas near the

top of the mast or high on the building. A GSM base

station operates with low radio signals power to reduce

interference with nearby sites that will affect call quality.

For a typical GSM base station that is mounted on a

building or a pole the typical maximum signal strength is

1% of most national RF exposure standards. In most cases

the GSM signal strength would be compared to most

existing broadcast radio and TV services.

Why can’t I use my mobile

phone when I fly?

It is standard on aircraft to turn off all types of radio

transmitters and certain other electrical devices such as

CD players during flight. When airborne, the radio signals

from mobile phones can travel for hundreds of kilometers

and this could interfere with the operation of ground-

based phones. It is therefore highly recommended that

you obey the airlines instructions to switch off your

mobile phone

Why are there so many

restrictions on using mobile

phones in hospitals?

At short range, the signals from mobile phone may cause

interference with electronic medical devices. At distances

greater than 2m the possibility is substantially reduced. It

is possible for mobile phone to be used in designated

areas of hospitals, however, you should obey any warning

signs and the instructions of hospital staff.

I have heard reports of

mobile phones causing

explosions at petrol

stations, is it true?

As far as the GSM association is aware none of the media

stories has ever been traced to a real event, however,

notices produced by petroleum companies have

encouraged speculation. Mobile phones user guides also

frequently advise that phones should be switched off in

the vicinity of petrol forecourts. This is not due to the

radio signals transmitted by the phone but because of the

theoretical risk that if a handheld phone is dropped and

battery separated from the phone it may cause spark

across contacts. The GSM Associations is of the opinion

that mobile phone users should respect the prohibitions

of the fuel companies, and follow any relevant advice

given in their mobile phone user guides.

Is t safe for children below 7

years to use a mobile

phone?

The current World Health Organization view is that

international safety guidelines protect everyone in the

population with a large safety factor. In addition, in

February 2004 the health council of the Netherlands

stated it sees no reason for recommending limiting the

use of mobile phones by children. Mobile phones do

provide important safety benefits to children who can

use them in times of distress or emergency situations.

However, mobile phones are not toys, and GSM

Association encourages parental supervision in the

selection and use of mobile communication technologies

for children.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

The purpose of this study is to examine the spatio- temporal analysis of

telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria and its social, economic and

environmental impact. This report shows that the Nigeria telecommunication sector is

currently undergoing very rapid change and explosive growth. The industry receives, in

2004, global acclaim as one of the fastest growing mobile markets in the world,

developing from about 30,000 line subscribers base a t the beginning of the millennium

to 3.6million in August 2006, Nigeria is now officially the largest growth market for

telecommunication in Africa and the middle east.

5.1.1 FINDINGS

The key finding in the spatio-temporal analysis of the impact of telecommunication

coverage in Nigeria are:

PHENOMENAL SECTORAL GROWTH: the total subscriber base for connected fixed and

mobile line rose from less than 280,400 lines to 10,201,728 at the end of 2004, and

27,949,894 lines as at August 2006, an average of growth rate of 180% annually.

Nigeria’s teledensity has also grown from near zero in 1999 to about 9% in 2004 and

23.29% in 2006 and the addressable market for telephone subscriptions is now in the

region of 35-50million.

TELECOMMUNICATION AND IMPACT ON OTHER SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY: telecommunication has great influence on the ICT information, communication

technology, because of the connectivity required by computer to access the internet, and also offer IT driven issues such as E-banking, E-gaming and so on have be enhanced by the growth of telecommunication. Next is the administrative and educational sector of the economy as most registration, payment, clearance and other documentation requires telecommunications in terms of internet or online factors. Meanwhile health and agricultural sector has less effect on telecommunication because of our level of development in Nigeria as per tele-medicine and in agriculture the impact could only be described by farmers in rural area.

STRONG PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE TELEPHONE: The mobile is playing a large role in

the development of the Nigerian economy and, in less than eight years, GSM has

emerged as an integral and essential part of the culture and life of Nigerians. The

mobile sector displays the hallmark of a vigorous and competitive market, with

operators declaring good profits, and consumers enjoying lowering prices under a stable

and fairly consistent regulatory price.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT: In terms of mobile phone cancer, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the use of mobile phone can cause brain tumors or other cancers in humans, as the low powered radio signals produced by mobile phone do not have sufficient intrusive energy to affect genetics. In terms of mobile phones and hospitals, At short range signals from mobile phone may cause interference with electronic medical devices. At distance greater than 2meters the possibility is substantially deduced. In term of mobile phone and petrol station, as far as GSM association is concern none of the media stories has ever been traced to a area event, however, notices produced by petroleum companies has encouraged speculation.

ATTRACTIVE INVESTMENT CLIMATE: Private investment into the Nigerian

telecommunication sector has grow n to over $6billion, from $50million in 2001, with

the sector the largest generation of foreign direct investment (FDI) after the oil and

gas industry. Operators regularly announce large multi-million dollars deals with the

biggest player been the big three mobile operators. As Vmobile declared about 2billion

dollars in project Role Out Services Everywhere(R.O.S.E) in 2005. Nigeria also recorded a

continental first when two leading private equities ACTIS and Emerging Market

Partnership (EMP), invested $43. 2million through AIG Africa Infrastructure Fund (AAIF)

into Starcomms, one of Nigeria’s leading private telecommunication operator. This is

one of the most notable foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa in 2004.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The importance of the telecommunication sector and the complexities on its

operations has continuously become a subject of discuss. Since one out of every five

Nigerian one have a phone, then what readily comes to mind is the reduction of tariffs

and efficient service delivery and interconnectivity between networks. All these have

been advocated by the major factors militating against these issues is the in

conduciveness of Nigerian business climate and as such.

5.2.1 RECOMMENDATION TO GOVERNMENT

PROVISION OF REGULAR AND UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY: Adequate power supply should be provided PHCN, provide a mare 16.87% of requirement, compelling operators to independently generate the balance of about 84%. The 138% increased in generation (from 4200MW in 2000 to about 10,000MW) by 2004 as proposed under NEEDS is not likely to satisfies the industry’s requirement given at project rate.

It will also be necessary to accord priority power consumer status to the GSM operators and for synergy between the NCC and the power regulatory to avest a multiple regulatory regime.

IMPROVED CUSTOMS CLEARANCE PROCESSES: In view of the fact that about 95% of

mobile telecommunication network components are imported, the sector has

significant stake in the customs clearance process. Imports a are however currently

tedious and unpredictable clearance process which impacts directly on the pace of

network roll out, maintenance and generally quality of service.

MULTIPLE TAXATION SHOULD BE REPLACED BY A UNITARY SYSTEM OF TAXATION: Operators a are contending with replicated demands for taxes, levies and various charges at the three levels of government as well as astronomical increase in same. And as such federal government should enact comprehensive legislation and establish the joint tax board to be responsible for determining which tier should collect specific taxes, and the basis for increments against inflation and other relevant economic factors.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ECOWAS COMMON EXTERNAL TARIFF (CET): To provide duty wavers for transformation backbone equipment, accord pioneer status to

telecommunication equipment, manufacturers willing to set up operations in Nigeria, review downwards NCC’s annual operating levies and spectrum fees.

DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION BACKBONE SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED: As NITEL’s infrastructure is inadequate to meet the present and future needs of the wider telecommunications industry, government should provide adequate incentives to encourage the ongoing construction of multimedia compatible fiber optic networks by mobile operators.

BUILDING OF LOCAL MANUFACTURER AND MAINTENANCE: Over 95% of network components and accessories are imported due to absence of local manufacturing capacity. And as such a local content policy for the manufacture of telecommunications equipment and supplies and the provision of supporting incentives in this regard such as grants, loans, tax holidays and subsidies.

PROPER INDUSTRY REGULATORY POLICY: NCC must align the present regulatory

framework with the realities of a competitive market, stake a balance between

consumer protection and the operators market development aspiration and introduce

certainty into regulatory process.

IMPROVED POLICY REGULATION IN TERMS OF

1. The effects of increasing technological maturity and falling prices for greater

capability should be incorporated into research. Also, the relative energy intensity

of the production and consumption of telecommunications services should be

compared to the energy intensity of the production and consumption of

transportation services. Input-output tables of the Nigerian economy permit

measurement of the total consumption of both telecommunications and

transportation.

2. The Federal government should also take steps to measure access to and usage of

telecommunications services by households, firms, and schools with the objective of

collecting data that illuminate whether some groups have become excluded from

basic opportunities provided by telecommunications access for earning a living,

educational attainment, and civic participation.

3. The Federal government should support policy-focused research on the social and

economic consequences (including unintended ones), opportunities, and costs

resulting from telecommunications-stimulated flexibility in the use of time and

space. Particular transportation issues that are not well understood and that would

yield to focused research include

(a). The determinants and dynamics of patterns of activity, land use, and travel in

the new just-in-time economic paradigm in telecommunication.

(b). Costs and benefits of a range of public policies and private actions available for responding to routine peak-period traffic congestion that results from travel demand exceeding roadway capacity as it relate s to telecommunication.

ROBUSTNESS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS: The National Communications Commission should continue to emphasize robust telecommunications capabilities that can continue operations after major natural disasters, accidents, system malfunctions, and acts of sabotage in either telecommunications or transportation systems. Providing an alternative to disruptions in transportation is a compelling government motivation for pursuing the National Information Infrastructure as a transportation substitution.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESS TO SERVICE : Federal, state, and local government

agencies should focus on investments in the design, development, and implementation

of those teleprocesses that reengineer service delivery to meet all of the following

criteria simultaneously: agency cost savings and avoidance, customer and taxpayer

satisfaction, service delivery effectiveness and coverage, and reduced travel generation

for both customers and employees.

INCORPORATING HEALTHCARE IN TELECOMMUNICATION POLICY: Federal health care

program regulations that require office visits as a condition of payment for a physician's

services should be reviewed in light of the tele-health model that suggests that best

practice is achieved when appropriate care is provided at the appropriate location. Best

health care practice may now require routine use of telecommunications for remote

diagnosis, consultation, or monitoring. Legal and administrative restrictions on these

practices were put in place prior to the current opportunity for telecommunications-based

restructuring of the health care delivery system. New protections can be designed that will

provide for more flexibility in the use of telecommunications and at the same time assist the

important objective of managing health care costs.

5.2.2 RECOMMENDATION TO OPERATORS

(1) Operators on their part should commit to supporting the implementation of

automated system for custom data and provide ICT support for port reform

process, educational facilities and agriculture in the rural areas.

(2) Operators should support the harmonization of facilities of urban

centers/cities to the less urbanized and subsequent rural areas.

(3) Operators should be obliged to extensively support local SME initiatives by

extensively integrating same into various aspects of their operations.

(4) Operators should be willing to support local human capacity development,

research and development and by encouraging patronized equipment suppliers

manufacturers and consultants to establish local production plants and facilities.

5.3 CONCLUSION

Overall, these recommendations call for government leaders to shift their focus on telecommunications and travel beyond telecommuting to the much larger set of teleprocesses that are engendered by the National Information Infrastructure. The NII is changing the patterns of movement and location for both organizations and individuals in many different ways. By responding to the full scope of these changes, public policy can guide the nation toward obtaining more benefits at lower cost from the parallel growth of transportation and telecommunications.

Since Telephones are a tool both rural and urban people can use in cooling with the

forces of transforming their lives. Affordable access to rural telecommunication can

help provide Identify new opportunities for working, studying and for selling of their

products. Telecommunication help to maintain and build the social capital embodied in

relationship between family members, friends , business colleagues and others. Access

to rapid two-way communication through telephones is itself an important ingredient

of how rural Lagos people perceive their quality of life.

Telecommunication act to greatly lower the transactions cost of dealing with people

outside the local area. Telephone lead to better informed choices. Telecommunication

his act as a faster pace of change and increased international linkages a re key parts of

globalization, and telephone play a major role in contributing to this process.

However the attainment of socio-economic targets has immensely impacted positively

on the nation’s socio-economic environment. At macro-economic level, the sector

contribution to GDP increased by 53% in 2005 making it the third highest contributor

ahead of the financial sector which has been in operation for about 100 years. It has

attracted foreign direct investment of over $5 billion. In respect of employment over

175,000 persons have been directly employed (ALTON) 2006 Association of Licensed

Telecommunication Operators in Nigeria. While the industry has supported service

sector such as banking, insurance, consultancy (legal, accounting, HR, tax), haulage,

shipping and IT, as well as the small and medium scale enterprises (SME) segment of the

economy has also witnessed very significant level of increased activity.

Government treasury has been boasted by payment of over 250 billion in taxes and

levies. National productivity has also been enhanced as travel times and associated

risks have been reduced, business communication improved and the rural-urban divide

narrowed down. Social and family relationships and the security situation have also

been significantly enhanced. A significant number of not-for-profit corporate social

responsibility (CRS) initiatives are been sponsored by the operators e.g. NFL league

(Globacom), half marathon (MTN), GULF, WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONNAIRE

(CELTEL).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge Almighty God, the Giver of Knowledge and Wisdom for his infinite mercies in

giving me good Health and sound mind to complete this course and project.

I am highly indebted to many people who have contributed one way or the other to this

project. I however wish to register my unqualified gratitude to my mother Rosemary Owomero

(of Blessed Memory), and my able father & menthol Daniel T. Owomero.

I also want to thank my supervisor Mr. R. Olorunimbe for his patience, guidance and correction

at various stages of my project, my lecturers Mr. F.O. Ogundele, Mr. Abidemi Aina, Dr.

Omotayo, Prof. Badejo, Prof. Odumosu, Prof. Ojo, Mr. Adebayo, Dr. Aigbe, Mr. Ogunjobi, Dr.

M.O. Lawal and Mrs. Sholadaoye.

I am also grateful to Prof. O.O. Ayeni and Surv. Ojo who informed my decision to write on this

topic.

My sincere appreciation goes to my immediate family; Emily, Bridget, Kingsley and Justina, not

forgetting Mr. And Mrs. Orekunrin for their moral and financial support.

Finally, My thanks goes to my friend for their contribution towards the completion of this

project; Tunde(Babanla), Yinka, Sylvester, Isaac (Gunners), Tunde, Tunde(Lag), Ope, Lolade,

Peju, Ladi, Biola, Seyi, Demola, Asaju, Osaja, Bisola, Tayo, Sammy, Okoria, kunle(taba), and

others.

DEDICATION

To the memory of my beloved Mother Mrs. Rosemary Owomero.